Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Norwegian salmon aquaculture and the environment by Sigbjørn Tveterås Centre for Fisheries Economics Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration 1 Introduction I Examine the sustainability of the Norwegian Salmon Aquaculture: There are two main groups of environmental concerns 1) Pollution of local and regional environment due to discharges from the production process, and in some cases destruction of habitat 2) Increased pressure on wild fish stocks due to the use of fishmeal and fish oil in salmon feed 2 Introduction II • The environmental problems of the Norwegian salmon aquaculture seem to have followed an inverse-U-shaped curve over time; first increasing, then decreasing. 3 Local and Regional Environmental Issues I: • Waste discharges • Loss of ecological systems in immediate vicinity of cages • Eutrophication, algal blooms • Drugs and chemicals • Antibiotic resistance spreading to the wild • Residue of chemicals in fish, farmed and wild. 4 Local and Regional Environmental Issues II: • Escaped farmed salmon • Genetic ”contamination” of wild salmon. Loss of genetic diversity • Potential problems of transgenic salmon • Diseases and parasites • Furunculosis, Gyrodactylus salaries etc. spreading to wild salmon • Sea-lice problem 5 Internalisation of Waste Discharge Problems The local external effects from organic waste discharges, i.e. eutrophication and sedimentation of organic waste, have a negative impact on salmon production, Salmon farmers have internalised waste problem due to economic incentives Salmon farms in Norway have moved away from fjords with poor flushing + feed and feeding regimes have improved 6 Development in Cost Components Interests Other costs Wages Insurance Feed 19 98 19 96 19 94 19 92 19 90 Smolt 19 88 19 86 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0% 7 Average Feed Conversion Ratio 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 1980 1985 1990 1993 1997 8 Situation Today • Salmon farms are located in places with good water exchange Organic waste is spread thin over large areas Eutrophication and sedimentation do not in general present any problems Organic waste from salmon farms can contribute to net nutrient flow to sea, but • Nutrient discharges from salmon farms represent a fraction compared with other sources like agriculture, industry and sewage from Northern Europe • Outtake of marine resources for use in salmon feed makes it uncertain whether salmon farming represent net input or outtake of nutrients to the sea 9 Diseases and Parasites • Major outbreaks of diseases in 1986 – the hitra disease, 1990-1992 – furunculosis and ISA, 19941996 – ISA Public and private R&D for drugs In 1992 an effective vaccine against furunculosis was developed. 10 Use of Antibiotics 60000 400 Antibiotics Salmon production 50000 350 250 30000 200 150 20000 100 10000 50 98 19 96 19 94 19 92 19 90 19 88 19 86 19 84 19 82 0 19 80 0 19 Kilo 40000 1000 ton 300 11 Use of Chemicals 35000 400 Chemicals Salmon production 30000 350 20000 200 15000 150 10000 100 5000 50 98 19 97 19 96 19 95 19 94 19 93 19 92 19 91 19 90 19 89 19 88 19 87 19 86 19 19 85 0 84 0 19 Kilo 250 1000 ton 300 25000 12 Escaped Farmed Salmon and Wild Salmon • Salmon escapes have been reduced: • 1,5-2 million salmons escaped on average through 1988 to 1992 • 277 900 and 123 000 escapes were reported in 1995 and in 2000 respectively • However, salmon escapes have not been internalised like waste problems Government has considered restrictions, e.g. fjords banned for salmon farming 13 Situation Today II • Escaped salmon is together with sea lice probably the most serious environmental concerns in salmon farming today • More research regarding the impact of farmed salmon on wild salmon is needed • Vaccines against sea lice are tried being developed • The use of antibiotics is minor 14 The world’s fishmeal and vegetable oilmeal markets • Oilmeals are first and foremost used in animal feeds as rich protein sources • The crucial question is if fishmeal is primarily demanded because: a) it is a unique product with special qualities (e.g. unique amino acid profile) that other oilmeals lack, or because b) it is a cheap protein source. If this is the case fishmeal is a substitute with vegetable oilmeals like soymeal 15 World production of oilmeals 1996/97 Other meals 17 % Corn meals (a) 9% Fish meal 4% Soybean meal 53 % Rape & Sun (b) 17 % 16 Fishmeal consumption Aquaculture 1996 3%4% 2000 Poultry Pigs 17 % 9% Ruminants 3% Others 35 % 20 % 29 % 56 % 24 % 17 81 -0 1 81 -1 2 82 -1 1 83 -1 0 84 -0 9 85 -0 8 86 -0 7 87 -0 6 88 -0 5 89 -0 4 90 -0 3 91 -0 2 92 -0 1 92 -1 2 93 -1 1 94 -1 0 95 -0 9 96 -0 8 97 -0 7 98 -0 6 USD per tonne Monthly European fishmeal and soya meal prices 1981-1999 800 Fishmeal 700 Soybean meal 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 18 Situation Today III • Aquaculture’s share of fishmeal and consumption is increasing. Still, the fishmeal and soybean meal markets are integrated. Since there are close substitutes to fishmeal, increased fishmeal demand will spill over to other oilmeal markets Unless the pelagic fisheries are poorly managed it is unlikely increased demand for fishmeal presents a threat to these stocks • However, if aquaculture continues to expand market structures may change 19