Download Pg202-224 Notes

Pg. 202-224
I.
II.
III.
Dy1ng ‘n’ R35urr3ct1ng cuz w3 Ru551an5 cray cray
1.
USSR – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1924, largest state in world
2.
Russification – spread Rusian language + culture (RASIYAAAA) through USSR
3.
70 distinct territories cuz they thought power rests in local, not republic scale
4.
#atheism; in 1931 Soviets destroy Cathedral of Christ the Savior (it’s really beautiful
actually you should go when you’re older). Dmitri Sidorov called the pit it was supposed to
be built back in “Russia’s most famous geographical symbol for failed communist endeavor”
5.
Religion – one of the most durable element of culture @ all scales
Que es Religion y Que Role it playe in cultura?
1.
Religions diffuse thru contagious diffusion, contagious + hierarchical, + relocation
diffusion
2.
Religion proclaimed w/ modes of dress, personal habits
a)
In Pakistan in 1991, having beard = condition to become a judge
3.
Stoddard + Prorak <<religion – a system of beliefs + practices that attempts to order
life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities>>
4.
People decide how they and others should behave based on their beliefs
a)
Field note: Hindu religion says people must be cremated
5.
Rituals typically expressed @ regular intervals in routine manner, certain times of
day, or certain astronomical events
6.
Secularism – Indifference/rejection of formal religion. Most secular countries in
Europe.
a)
Among wealthiest countries, U.S. #1 in Pew Survey 2009 saying religion is very
important. 57% said yes in U.S.
7.
Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Southwest Asia, South America said religion very
strong in their life
8.
In da Middle Ages, Christian Church dominant force politically, econ., culturally in
Europe, so much of stuff today comes from Christianity
9.
Religion is very complex + controversial, helps + blocks many things
Where did the main stuff come from, eh?
B.
C.
1.
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3.
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7.
Monotheistic – single deity
Polytheistic – 2+ deities, even thousands
Animistic – inanimate objects have spirits + should be revered
3500 yrs ago, monotheistic Zoroastrianism created in SW Asia
Polytheistic ->monotheistic rapid in Sub-Saharan Africa
500 BCE – 4 major hearths of religion
Christianity + Islam influenced by Judaism + Greek philosophy
World Religionz 2Day
1.
2.
Indonesia, Pakistan, India largest Muslim countries
Any Africans believe in Christianity/Islam and witchcraft and other total bullshit
a)
Cameroon – 42% believe protective power of sacrifices
b)
Bamileke put skull in basement, bury umbilical cord, have traditional + church
wedding
3.
Universalizing religions – belief systems of universal appropriateness + appeal, seek
a lot of converts
a)
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
4.
Ethnic religion – adherents born into faith, converts not actively sought
a)
Exception is Judaism – adherents scattered b/c forced + voluntary migrations
Hinduism
1.
Hinduism 3rd, 4000 yrs ago in Indus River in Pakistan
a)
Aryans migrated to Indus region and gave the name Hinduism to the practices
to the people who lived along the Indus River
Pg. 202-224
D.
E.
2.
No longer evident in Pakistan, now more in India, were the Ganges River is
Hinduism’s sacred river
a)
Ceaseless flow + spiritual healing power = earthly manifestations of Almighty
cuz they’re fucking retarded
3.
The one god in Hinduism is Brahman (bro-man just remember it like that), and all the
other gods are just expressions of Brahman.
4.
Hinduism is now more of an ethnic religion, doesn’t have a centrally organize
structure like Christianity/Islam, but most ppl recognize Vedas, the 4 books making up
Hinduism
5.
Main doctrine – karma; all beings have souls + arranged hierarchically
a)
Goal is to move up the ladder and escape from reincarnation cycle by union w/
Brahman
6.
Doctrines bound to Indian society’s caste system – locks ppl in social classes + poses
restrictions esc. in lower levels and Dalits.
7.
Until recently Dalits couldn’t enter temples, schools, and had to do shit jobs
Diffusion of Hinduism
1.
Elements of Sermon on the Mount form part of Hindu preaching, and Christian beliefs
contribute to weakening of caste barriers
2.
Islam stimulated Sikhism, where worship of idols + caste system = bad, but still
believe in karma + reincarnation
3.
Bali remains Hindu outpost
a)
16th century – Islam engulfed Java, which now only has Islamic architecture left
b)
Religion so important sometimes called celebration of life
4.
Recently, Hinduism diffused thru migration, not a universalizing religion, in pockets,
not regions
Buddhism
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Splintered from Hinduism 2.5k yrs ago as reaction to Hindu teachings @ da time
Prince Siddhartha founded it, came to be knows as Buddha
a)
Spoke out against caste system; salvation could be reached by any1
b)
Death in 489 BCE @ 80 yrs old
3rd century BCE Emperor Asoka converts, making empire Buddhist
Part of Japanese Culture
Strongly regional
a)
Theravada Buddhism – Monastic faith, salvation = personal matter w/ periods
of service as monk/nun
b)
Mahayana Buddhism – Vietnam, Korea, etc. salvation aided by appeals to
superhuman holy sources of merit
c)
Now more global
F.
Shintoism
G.
Taoism
H.
1.
1.
2.
ways
3.
4.
Found in Japan
a)
Focus on nature + ancestor worship
b)
State religion in 19th century
(1)
After WWII no longer state sanctioned
c)
105-118 mil. adherents
Traced back to Lao-Tsu who published Tao-te-ching “Book of the Way”
Feng Shui – art and “science” of organizing living spaces to channel life forces in good
Geomancers – masters of Feng Shui
Best government = no government
Confucianism
1.
2.
Confucius – 551-479 BCE, made blueprint for Chinese civilization
Meaning of life in the present
Pg. 202-224
I.
3.
4.
Philosophy of life
Virtues + abilities, not heritage determine who you are
1.
1949 – China tries to ban religion
a)
Feng Shui people decide wear burial graves are, so China tried to stop dat
b)
Even though a lot of ppl still prefer a coffin, cremation now on the rise
c)
NA scatters ashes, Asia keeps ‘em together
Diffusion of China Religionz Ching Chang Chongo
J.
Judaism
K.
Dif of J3wz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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8.
Grew out of Jews – Semitic tribes in SW Asia 4k yrs ago
Abraham – worship one god, and god protects y’all
Roman destroyed their land in 70 CE
One of most influential religions, only 18 mil. adherents
40% in US, 40% in Israel
19th century – reform mov to make Judaism more modern
Orthodox mov to retain old precepts
Conservative – in the middle b/w them
1.
Diaspora – scattering of Jews after Roman destruction of Jerusalem
a)
Those to central Europe – Ashkenazim
b)
Those to North America + Iberian Peninsula – Sephardim
Zionism – homeland for Jewish ppl + shouldn’t be absorbed into other societies
a)
Concentration camps made Jews believe in Zionism
b)
1948 – UN made Israel + Palestine, wish come true
2.
L.
Christianity
M.
Diffusion of Christianity
N.
1.
Split from Judaism, Jesus born in Bethlehem
2.
Crucifixion of Jesus fulfilled prophecy + gave Jesus’s followers eternal lyfe
3.
Eastern Orthodox Church – attacked by USSR + Ottoman Empire, now revived in
former Soviet areas
a)
180 mil ppl, Europe, Russia + neighbors, Africa(Ethiopia), NA
4.
Roman Catholic Church – 1+ bil ppl, centered in Rome, peaked @ Middle Ages
a)
1300s, divisions in hierarchy + 3 ppl thot they were pope
b)
Largest segment of Christianity
c)
Europe +NA, Middle + South America
5.
15 + 16th century – Protestant reformation – 3rd major part
a)
Some countries in Europe like Switzerland still divided Protestant/Catholic
b)
NA, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
6.
1.5 bil+ adherents
7.
40% of members of world’s major religions
1.
Contagious dif when religious ideas dat were kept alive in Ireland + Scotland spread
across west Europe
a)
Eastern Orthodox – contagious dif from Constantinople to north + NE
b)
Protestants in several parts of west Europe, expanded w/ contagious dif
(1)
Much of its spread to North + Central Europe from hierarchical dif cuz
leaders convert
2.
Worldwide dif in era of European colonization in 16th century
3.
33k+ denominations
a)
Proselytizing – purposeful spreading of religious teachings
4.
Persistently spreading around their religion
Islam
1.
2.
Youngest religion
Muhammad, Mecca 571 CE
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3.
O.
Got revelations @ 42 yrs old
a)
Qu’ran, Islamic holy book was made
b)
Allah had shown himself in Judaism + Christianity
c)
Then fled Mecca to Medina + con’t there
4.
Only Allah is pure
5.
World created for ppl’s use until final judgement day
6.
5 pillars – basic creed, freq prayer, month of daytime fasting, almsgiving, pilgrimage
to Mecca
7.
Mosque – prayer + hangout gr0up
8.
Sunni – majority
9.
Shi’ite (aka shitty Muslims) in Iran
a)
Division happened after his death in 632 CE, and some believed his rightful heir
was Ali, his son in law. Others didn’t believe this, so there was conflict + split. Sunni won,
but Ali’s followers Shi’ite still exist
b)
16th century Iranian gov. makes Shi’ite only legit faith, gave huge strength to
Shi’ite
10.
Decedents of Muhammad thru daughter Fatimah + Ali rec. as sayyids, syeds, + sharifs
11.
In Shi’ite – Imams leaders whose appointments regard as sanctioned by Allah
a)
Source of tru knowledge, no sin/infallible
Diffusion of Islam
1.
Kings on Arabian Peninsula converted at Muhammad’s death, spread religion thru
the west into North Africa
2.
Thru trade went to Indian Ocean + SE Asia
a)
New secondary hearths made, diffused contagiously
3.
Recent diffusion of Islam to Europe, South Africa, Americas b/c of relocation dif
4.
1.57 bil followers, 2nd in adherents
5.
Fastest growing religion, dom. In North Africa + SW Asia
6.
Indonesia – largest amount w/ 200 mil
7.
Moar than half outside SW Asia + N Africa
P.
Indigenous + Shamanist
Q.
Secularism
1.
Indigenous rel – local in scope, usually have reverence for nature, passed down thru
family
a)
Grouped b/c of pressures of global religions
2.
Shamanism – comm. Religion where ppl follow their shaman
a)
Could have evolved + become big
b)
Small + comparatively isolated
c)
Traditional, intimate part of society + culture
3.
Christianity + Islam failed to convert most Africans
1.
2.
4 bil. Religious ppl in world
100s of mils prac no religion
a)
Less than 3% of Scandinavia go to church, France + GB less than 10% go once a
month
3.
Secularism – indifference/rejection of organized religion
4.
Only 30% of Canadians think rel very important, 59% Americans agreed
5.
French gov removed “disruption” of wearing religious symbols to skool
a)
“Best solution”
6.
Immigrants often hold onto religion b/c it helps them ease into a new place + link
into community
7.
Antireligious ideologies = less organized religions in some countries
a)
USSR + China after communism fell apart
8.
In strongly Catholic areas, ppl unsatisfied w/ papal teachings on birth control as
desire 4 larger fam lowers
Pg. 202-224
9.
Secularism moar widespread last century
10.
Today most places are open + ppl in affairs and business on Sunday
11.
Sunday observance still high in Mormon areas
12.
Some Christian industries depend on commitment of Americans + Europeans to
religion
13.
Secularism big in South Korea; more than half
14.
As Europe becomes moar secular, migrants from outside settle in the region