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WCHS REVIEW III Key Terms for post World War II trough 1950's “Cold War”- rivalry b/t the US and Soviet Union in politics, economics, and technology Iron curtain- stated by Winston Churchill; said an “iron curtain has descended across eastern Europe” that divides communist Europe from non-communist Europe Soviet satellites- countries that were communist and looked to the USSR for leadership United Nations/Security Council- world-wide peace keeping organization formed at the end of World War II; it replaced the League of Nations; the Sec. Council was made up of the US, USSR, China, France, and Great Britain and other countries that rotated membership on the council Containment Policy- George Kennan- belief that the US should and would fight to stop the spread of Communism; this guided our actions from 1945 until 1991 Truman Doctrine- an informal declaration of war when Truman said we would help anyone who was resisting communist aggression h-bomb- 800 to 1,000 times more powerful than the a-bomb; the US made this after the USSR got the a-bomb Korean Conflict: June 1950, Pusan, Inchon, Gen. Douglas MacArthur, 38th parallel, Yalu River, Chinese involvement, Truman fires MacArthur, Ike ends the war with massive retaliation Inflation- when demand exceeds supply; occurred after WWII b/c people had $ to spend but goods had not been made during the war and so prices went up drastically Fair Deal- Truman’s domestic program; his plan proposed to increase minimum wage, extend Social Security, and begin public housing Taft Hartley Act- limited the power of labor unions; required a cooling off period before striking; allowed the president the power to intervene and end a strike Joseph McCarthy and McCarthyism- “second red scare”; people were concerned about communists in our government; Senator McCarthy led the hysteria and was later censured The Rosenbergs- couple executed for selling atomic secrets to the Soviets; showed how scared we were of communist taking over; they were executed Alger Hiss- a government worker who was accused of stealing government documents Dixiecrats and Strom Thurmond- southern political party that believed in states’ rights and denying rights to African Americans led by South Carolinian Strom Thurmond Brinkmanship- threatening an all-out war in an attempt to confront communist aggression Eisenhower Doctrine- Ike promised to help all countries in the Middle East that wanted our help in stopping the spread of communism Castro comes to power- Castro leads a revolution to overthrow Batista but then becomes communist; 1959 U-2 spy plane incident (1960)- Ike is president; the USSR shot down our spy plane and captured the pilot, Gary Powers; it made our relationship with the USSR worse Sputnik- 1957; the USSR launched the first successful artificial earth satellite; it scared us to death! Eisenhower funds- the government started to pump more $ into education to help us catch up with the Soviets in technology NASA- space program established to help us win the space race Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)- was created in 1947 by Congress as an intelligence-gathering organization to protect American interest in other countries. Civil Defense Administration- was a government organization that taught Americans how to survive a nuclear attack. Second Red Scare-This was a fear that communist both inside and outside the United States were working to destroy the American way of life and the United States government. The Smith Act-this legislation was used by Harry Truman to cripple the Communist party within the United States. This act made it unlawful to teach or advocate a violent overthrow of the United States government. The House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)- was an organization created by the US House of Representatives to investigate possible subversive activities by fascists, Nazis and communists. Blacklist- a do not hire list that actors, artists, etc. were placed on if they were believed to have association with the Communist Party Automation- making things by machine; reduces the number of workers but increases productivity GI Bill of Rights- gave returning WWII vets $ for college and homes..... new home building sprang up under the FHA Baby Boom- when vets came home they settled down and started families; people could now afford to have children; boom was from 1945-1960 Impact of television- I Love Lucy, Mickey Mouse Club… contributed to the conformity of the 1950s Migration to suburbs- the auto allowed people to move out of the city; was seen as a “step up” in society to move to the new houses in the suburbs Levittown-the first suburb built to fill a need for homes for returning veterans. Theses homes were affordable and were mass produced. Car Culture-car ownership sprang from 26 million in 1945 to 60 million in 1960. The automobile industry thrived and this led to more businesses. Interstate Highway Act- 1956; Ike’s greatest domestic achievement; tens of thousands of miles of roads were built which impacted transportation of goods and people etc. Sunbelt- this was a name given to the southern and western states. The coastal areas along the southernmost United States are part of the Sunbelt. The invention of the air-conditioner made their climates attractive, as well as, the development of the Interstate Highway System caused migration into the areas to increase. Information industries-individuals who built and operated the first computer White-Collar jobs-professional/semi-professional jobs such as office workers. This type of work increased during the 1950's. Service Sector-businesses where people provide services; such as banks, healthcare, lawyers, , insurance, manufacturing, etc. These type of businesses grew in the 1950's. Franchise businesses-this allows a company to distribute its products or services through retail outlets owned by independent operators. Ex. McDonalds, BEST Buy, Wendy's Multinational Companies-this is when American businesses produced and osold their goods all over the world. consumerism-buying as much as you could...usually on credit. Median family income-this is an average of a family's income over a year. Median income increased from $3,319 to $5417 during the 1950's. Nuclear Family- the 1950's embraced the ideology that the "ideal" family would consist of a mother, father and their children. Parents bought and read this book because they wanted expert advice on how to raise their children. Spock emphasized the importance of nurturing children in the early years. The 1950's was a time of religious revival. In God We Trust was added to the American dollar during the 1950's. Under God was added to the Pledge of Allegiance during the 1950's. More churches were built in the 1950's than ever before. Billy Graham was a famous preacher from the 1950's. “rock and roll”- new music of the 1950s. Chuck Berry was a rock and roll artist from the 1950's. Elvis Presley is the most noted rock-n-roller from the 1950's. Dick Clark started American Bandstand. Parents were horrified by rock-n-roll and teenagers loved it. Beatniks-a small group of writers and artist who refused to dress the way society said was "the norm." They wore "careless dress" with "Colorful jargon." Urban renewal-were projects where federal, state and local governments tried to reverse the downward trend in some American cities. Urban renewal government projects cleared large tracts of older houses and built freeways and developments which in hopes would "revitalize" the area. Termination Policies-these were laws that sought to end Native American tribal governments and to support relocation of Native Americans to our nation's cities. Brown vs. Board of Education 1954- this Supreme Court case reversed the Plessy decision stating that "separate but equal was constitution." The Brown decision stated "separate but equal facilities" for different races was "inherently unequal and unconstitutional." Rosa Parks launched the start of the Civil Rights Movement in 1955 when she refused to give up her seat to a white citizens. As a result, the Montgomery Bus Boycott started where African Americans boycotted the public busing system in Montgomery Alabama for over a year. Martin L. King Jr. was the father of the Civil Rights Movement starting in the late 1950's. He worked with the Southern Christian Leadership Council to get civil rights legislation passed. Academic Vocabulary: Evaluate Analyze Argument Ideology Migration Diversity Traditionalism Domestic Mass Media Federal Powers National Security Economics Push/Pull Factors Retaliation Arms Race Productivity urbanization natural rights Civil rights ______________________________________________________________________________ Key Terms for late 1950's through 1960's “Cold War”- rivalry b/t the US and Soviet Union in politics, economics, and technology Castro comes to power- Castro leads a revolution to overthrow Batista but then becomes communist; 1959 U-2 spy plane incident (1960)- Ike is president; the USSR shot down our spy plane and captured the pilot, Gary Powers; it made our relationship with the USSR worse 1960 election- John Kennedy narrowly defeated Richard Nixon; the televised debates helped JFK win “Ask not what your country..”- famous quote from JFK’s inaugural address that encouraged Americans to volunteer (Peace Corps etc.) New Frontier- JFK’s domestic agenda for the United States. He made changes in the Social Security System, fought poverty, fought racial discrimination and spurred the space race. The New Frontier sought to improve economy, education, healthcare and civil rights in the United States. He pushed for improvements in the welfare system, an extension of social security and an increased minimum wage. The Other America was a best-selling book by Michael Harrington that exposed the graphic poverty in America. This booked shocked President Kennedy and other politicians, such as VP Lyndon Johnson. Equal Pay Act-there was a glaring difference between the pay of men and women who had "equal jobs." The Equal Pay Act of 1963 required employers have "equal pay" for "equal work" in commerce industries. This was a a major step on the road to fair and equal employment. Deficit spending-Kennedy advocated deficit spending to stimulate the economy. (EX FDR Pump Priming) Space race- JFK challenged Americans to have a man on the moon and have him safely return by the end of the decade. The Space Race was a term used to describe the competition between the Soviet Union and the United States to develop technology to land on the moon. Alan Sheppard 1961 becomes the first American to make a space flight. John Glenn 1962 becomes the first American to orbit the Earth. In 1967 Apollo mission has 3 astronauts killed due to fire. Apollo 11 astronauts successfully land on the moon July 1969. Third World countries- also known as underdeveloped countries or developing countries; poor countries (most of Africa, parts of Mexico and China, SE Asian countries) where we feared communism could spread; the US developed the Peace Corps and Alliance for Progress to combat poverty in these areas while also hoping to contain the spread of communism Green Berets- special forces in the Army trained in guerilla warfare Peace Corps- organization created in 1961 to sends volunteers to Third World countries to help these areas fight poverty and receive basic services like clean drinking water, basic medical care, education, technical assistance , etc. The Peace Corp were on "missions of freedom" to support developing countries. Alliance for Progress- the US gave Latin American countries millions of $ in exchange for the promise that the countries would have democratic governments; few, if any, countries kept their promise. This was to resurrect FDR's Good Neighbor Policy. Flexible Response Doctrine: this was a defense policy that prepared the United States to fight any type of war. Kennedy gave increased funding to the military, as well as the Special Forces, such as Green Berets. This was partially as a response to Fidel Castro taking power in Cuba. Bay of Pigs- April 17,1961 John F. Kennedy implemented a CIA plan to free Cuban exiles. The CIA led the Cuban exiles in an attack on Cuba. The forces landed poorly equipped and had no cover. 300 out of 1400 were not captured by Cuba. This failed attempt by the US to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro only strengthened his hold and John Kennedy looked "foolish." Berlin Wall- 1961; built by the Soviets to keep East Berliners (communist controlled) from fleeing to West Berlin (not communist); stood until 1989 Nikita Khrushchev-leader of the Soviet Union Cuban Missile Crisis- 1962; Soviet response to the Bay of Pigs; Soviets were building missile sites in Cuba when they were discovered by the US; JFK’s response was a naval blockade around Cuba; Soviet ships turned around and headed home; the closest the world has ever come to nuclear war JFK’s assassination- JFK was shot by Hotline: Khrushchev and Kennedy stood on the brink of a nuclear war. To prevent a war and to calm "cold war" tensions a temporary phone line was placed between Washington DC and Moscow to improve communication. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963- USA, Great Britain and USSR signed the first agreement to limit above ground test on nuclear weapons. 36 other nations eventually signed this treaty. John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963 while in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was at the Texas School Book Depository and fired three shots. The third shot hit Kennedy in the back of the head and killed him. 30 minutes later Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as President of the United States. Lee Harvey Oswald was jailed and killed while in police custody. Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby when police officers were escorting him to a different jail; the Warren Commission was established to investigate the assassination and found that Oswald acted alone in killing JFK. Gideon vs. Wainwright 1963 was a Supreme Court case that dealt with "can a person get a fair trial."Gideon was charged with burglary but was to poor to hire an attorney. The case went forward and Gideon defended himself and was found guilty. Gideon claimed he had been denied his rights to an attorney and this violated his due process. The Supreme Court ruled unanimously that Florida should have provided him an attorney. War on Poverty- President Lyndon Johnson’s plan to eliminate or reduce poverty in the US. He had taught school before politics and was determine to address poverty of the United States. He created change in American educational systems. Head Start- pre-kindergarten program for low income children that will give them a “head start” with their education so they won’t enter school at an educational disadvantage. This was a program enacted by President Johnson. Great Society- Lyndon Johnson’s (LBJ’s) domestic agenda that included Medicare (government subsidized health care for the elderly), Medicaid (govt. subsidized health care for low income families), Elem. and Sec. Education Act (gave millions of $ to poor areas for schools), and HUD (Housing and Urban Development) Economic Opportunity Act of 1964-created the Job Corps to train young men and women between the ages of 16 and 21 in work skills they needed to acquire better jobs and move out of poverty. Medicare - this was a feature of the Great Society that provided basic hospital insurance for Americans in the Social Security System who were 65 and older. Medicaid- this was a feature of the Great Society that provided basic hospital insurance services to the poor and disabled citizens who were NOT part of the Social Security System. Elementary and Secondary Education Act 1965- this part of the Great Society gave aid to schools that were in poor communities. It provided federal funds to improve libraries, learning centers, language laboratories, and services in impoverished school districts across America. This act drastically increased funding for Indian, inner city and Mexican-American schools. Rachel Carson and Silent Spring 1962- Silent Spring was a book written by Rachel Carson that detailed how chemical fertilizers and pesticides were damaging the fragile ecosystem. Her book raised American awareness about the environmental and consumer problems. Ralph Nadar's book Unsafe at Any Speed was written in 1965 and attacked the automotive industries in their lack of passenger safety. Both Raplh Nadar and Rachel Carson's books urged Congress to pass legislation to protect consumers and the environment. The Water Quality Act 1965 and Clean Water Restoration Act 1966 aimed at improving water and air standards in our country. The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act 1966 established safety standards for automotive vehicles. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 altered America's quota system. Once again America's doors were open to immigrants from around the world. Immigrants came from the eastern and western hemispheres, Latin America, Asia, etc. The Warren Court-- became the term tagged to the "liberal" United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren. This court took on controversial issues such as religion, social and political issues. It's decisions supported civil rights, civil liberties, voting rights and personal privacy. The Following important Supreme Court Cases from the Warren Court: 1. Baker vs. Carr 1962-the Supreme Court ruled in favor of reapportionment on the basis of "one man one vote." Electoral districts had to reflect the numbers of people within those districts. 2. Reynolds vs. Sims 1964- the Court reaffirmed its decision adding that anything other that the "one man one vote" would violate the "Equal Protection Clause" of the 14th Amendment. 3. Mapp vs. Ohio 1961-this ruling stated that any evidence obtained "illegally" would violate the 14th Amendment and could not be used in court. This ruling was a "protection of the rights of the accused." 4. Gideon vs. Wainwright 1963-established that everyone had a "right" to any attorney even if they could not pay for one (14th Amendment) 5. Escobedo vs. Illinois 1964-this expanded the Gideon ruling by stating that the accused had a right to an attorney before questioning and any evidence obtained from a suspect who had not been advised of his rights would not be admissible in court. Warren Court Rulings considered Liberal for 1960's: 6. Miranda vs. Arizona 1966-the court ruled that the accused criminal had to be informed of his/her 5th and 6th Amendment rights before they are questioned. Miranda Rights: you have the right to remain silent, you have the right to an attorney, etc. 7. Engle vs. Vitale 1962-this case dealt with whether a public school could require students to recite a state-sanctioned prayer. The Court ruled that school prayer was a violation of the First Amendment and a attempt by a body of government to promote religion. 8. Abington vs. Schempp ruled that Bible reading in public schools also violated the First Amendment rights. United Farm Workers and Cesar Chavez- Hispanic American Cesar Chavez led a successful strike of migrant workers out west in the 60’s American Indian Movement (AIM) and occupation of Alcatraz- American Indians formed AIM and fought to regain land that had been taken from their ancestors by the government; AIM occupied Alcatraz and offered to buy it with some beads and cloth (early settlers bought Manhattan Island from the local Indians with beads and cloth) National Organization for Women (NOW)- feminist organization founded by Betty Friedan (author of Feminine Mystique) and Gloria Steinam; fought for women’s rights and the Equal Rights Amendment which did not pass Some Civil Rights Highlights from 1960's: Greensboro and Nashville sit-ins- SNCC and other groups fought to integrate downtown lunch counters by staging sit-ins; they sat quietly and were refused service… they continued to sit peacefully and were beaten/arrested Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee- SNCC; college age students who organized non-violent protests Freedom Riders- civil rights workers who hoped to integrate bus terminals; they rode buses from city to city in the South and often faced fierce crowds when they arrived at their destinations Bull Conner and Birmingham- Racist police commissioner of Birmingham, AL who ordered the police/firefighters to use dogs and fire hoses on children during a protest; it was videoed and shown world wide on news stations; Birmingham was known as “Bombingham” due to the number of bombs used and violent acts that occurred March on Washington- 1963; largest march in DC at that time with 250,000 marchers; purpose was to draw attention to the Civil Rights Act that was before Congress; MLK gave his “I Have A Dream” speech Civil Rights Act of 1964- signed by Lyndon Johnson that outlawed discrimination in public facilities; ex. no more separate restrooms, water fountains, restaurants, etc. Medgar Evers- state leader of the NAACP in MS; murdered in his driveway by Byron De La Beckwith in 1963; had organized successful boycotts in Jackson, MS James Meredith- first African American to enroll at the University of MS (Ole Miss); violent protests occurred Ms Freedom Democratic Party- new political party formed that allowed all races to represent the state at the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City in 1964; the National Committee refused to recognize the MFDP and offered them two seats at large at the convention; the MFDP refused them and left Fannie Lou Hamer- MFDP delegate who was very critical of the Democratic party for not recognizing the MFDP and her speech was nationally televised Ms Summer Project or Freedom Summer- organized by the NAACP to recruit volunteers from across the country to come to MS in the summer of 1964 and help register African Americans to vote; local police arrested 3 volunteers and their bodies were recovered months later in an earthen dam; inspired the movie “MS Burning” Selma March- 1965; purpose was to draw attention to the lack of voting rights for African Americans; the first march ended as state troopers on horseback stopped protestors on the outskirts of Selma; troopers used tear gas on the peaceful protestors; the second march was successful because the president ordered the state troopers to protect the marchers Voting Rights Act of 1965- signed by Lyndon Johnson and allowed the federal govt. to supervise voting in the south; eliminated all barriers to voting (poll tax, literacy tests, etc.) Malcolm X- civil rights leader who was impatient with the slow progress that had been made and believed that African Americans should fight “eye for an eye” for their rights; did not want to integrate into the white man’s society MLK Assassination- shot on the balcony of a hotel in Memphis, TN in 1968; was in Memphis to help a group of garbage workers who were on strike Vietnam War Key Terms that impacted culture: Domino Theory- belief that if one country in SE Asia fell to communism others would follow; would fall like dominoes Gulf of Tonkin incident- an American ship was supposedly fired upon by the North Vietnamese; this led Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that allowed LBJ to take “any necessary measures” to protect Americans in Vietnam (gave him unlimited powers in escalating the war) Ho Chi Minh Trail- supply route of the Vietcong that went into neighboring Laos and Cambodia Guerilla Warfare- type of fighting used in the jungle; sneak attacks, ambushes, man to man combat Napalm/agent orange- chemicals used to kill vegetation so that the VC could not hide “Five O’clock War”- also called the “Six O’clock war” depending on your time zone; name given to the war because Americans could go home and watch footage of the war every night on the evening news; first war to be “televised” Hawks and doves- hawks supported the war and doves wanted peace. The HAWKS support President Johnson's war policies and believed strongly in containing communism and domino theory regardless of war cost and casualties. The DOVES broke with President Johnson's war policies. The DOVES were a group of pacifist, liberal politicians, student radicals, and civil rights leaders. DOVES questioned the war both on moral grounds and strategic grounds. Draftees were young men who were drafted to serve in the Vietnam War. The Selective Service System required young men to register when they turned 18. Martin Luther King Jr. spoke out against the use of the Selective Service System stating that in put the burden on African American and poor whites shoulders. Lottery System- new method of drafting soldiers based on their birthday; all 366 days of the year were put into the “hat” and drawn; young men were drafted in the order in which their birthday was pulled . My Lai Massacre- tragedy where American soldiers killed over 200 innocent Vietnamese after they had been given false info that the My Lai village was a Vietcong stronghold; this angered Americans and fueled protests at home Tet Offensive- 1968; major offensive by the VC where they attacked numerous key cities/ locations on the same day ( ex. US embassy in Saigon); huge embarrassment to the US and had an enormous negative impact on public opinion. The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)was founded in 1960 at the University of Michigan. This group was originally formed around a campaign to fight racism and poverty. The focus modified and they started to fight to bring an end to the Vietnam War. The SDS organized "sit-ins" and "demonstrations" against the war. They started the Famous" Hell No We Won't Go" protest. The University at Berkley had numbers of student protest. Credibility Gap- due to TV coverage of the war, HAWKS and DOVES protest, student demonstrations and organized protest there became a credibility gap between what Lyndon B. Johnson Administrations statements made regarding the war. The gap widened when journalist were writing different accounts from what the Johnson Administration actually stated. This caused the American people to stop supporting the war effort. President Johnson steps down and decides to not run for reelection in 1968. presidential elections- 1964: Lyndon Baines Johnson won; 1968 election Richard Nixon won (LBJ didn’t run for re-election); 1972: Nixon won by a landslide b/c he was withdrawing troops The 1968 election- Lyndon Johnson elects to not run. Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy both sought the Democratic Seat as candidate to replace President Johnson. Robert Kennedy is killed in 1968. Martin L. King Jr. was killed in 1968. King was shot in TN by a racist. Robert Kennedy was killed by a Palestinian immigrant named Sirhan Sirhan in California. The Democratic National Convention did not select Eugene McCarthy as their candidate. He had received campaign donations from "anti-war" protestors. The Democratic Party voted for Herbert Humphrey to be the candidate to run against Richard Milhouse Nixon for President. As soon as votes were cast for Humphrey violence broke out in Chicaago where the delegates where meeting. The Mayor of Chicago had to call in police. Chicago Riot- war protestors gathered outside the Democratic National Convention and began throwing rocks, taunting police, chanting; protestors were “attacked” by police and arrested; televised world-wide. Richard Nixon (republican) wins the presidential election of 1968. He called his supporters the "silent majority." The Silent Majority were especially strong in the south and west. They were patriotic veterans of World War II and the Korean War. They were also blue-collar workers, middle-class, conservatives and young Americans. Nixon brings an end to the Vietnam War. He starts a plan called Vietnamization allowing U.S. forces to withdraw as the ARVN assumed more combat duties. Nixon order a secret bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia. He was trying to reduce the flow of communist and help South Vietnam end the war. Nixon had inherited LBJ's unpopularity of the war and a vocal America. + Kent State and Jackson State protests(1) Kent State antiwar protestors argued that Nixon was widening the scope of the war in Cambodia. Demonstrations and protest erupted across the college and the National Guard was called in. Demonstrators threw rocks and bottles at the National Guard and violent erupted. One guardsmen also fired into a group of protestors killing 4 students. This demonstration led to demonstrations on other campuses. (2) Jackson State University, a traditionally African American College in MS, had eruptions of student protest. Two students were shot and killed by Jackson police. Pentagon Papers- classified documents stolen by Daniel Ellsberg from the Pentagon that contained top secret information about our early involvement in Vietnam; Nixon tried to stop the NY Times from publishing them but the Supreme Court sided with the Times right to “free press” Plumbers- group formed in the Nixon White House to “stop leaks”; Nixon wanted to prevent another Pentagon Papers incident 26th amendment- changed the voting age from 21 to 18; Americans argued that if you could fight and die for your country then you should be able to vote (Vietnam) Fall of Saigon- communist in North Vietnam took control over South Vietnam War Powers Act- passed by Congress over Nixon’s veto to “prevent another Vietnam”; limits the number of days soldiers can be deployed without a Congressional declaration of war. Academic Vocabulary: Deployed free press Congress veto Mass Media classified Push/Pull Factors Retaliation non-violent protest sit-in assassination first world nation third world nations ecosystem Western hemisphere Equal Protection Clause draft Ideology time zone Domestic National Security political party guerilla warfare civil rights boycott riot second world nation commerce Eastern Hemisphere Reapportionment Key Terms for the Modern Era Nixon tries to end the Cold War Henry Kissinger was Nixon's top national security and international affairs advisor that shaped Nixon's foreign policy. He was named Secretary of State in 1973. He helped bring an end to the Vietnam War. He helped to open relations with China and shaped detente' (cooling off period) with the Soviet Union. Nixon and Henry Kissinger embraced the realpolitik idea for foreign policy. Realpolitik is a German word meaning "real politics." Realpolitik stated political goals should be defined by concrete matters of national interest instead of abstract ideologies. Americans must put away their eyes of Cold War biases and look at the World through a fresh glance. China and USSR, both Communist, could be great trading partners for the USA. (Pragmatic policy) Nixon reaches out to China and recognizes the Chinese republic as a nation regardless of their communist ideologies. He believed it would benefit the USA. The economic standpoint improved relations with China and brought about trade agreements that benefitted California and the Pacific Coast. Nixon visits China in Feb. 1972. He later visited the USSR. Nixon made historic visits to both communist countries. The following year Americans started traveling to China. Nixon travels to the USSR to meet with Leonid Brezhnev, USSR leader. At the summit, Nixon and Brezhnev signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty otherwise known as SALT I. SALT i froze the deployment of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and placed limits on the antiballistic missiles (ABMs). The importance of the SALT I agreement is that it reduced tension between the USA and USSR. A policy aimed at ending Cold War tensions was called Détente. Detente' had replaced previous diplomatic efforts based on suspicion and distrust. Nixon made his mark on foreign/international relations and brought the Cold War closer to ending. Nixon was the global president. Women's Rights A 2nd wave of feminism starts in 1970s. Feminism is a theory of political, social and economic equality for women and men. The struggle for civil rights caused women to look at sways in which society judged and discrimination against a group. There were many parallels between the treatment of African Americans and women. Women started rejecting the "housewife" stereotype. Many women entered the workforce. Betty Friedan wrote a book called The Feminine Mystique which powerfully articulated how many women were not housewives in isolation but held jobs and careers. Freidan helped establish The National Organization for Women (NOW) which defined itself in winning "true equality" for all women and "full and equal partnerships between the sexes." NOW set out to break down barriers in the workplace and in educational settings. NOW used the media to attack stereotypes of women and called for a balance in the roles of marriage. NOW pushed for the Equal Rights Amendment or ERA to the USA Constitution to guarantee gender equality under the law. The ERA would address reproductive rights, such as the right to an abortion. Gloria Steinem was a feminist who tried to change the role of women solely through the use of media. Steinem worked as a freelance write after college and did undercover work at a Playboy Club. She revealed that the glamorous "Playboy Bunnies" job was not glamorous, but indeed humiliating for women. In 1972, she started MS Magazine for feminist work. The title meant to challenge that women did not have to be associated with marriage but rather as individuals. Phyllis Schlafly denounced women's liberation. Schlafly stated that the feminist were assaulting the institution of marriage, the family and on children. Because of her arguments, the ERA fell short of passage as a constitutional amendment by only three states. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 gave the feminist movement a needed tool. The CRA of 1964 included Title VII which outlawed the use of discrimination based on an individual's sex. Because of Title VII of CRA of 1964 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was started to enforce the federal prohibition of job discrimination. Title IX of the Higher Education Act of 1972 banned discrimination in educational settings. The Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974 made it illegal to deny credit to a women just because of their gender. In 1950, 30% of the workforce was women. In 2000 60% of the workforce is women. The Rights Revolution Expands Mexican Americans, known as Chicanos, immigrated as job opportunities sprang up in the United States. In 1965, the US government passed the Immigration and Nationality Act which eliminated national quotas causing immigration to surge. More than 400,000 Mexican Americans arrived in the USA during the 1960's, another 630,000 in the 1970's and 1.5 million in the 1980's. Other Latino communities sprang up in Florida when Cuba immigrants and Dominican Republic refugees came to the USA. These immigrants settled in Miami, Florida and New York City. In the 1960's and 1970's, Latinos fought for their rights using the Civil Rights Movement as their springboard. They demanded: (1) better working conditions, (2) improved salaries and (3) educational opportunities. The most influential Latino activist was Ceasar Chavez. Chavez fought for the rights of farm laborers who were exploited by the nation. The migrant farm workers worked long hours, had no benefits and lived in deplorable situations. In 1962, Chavez started the farm worker's union in California. In the late 1960's, he merged his union with the Filipino farm laborers and it became known as the United Farm Workers union or (UFW). Chavez became the founder and father of the Chicano Movement. This movement became associated with "brown power" because it wanted to strengthen their cultural awareness in the USA and in schools, as well as in occupations. Native Americans had a long history of discrimination in the USA. In 1961, the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) formed with the goal of preserving native fishing rights in the Northwest. Over time this group expanded and pushed for civil rights for Native Americans. 1968, Chippewa activist Dennis Banks and George Mitchell founded the American Indian Movement or AIM. AIM initially focused on Native Americans who lived in urban ghettos. Later AIM started addressing all civil rights issues, particularly securing land, legal rights and self-government for Native Americans. In late 1969, a group of American Indians occupied the island of Alcatraz. Alcatraz was a federal prison near San Francisco Bay that had been closed in 1963. Members of the Sioux tribe stated that the island was granted to them under a treaty years before and they wanted their unused land. 100 American Indians, representing 50 tribes joined the group. The Coast Guard and federal authorities tried to evict these Indians but were unable. The Indians maintained control of this island until mid-1971. Dennis Banks and Russell Means, (AIM) orchestrated the long march from San Francisco to Washington, DC to the Indian Affairs building. They stated that Native Americans were treated as foreigners. In 1970, Dee Brown published Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee which was a best-selling book attracting public awareness to the historic mistreatment of Native Americans. In 1973, AIM took over the village at Wounded Knee and would not leave until the government agreed to investigate the conditions of reservation Indians. The government passed the Indian Self Determination Act of 1975which granted the tribes greater control over their resources and education on reservations. Consumer Rights Ralph Nader caused a consumer rights movement to emerge in the 1960's and 1970's. He was a lawyer who started investigating flawed designs in cars based on the number of traffic accidents. He wrote Unsafe at Any Speed in 1965 attacking automakers for their thirst for profits which led to production of unsafe vehicles. His book outraged the public sector. Congress passed the National Safety and Motor Vehicle Safety Act in 1966 which made safety belts standard equipment in all cars. The Nixon administration started Occupational Health and Safety Standards or OSHA which mandated workplace safety regulations. The Environmental Focus Toxic waste, such as coal, smog, acid rain, etc. became a focus in literature and eventually in our government. The 1960's and 1970's were a period of scientific awareness of the damage of chemicals and pollutants within our society. Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring from 1960's spurred this environmental movement. Carson attacked the use of pesticides and chemicals that altered the environment. Her work eventually compelled congress to prohibit the use of DDT. The growing environmental protested led to the start of Earth Day. On April 22, 1970 20 million Americans took part in Earth Day, led by Wisconsin Senator Gaylord Nelson. This became a yearly event and attracted many civil rights leaders support leading to legislation. President Nixon supported cleaning up the environment and urged Congress to pass aggressive legislation. Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency or EPA to protect the entire "ecological chain." The EPA sought to limit pollutants and to limit risk to Americans health...such as cancer. The Clean Air Act 1970 combated air pollution created by factories or automobiles. The Clean Water Act 1973 sought to limit factory and industrial pollution in water. The Endangered Species Act 1973 promoted the protection of endangered plants and animals. President Gerald Ford followed Richard Nixon's environmental plans and created the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to ensure nuclear materials were handled safely. Environmental Setbacks occurred reinforcing public concerns. In 1978, a resident of the Love Canal in upstate New York, hung a sign "Give me liberty. I've already got death." This sign referred to the community having abnormally high birth defects and cancer. The news reporters and the EPA investigated and noted that thousands of tons of toxic chemicals had been dumping into the ground for decades. The Love Canal contamination prompted Congress to establish a SUPREFUND in 1980. Shortly after the Love Canal incident, there was a meltdown at Three Mile Island in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. A reactor malfunctioned and the system started melting. The governor declared a state of emergency and threatened to shut the plant down. The plant managers contained the incident. President Jimmy Carter and his wife, personally went to inspect that the factory was indeed managed the nuclear meltdown and that the community and environment was safe. The 1970's caused a huge division in how American's felt the government should manage or not manage the environment. President Nixon Policies and the Watergate Scandal President Nixon focused on middle America or the Silent Majority. When Nixon started his presidency he started expanding the governments role. He created new agencies such as OSHA and DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency). He signed the Clean Air Act. Nixon struggled with a troublesome economy. His economist termed a new word to address the weak economy....stagflation which describes a stagnant economy and inflationary prices act.ing together. Stagflation was caused by the expansion of the federal budget due to the Vietnam War, rising foreign competition for businesses, and the rapid increase in the price of oil. During 1973, the Arab nations and Israel were at war. OPEC or Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries formed to regulate the price and the supply of oil. They also placed an embargo on the United States creating a major issue since we imported 1/3rd of our energy. This caused oil prices to skyrocket 400% and caused gas lines to be the norm due to the fear of a shortage. Nixon responded by placing a 90 day freeze on all wages and prices. Nixon sought to attract the southern vote. His southern strategy promoted him to oppose mandated student busing to schools outside their neighborhoods to achieve a greater racial balance. He proposed a Philadelphia plan promoting civil rights through affirmative action that required labor unions and federal contractors to submit coals and timetables for hiring minorities. The Watergate Scandal breaks down the Nixon administration. The Democratic Party National Headquarters had an office building in Washington DC. This office building was burglarized by the “plumbers” who were paid with funds to re-elect Nixon Campaign. The trial was televised and charged that the Nixon Administration had been involved with the break-in and had taken part in a coverup operation. Two Washington Post journalist, Woodward and Bernstein investigated the break-in and were basically responsible for Nixon’s resignation. Nixon proclaimed his innocence but due to evidence surfacing he resigned. He stated "I am not a crook." The Senate Watergate Committee investigated and Nixon is indicted as a co-conspirator in March of 1974. July 1974 the Supreme Court ruled that Nixon must turn over all White House recordings (tapes) and Nixon claims executive privilege. This simply meant that the President had the right to keep some information confidential. The United States vs. Nixon tried the case and the Supreme Court disagreed with Nixon and ordered him to turn over the tapes. The House Judiciary Committee recommends impeachment (to bring about formal charges) proceedings. August 8, 1974, Nixon becomes the first US President to resign from the office. The Watergate Scandal and alleged charges of a corruption scandal caused Vice President Spiro Agnew to resign from office in 1973. According to the 25th Amendment which addresses presidential succession, Nixon appointed Gerald Ford as his new Vice President of the USA. Watergate left a lasting impact on the USA. Richard Nixon damaged the presidential reputation and caused the American people to doubt the government. Watergate also demonstrated "no person is above the law." "Our great republic is a government of laws and not of men." Numerous reforms were passed Post-Watergate to improve the role of the government. They are (1) Federal Elections Campaign Acts Amendments 1974-- this set limits on campaign contributions and created the Federal Election Commission to enforce laws; (2) Freedom of Information Act Amendments 1974--which penalized government officials that withheld documents illegally, (3) Government in the Sunshine Act 1976-which opened meetings of many government agencies to the public. By 1977, all states had passed the Sunshine Laws. (4) Ethics in Government Act of 1978--required federal disclosure of financial information for public officials. THE FORD AND CARTER YEARS Historian Peter Carroll published a history of the 1970's entitled It Seemed Like Nothing Happened. Even though the decade seemed uneventful when compared to the 1960s...it was very eventful. The 1970s witnessed significant social, economic and cultural changes. President Gerald Ford was the "unelected" president. He stepped up in a delicate situation and became president after Richard Nixon resigned. One of the first things Gerald Ford did was pardon Richard Nixon. To pardon is to drop criminal charges against someone. Ford pardoned Nixon in an effort to heal the nation but instead his critics accused him of "having a secret deal" with Nixon. When Ford pardoned Nixon he ruined his chance in the next election. In the next election in 1976 a Washington outsider and southerner becomes President of the United States.....Jimmy Carter from Georgia. Jimmy Carter was a Christian fundamentalist--meant he believed in a strict interpretation of the Bible. Christian groups started increasing their influence in politics during the late 1970's. Carter portrays himself as the "people's president." He went to local town meetings, carried his own suitcase and dressed in casual clothes. Jimmy Carter one day after elected granted amnesty to people who had avoided the draft and fled the county. Amnesty WAR POWERS ACT Panama Canal Treaty of 1977- when Carter signed a treaty with Panama that stated the US would return the canal to them in 1999; we kept our promise Hostages in Iran- Iranians took 52 Americans hostage in Tehran, Iran in retaliation for the US providing medical care to the Shah of Iran; Carter was not able to free them but they were released moments after Reagan was sworn in as president The Reagan Years Reaganomics/trickle down theory- theory that tax cuts to the wealthiest Americans would encourage them to reinvest their savings into their businesses, which would allow benefits to “trickle down” to average Americans in the form of jobs and/or better wages Strategic Defense Initiative- “Star Wars”; Reagan spent billions on this project that hoped to protect the US in case of a nuclear attack; it never worked Beirut, Lebanon- 241 American marines were killed by terrorists when a truck loaded with explosives rammed into marine barracks Downfall of Communism- Berlin Wall falls in 1989 and Soviet bloc countries declare independence in 1991 Persian Gulf War- fought to keep Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement signed by the US, Canada, and Mexico Apartheid- racial segregation/white supremacy; apartheid ended in South Africa and Nelson Mandela was released from prison 5. Jimmy Carter’s Presidency Barbara Jordan Camp David Accords Recognition of China Deregulation Three Mile Island 1980 Election Shuttle Diplomacy Panama Canal Decision Iran Hostage Crisis Energy Crisis Affirmative Action 6. Ronald Reagan’s Presidency (1980-1992) Reagan’s Conservatism Televangelists Tax cuts Strategic Defense Initiative AIDS S & L Scandal INF Treaty Entitlements Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty New Right Coalition Supply-side Economics New Federalism 1984 Olympic games Sandra Day O’Conner Iran-Contra Affair The Cold War ends 1988 Election ____________________________________________________ THE MODERN ERA VOCABULARY CHART Vocabulary Activity TERM DEFINITION STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKS which led to 2 agreements that were signed by the WHO WAS SO WHAT PRESIDENT RICHARD They discussed ways to develop an adequate NIXON deterrent to “all out” war. They developed a treaty limiting the deployment of antiballistic missile systems and to limit the number of offensive 26TH AMENDMENT US & USSR. The issue was there needed to be a balance in terror, in other words, each nation needed to recognize the capability of the other nation to destroy the other. This lowered RICHARD the voting age NIXON from 21 to 18. This was a result of the cry “I can fight for my country but I can’t vote.” The average age of a Vietnam soldier was 19. WAR POWERS . The War Powers ACT Act set a 60 day limit on Presidential deployment of troops overseas. Troops could only stay more than 60 days if they were in danger— maximum amount was 90 days—in other words, troops could not be deployed for more than 60 days with the approval of Congress. THE SUNSHINE These laws RICHARD NIXON GERALD weapons. INCREASED THE VOTING POOL AND GAVE YOUNG PEOPLE A POLITICAL VOICE This act gave Congress the sole power to declare war. The entire Vietnam Conflict—Congress did not declare war—it was a “presidential war. HIGHER LEVEL OF ACCOUNTABILITY OF GOVT LAWS made records of over 50 agencies public record for anyone to view. FORD AGENCIES.....RECORDS VIEWABLE BY THE GENERAL PUBLIC MINORITY RIGHTS MOVEMENT He removed homosexuality off the mental illness list (removed ban). The Indian Self Determination Act was passed. The Bilingual education Act was passed to teach Hispanics in their own language. This turned over control of the Panama Canal back over to Panama 99 years after the opening of the canal. 50 American diplomatic personnel were taken hostage in Iran. In 1979 Islamic Fundamentals led by Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew a dictatorship, stopped oil production causing a worldwide shortage, JIMMY CARTER Homosexuality became a lifestyle choice not an illness. The alternative lifestyle movement grew. Native Americans had control over the education, courts etc. on reservations. Education was expanded to include non-English speaking children. JIMMY CARTER USA had less control in Latin America JIMMY CARTER HIGHLIGHTED MIDDLE EASTERN TENSIONS TOWARD AMERICAN INVOLVMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST PANAMA CANAL TREATY IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS seized the US Embassy in Tehran and captured over 50 US POWs. Carter applied pressure but they were not released until Ronald Reagan came into office. PALESTINIAN LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO) Lebanon, Israel & PLO--- In 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon to stop the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) terrorist attacks. The USA sent aid to PLO to get them to safe haven and to “stop” the Civil War. Arab suicide bombers attacked the US Embassy in Beirut and killed 63 people— Americans were pulled out of the area. RONALD REAGAN Arab suicide bombers attacked the US Embassy in Beirut and killed 63 people—Americans were pulled out of the area. IMMIGRATION REFORM ACT This was passed to make it illegal to hire illegal RONALD REAGAN Protected American jobs SANDRA DAY O'CONNER CLARENCE THOMAS REAGANOMICS OR SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS TIANMEN SQUARE PROTEST PERSIAN GULF WAR immigrants or aliens. First woman justice in the Supreme Court appointed in 1991 to the Supreme Court of the USA 1st black since Thurgood Marshall Rest on the assumption that if taxes are reduced, people will work more and have money to spend, causing the economy to grow. College students protested communism in China in hopes that a protest would cause communism to fall in 1990 Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait which challenged the Bush New World Order Plan for peace. The invasion of Kuwait threatened western oil sources. Bush won congressional RONALD REAGAN Victory for the women's' rights movement RONALD REAGAN Verification that civil rights progress was occurring in the (judicial branch ) government Equal opportunity RONALD REAGAN The government will collect more taxes GEORGE H. W. BUSH Bush condemned the action and suspended arms sales to China. GEORGE H. W. BUSH GROWING TENSIONS AND INVOLVEMENT IN THE Middle East over the oil and gas industry approval to attack Iraq with United Nations support. The United Nations placed an embargo on Iraq for “acts of aggression.” In January 1991 Operation Desert Storm started and over ½ million Americans joined military units with 28 nations to stop Hussein. 5 weeks of air strikes and ground troops brought Iraq to defeat. SADDAM HUSSEIN FAMILY MEDICAL LEAVE ACT Iraq's ruthless dictator that invades Kuwait in order to control 20% of the world's oil reserves. He caused Persian Gulf War. This act guaranteed full time employees 12 workweeks of unpaid leave each year for the birth and health care of a newborn child, to recover from a serious illness, or to care for an immediate family member George H. W. Bush Bush demonstrated that he would not tolerate Iraq's aggression against its neighbor. He created an international coalition to attack. Operation Desert Storm was the name America gave the troop. BILL CLINTON Greater power was given to the employee....employee rights and protections OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING CONTRACT WITH AMERICA GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT) WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) with one. Bombing in April 1995 that killed 165 people and injured over 800 more. This was a domestic act of terrorism. Newt Gingrich's plan to attack big government. This called for congressional term limits, budget amendment to the US Constitution, large tax cuts, increased defense spending, welfare reform and anticrime legislation. 270 free trade agreements with foreign nations BILL CLINTON New laws were passed with stiffer penalties for terrorist acts in America or against Americans. Ronald Reagan Led to a government shut down due to war between Clinton and Gingrich. White House staff was sent home....Lewinsky affair took place...led to impeachment. BILL CLINTON MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS, INCREASED IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, favorable balance of trade Economic globalization WTO REPLACED BILL GATT..expanded CLINTON the organizations authority to negotiate free trade agreements , settle disputes and enforce compliance with them. Economic globalization. Clinton recommended a World Bank . This promoted free trade with nations and not economic sanctions due to disputes.