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Early Civilization in China Chapter 3 Sec. 3 Mr. Marsh Columbus North High School Geography of China • Chinese called their land Zhonggua (JONG goo AW) or Middle Kingdom • Very isolated which contributed to the Chinese belief that China was the center and sole source of the Earths civilization River of Sorrows • The yellow river was also known as the River of Sorrows – Major floods along the river destroyed many small farming communities – Chinese had to learn to control the Yellow River – Fear of floods can be seen in the written symbol for misfortune (see page 60) The First Dynasty • Shang about 1650 BC -1027 BC – Controlled the northern section of China along the Yellow River • Government – Archaeologists have uncovered large palaces of rich tombs of Shang rulers – Kings controlled small areas of land • Loyal princes and nobles governed most of the land • These local rulers were apart of Clans – Clans- groups of families who claimed a common ancestor » China was closer to the City-States of Sumer than to Egypt Social Class • Shang society mirrored that of other ancient civilizations • Most people during the Shang dynasty were peasants Religious Beliefs • Chief goddess was Shang Di (mother goddess who brought plants and animals to earth) • It was believed that god like Shang Di would not answer the call of a common mortal – So families would pray to there ancestors to talk to Shang Di Yin and the Yang • The Universe is a delicate balance between two forces – Yin • Earth, darkness and female force – Yang • Heaven, light and male force • A well balanced universe required both Yin and Yang Writing • Oldest forms of Chinese writing have been discovered on Animal bones and turtle shells – Oracle Bones- were believed to be apart of rituals by ancient priests • Very difficult language – Over 10,000 characters Zhou Dynasty • 1027BC came from the west and overthrew the Shang Dynasty – Claimed the “Mandate of Heaven” • Zhou families claimed that the Shang king had upset the gods and called for his removal • This claim brought forth what was to be known as the Dynastic Cycle (see page 64) THAT CHART NEEDS TO BE IN YOUR NOTES!!!!!!!!!! Feudal State • A system known as Feudalism developed in China during the Zhou dynasty – Feudalism – a system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but paid taxes and military services to the King Economic Growth • Ironworking reached China by 500 BC – Iron allowed farmers to be more productive and produce more food – China began to use coin money • Chinese money has a Hole in the center WHY? • Economic expansion lead to increase population and trade Chinese Achievements • Astronomers studied the plants movement – Could predict lunar and solar eclipses – Development of a accurate 365 ¼ day calendar • Silk – By 1000 BC women in china learned to weave Silk from the cocoons of silkworms – Major demand for Silk lead to trade with India which became known as the “Silk Road” Strong Rulers Unite China Chapter 4 sec. 5 Mr. Marsh Columbus North High School Shi Huangdi and the Qin Dynasty • 221 B.C. Zhen (JUHNG) united China and declared himself Shi Huangdi (SHEE hoo ahng DEE) or 1st Emperor • Legalism was used to control society in China • Shi Huangdi abolished feudalism and replaced the feudal states with 36 military districts Unity Imposed • Shi Huangdi forced nobles to move to the capital and the nobles lands were distributed to the peasants • Standardized weights and measures and created 1 coin instead of the 100s that existed before in the Zhou Dynasty • Workers repaired and extended roads – All cart axles had to be the same distance apart Great Wall Collapse of the Qin • When Shi Huangdi died in 210 B.C. so did the Qin Dynasty • Liu Bang (LEE OO BAHNG) – An illiterate peasant lead his army and defeated many rival armies to become the new emperor and started the next dynasty – The Han Dynasty • 206 B.C. – 220 A.D. The Han Dynasty • Silk Road to the West Opened during the Han Dynasty • During Emperors Wudi’s reign many government monopolies were created to control supply of grains, silks and other products • Major expansion of territory Scholar-Officials and Civil Service Exams • Han emperors made Confucianism the official belief system of the state. • Han emperors adopted the idea that government officials should win positions by merit rather than family background. – System of exams given at the local, state and national levels Achievements of the Hans • Science – Great advancements in chemistry, zoology and botany. Han astronomers figured out a accurate calendar that could predict lunar and solar eclipses • Medicine – acupuncture • Technology – Most technologically advanced civilization. • Durable paper made from wood pulp, advanced ship building and invented the rudder, suspension bridges Fall of the Han • By 220 A.D. ambitious warlords overthrew the last Han emperor. • After 400 years of unity China was broken up once again into many small states