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Dejiny a reálie AO The national symbols of UK Britain (Britain – pettanike - pretani = tattooed people ) UK- it is monarchy and it consists of 2 kingdoms (scottland, England) Unification 13.th century- annexation of Wales 1603 – the first Steward ruler came to the throne, union of the crowns Beginning 18.th- 2 kingdoms were no longer independent, formed 1 parliament in London, also political union 1801 - Ireland joined union Beg. 20th. Century – part of Ireland became independent. Anthem: God Save the Queen/King It celebrates the monarchy. It is not the anthem by law. In the past it used to be royal anthem, but people have adopted it. Flag: Union Jack In the past Britain dominated in the seas, there was a flag on ships called “Jack” it was later adopted by other people. Britannia – personal enbodyment of everything british, female wearing helmet, trident & shield, mostly accompanied by a lion England Named after Anglo-Saxons Alternative name: Albion (albus=white, white cliffs in sussex) Patron saint: St. George (celebrated in april, he lived 14. Century, he was born in noble family, professional soldier, when king ordered persecution of Christians, George has refused, he was killed and became a martyr.) Flower: Tudor Rose (combines rose of Lancaster an yorks) England has male embodiment – John Bull Scotland Alternative name: Caledonia Patron saint: St. Andrew (one of the christ’s apostols, he was crucified on diagonal cross – pictured on the Scotland flag) Flower: thistle Anthem: more anthems, best known is Flower of Scotland/Scotland the Brave Wales The celts were driven out of England to wales, anglo Saxons called cambria the land of foreigners Alt. name: Cambria Patron saint: St. David (he founded a monastery at place of city St. David Flower: Daffodil/leek They don’t have a cross on flag but a dragon Anthem: land of my fathers Northen Ireland Alt. name: Hibernia/Erin (ancient tribe of Hiberny) Patron saint: St. Patrick (captured by irish pirates, he worked as a slave, escaped to bishop, returned to Ireland to spread Christianity) Flower: Shamrock 4.10. Geography&history Isolation = uniqueness, because of this development in Britain was ever different than development in Europe, living on an island can be advantage, because it can’t be conquered so easily. In 1066 it was conquered by Normans but other attempts have failed. It also encourages sea exploration. In the 17th century had Britain great naval power. History divided in several periods : prehistoric, romans, medieval (anglo-saxon, norman), early modern, modern Prehistory & the Celts Remains of culture of people BEFORE CELTS: Barrows (mohyly), henges (ground monuments) = centres of power, Stonehenge was built before Celts, although it was used by the celts. (Stonehenge = stones seem to be hanging in the air. In 700 b.c. came Celts in several waves from the continent to Britain, the Celts became dominant, whole former population was overwhelmed by Celts. Druids memorised they doctrine, they learnt everything by heart. The Celts were tattooed (prettani), typical chequered pattern – tartan. Language: 2 branches Brythonic (Welsh, Cornish) Gaelic (Irish, Scottish, Gaelic, Manx) Ancestors of the Irish, Welsh, Cornish, Highland Scotland Roman Britain (AD 43-409) 55 BC: Julius Caesar – unsuccessful attempt 43 AD permanent occupation, it was gradual occupation Londinium – centre of Britannia province Romans tried to stop cooperation between Celts from Gallia and Britannia, plus there were also resources. Boudica’s revolt (AD 61) She was queen of the Icenni (Celtic tribe), when her husband died Romans couldn’t accept Boudica as a Queen, her land was conquered and she wanted a revenge on Romans. Firstly she was successful, but later she was defeated by Romans. 11.10. Hadrian’s wall Defence against attacks from Caledonia. Built by roman emperor Hadrian in 122 AD Later it was boundary between England and Scotland. Roman towns London has 20,000 inhabitants, the most important trading centre in Europe. York/Chester – each with legion of 7,000 Roman military camps (lat. Castra) - Chester – Chester, Winchester Cester – Gloucester, Leicester Caster – Doncaster, Lancaster Villas – self-sufficient farms in roman empire built near towns and cities Population Romanization : the romano-british People adopted latin language and fashion (toga), lifestyle … Roman literacy Romans built plenty of roads; nowadays roads often copy these roman roads Roman departure AD 409 – Roman withdrawal to protect the empire Roman occupation brought also peace & prosperity for Britain. Anglo-saxon period (450-1066) Sources of information from this period are written documents: o o Bede’s Ecclesiatical History of the English People Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Britania was attacked by The Picts from Caledonia , by Scots from Ireland, by Germanic Anglo-Saxons Saxon Shore – coast, where were built forts against Anglo-Saxons Germanic Tribes: o o o Angles – east and north Saxons – the south Jutes – the south-east (Kent) Reasons for invasion: mild climate + attractive wealthy land. They were invited to defeat Scots, but then they settled down and occupied the land. Anglo-Saxon Occupation County names – Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Middlesex, east Anglia Place names: -ing (=family,folk); -ham(=farm); -ton(=settlement) Celts were decimated or they moved westwards (Wales – Weallas=the land of foreigners) and northwards (Scotland). King Offa’s dyke – clay wall along the boundary of Wales to protect Britany from Wales Anglo-saxon kingdoms o o 7th century :Northumbria--/Mercia/Wessex 8th century: King Offa of Mercia – “kingship of England” Christianization of England 2 sources of Christianity: Celtic Christianity spread from monasteries in Celtic areas; preaching to ordinary people Roman Christianity the roman Church: 597: Pope Gregory the Great’s missionary Augustin – mission to Kent; focus on organization & authority – ruling classes & courts 18.10.2011 Clash between 2 churches 663 : The synod of Withby – the Roman church victorious (wins the support of king of Northumbria) Anglo–Saxon missions to Germanic areas of Europe Mutual relationship of Church & state Political reasons – Church strengthens the position of kings Economic reasons – monasteries = centres of local trade; monks from Frankish islands – contacts to monasteries on important trade routes in Europe; Lain – international language Cultural reasons – monasteries = centres of learning; literate churchman = king’s & church’s administration Celtic Christianity St Patrick (5th century) : Ireland christianized Monasteries o o o o Iona(st. Columbia) Lindisfane Jarrow Wales: place names beginning or ending with –llan Bede the Venerable (675-735) Benedictine Monk Ecclesiastical History of the English People – “Father of English History” The BC/AD system The Vikings (Norsemen/Danes) Scandinavian origin: Norway/Sweden/Denmark Excellent sailors, They settles in coast of Scottland in England and Ireland Several waves: o o o 8th century : raids on churches & monasteries 9th c: conquering & settling 10th c: new raids – Ethelred pays them away o Danegeld (= Danish money, special tax) 11th c: Canut Alfred the Great (849-899) King of Wessex Promoter of education : Anglo-Saxon chronicle (ordered it’s compilation) Codifier of law : The Doom Book (Code of Alfred): Anglo-Saxon law Alfred & the Viking threat Guthrum’s invasion 878:the battle of Edington Treaty of Wedmore: Danelaw – part of England controlled by the Vikings Alfred’s defences – o o o forts(=burghs) – one of the commonest place names (-borough) standing army – permanent army to protect kingdom fleet of ships – “Father of the English Navy” Edward the Confessor Church building o o Westminster Abbey Pattern of the English village: manor house(economic life) + church(religious life) French Normans in his court (not popular because of this) Government & society Witan=king’s council o o Chooses the king Today: Privy council Shire= administrative unit o o Shire reeve – sheriff Today’s county names. Derbyshire, Yorkshire Manorial system : Manor- tax collection & justice + fyrd Aldermen =local officials (lords) 8.11 The Norman Conquest 1066 Descendants of the Vikings – Northern France: Normandy Edward the Confessor – succeeded by William the Conqueror: Duke of Normandy Other candidates: Harold Godwinson, Harold Hardrada Battle of Stamford Bridge – Harold Godwinson received crown. Hardrada landed on north of England, but was defeated. Battle of Hastings – William landed on the South. Harold’s army marched back from N to S. They were better prepared, but Normans had cavalery and Harold Godwinson was defeated. 1066 -1st king from new dynasty seized the power Bayeux tapestry tells the story about the Battle of Hastings Consequences Anglo-Saxon rebellions – land withdrawals Language: French Feudalism – feudal system (fr. Feu= land given in return for service) Land ownership & land holding : owner=king, holder= vassals, Homage = promise of loyalty Domesday Book – survey of the country’s land – possessions of noblemen England in the 12th century Succession quarrels William II had 2 sons Robert ( inherited Normandy) and Henry Henry I – had no son, so he married his daughter Matilda with Geoffrey Plantagenet (from Anjou) Stephen – cousin of Matilda became a king, it led to the civil war, that was ended by compromise The Plantagenets Henry II + Eleanor of Aquitaine (new part of France added to England) Lordship over England King of England, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine , Count of Anjou Thomas Beckett Archbishop from Canterbury -> quarrels with the King Beckett’s murder; Canterbury -> place of pilgrimage Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales 15.11. Magna charta 1215 Richard I. (lionhearted) followed after Henry II. Richard had quarrels with Henry II He took part in the crusade to the Holy Land, he was imprisoned by Austrian duke. Later the kingdom had to pay ransom for him. Romantic hero John I (lackland) Quarrels with Richard, his brother. He Succeeded him. Loss of French possessions Dispute with the Pope Innocent III England under a papal interdict (interdict assued by pope, which says, that dead people cannot be given a Christian burial) john’s excommunication England a papal fiefdom Baronial discontent Civil war 1215: Magna Charta – some parts are still in force o Royal power limited o Feudal rights confirmed o Rights of individuals guaranteed (the basis of the right Habeas Corpus “you have the body”) o A council of barons o No one could be imprisoned without court trial Constitution of the UK No single constitutional document Written sources Statutes of Parliament Common law Unwritten sources Royal prerogatives – right of monarch to dissolve a parliament Conventions – if appeal is approved by both houses of parliament, it has to be signed by monarch (queen Anne refused it as last in 18th century) Henry III Heavy spending +foreign advisors Simon do Montfort’s revolt 1265: de Montfort’s Parliament 1st directly-elected parliament in medieval Europe Edward I (Longshanks) 1295: “Model Parliament” Clergy + aristocracy County: 2 knights Borough: 2 burgesses Wars with Wales & Scotland o Llewelyn ap Gruffydd o Prince of Gwynedd o The last prince of an independent Wales o 1284: annexation of Wales o English county system & common law introduced o Edward I’s son made Prince of Wales 22.11. Wars with Scotland o 2 pretenders – Edward wanted the crown for himself o Invading of Scotland – he captured the stone of destiny (scots believed, that without this stone no king can be crowned). It was taken to England; it was put into the coronation chair. o Scotland rebelled against Scotland. Rebellion was led by William Wallace – at the beginning he was successful, but he wasn’t supported by Scottish aristocracy, so he was captured and executed. o Robert Bruce – also rebelled, he became the king of Scottland - 1314: Bannockburn – Edward II defeated England in 14th century The Black Death 1348/49 Bubonic plague – swelling on person’s body – buboes very contagious disease 1/3 of population of Europe died “Bless you!” – When someone caught this disease, it was told to this sick person, because they couldn’t do anything else It was spread by rats, flees The Hundred Year’s War 1337 – 1453 lasted 116 years; kings of England wanted to control the land in France Battles: Crecy, Poitiers; England ways in disadvantage, because of fighting on continent, but they had longbows so they won Auld Alliance: France + Scotland Chivalry Code of chivalry – knight would fight for the code, for himself and to protect the lady Edward III – the order of the garter – oldest of the titles in England Black Prince – son of Edward III. He was embodiment of chivalry. He wore black armour. Peasant’s revolt 1381 Rebellion arose against the king by ordinary people led by Wat Tyler. He was later betrayed and executed. Heresy Lollardy – main representative heretic movement John Wycliffe: English translation of the Bible Parliament of the UK – mother of all parliaments Magna Charta Supreme legislative which has the right to make laws, it has sovereignty over all other political bodies Residence – Palace of Westminster (the houses of parlaiament). Structure Biclameral parliament The lower house – the house of commons – MPs The upper house – the house of lord – Peers The Sovereign – formally the 3rd part of Parliament and its head Functions Legislation (making laws) Scrutiny (checking the government) Debating current issues 6.12. England in the 15th century Edward I (Longshanks) ->Edward II ->Edward III (his son Edward the Black Prince; Uncle John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancater ->Henry) ->Richard II – -- >Henry IV (1st Lancaster on the throne) The Hundred years’ war (1337 -1453) Henry V Battle of Agincourt Katherine of Valois- daughter of king of France (he married her to strengthen his position) Joan of Arc She was betrayed by Burgundians and executed by English church Maid of Orleans 1453: End of the war – Calais Henry IV -> Henry V ->Henry VI ->Edward IV (1st of dynasty of York) ->Edward V ->Richard III ->Henry VII 1485: Battle of Bosworth Richard III was defeated by Henry Tudor Henry VII (1st Tudor on throne) Houses of Lancaster and York unified in the House of Tudor The Wars of the Roses (1455 – 1485) Language and Culture Universities o o Oxford Cambridge 14th century: English is back Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales 15th century: William Caxton – 1st English printer and book retailer 2. semester 16th century – The Glory of the Tudors Henry VII’s origin Henry V + Catherine Catherine + Owain ap Meredith ap Tewdwr Edmund Tudor Henry Tudor Henry VII (1485-1509) Foundation of strong monarchy strong royal power – private armies forbidden trade instead of wars – merchant fleet; he saved a lot of money only place in France that England possessed was the port of Calais, Henry was titled king of England and France, it was only formal title and he was not interested in war with France Yeomen of the guard – personal bodyguards of King, this position was established by Henry VII etymology: Yeoman = commoner who cultivates his land (Young man / villager) Henry VIII (1509-1547) educated not careful with money, loved partying …, he kept an expensive royal court and residencies a book against Martin Luther – was given title Defensor Fidei (Defender of the Faith) by the pope for defending roman catholic church; this title is still used today (but nowadays it refers to protestant faith) The Reformation Reasons o personal – Henry VIII’s divorce with Catherine of Aragon - Catherine was from Spain, the pope was controlled by her nephew, so he didn’t approved Henry’s divorce. Henry hired experts to find a part in the bible, which would justify his divorce. o Economic - plenty of rich monasteries and Henry VIII needed the money; he sold the monasteries, lot of them were destroyed and the stones were used to build castles o Political Act of Supremacy -1534 – King Supreme Head of the Church in England Dissolution of monasteries Henry VIII’s wives Catherine of Aragon - divorced Anne Boleyn -beheaded Jane Seymour - died Anne of Cleves - divorced Katherine Howard - beheaded Catherine Parr – survived Edward VI (1547-1553) Son of Henry VIII, he was only 9 when he became ruler. 1st protestant ruler, spread of protestant ideas The Book of Common Prayer – Thomas Cranner, the Archbishop of Canterbury He gave money to noblemen, so they wanted to keep Protestant religion He was followed by Lady Jane Grey – “the nine day’s queen”. She was imprisoned and executed. Mary I (1553-1558 Bloody Mary) The 1st queen Regnant = real ruler not only king’s wife; ruling queen Catholic oppression; She started persecuting protestants Marriage with King of Spain, the parliament of England and the whole country was against she suffered phantom pregnancies, she didn’t have heir, her husband left her Calais lost – very last possession in France Elizabeth I (1558-1603) sister of Mary I known as “Virgin queen”, she used her reputation to her own advantage religious compromise – Eng. remained protestant country, but the form of protestant religion wasn’t so radical. She persecutedradical protestants too. execution of Mary, Queen of Scots; she fled to England, she was accused of plotting against protestant Elizabeth I; Elizabeth I decide that she should be executed defeat of the Spanish “Armada” – Spain attacked England, because Eng. became protestant – Sir Francis Drake – privateer; English destroyed the Spanish fleet with the help of the sea storm. Trading Empire Colonial beginnings sir Walter Raleigh Virginia West African slave trade Chartered companies – company got right to go through certain area, the monarchy get amount money for granting this right The East India Company Shakespeare 17th century - The Stuarts - Scottish royal house - king vs. parliament James I (1603-1625) 1st Stuart on throne ( 1st king named James in England, but VI on throne of Scotland) 1603: personal union between England & Scotland (not political union, each country had its own parliament) 1605: Gunpowder plot Guy Fawkes – today: Guy Fawkes Bonfire Night - 5 November James I was in danger, because he was protestant King James Bible – ordered translation of the Bible into English, it had influence on the language; one of his greatest achievements Charles I (1625-1649) the only king who lost his head he married catholic woman from France disputes with parliament – when he quarrelled with parliament he dissolved it and when he was in need of money he called for it several times o political o religious – controlled by radical protestant groups petition of rights crisis in Ireland – Irish were Catholics and they didn’t like protestant ruler so they revolted – Attempt to arrest 5 MPs – since then the monarch isn’t allowed to enter the parliament. Civil war Royalists (Cavaliers) controlled N and W of country Parliamentarians (Roundheads) - controlled S and E of country – Oliver Cromwell: “model army” 1645: Battle of Naseby – parliamentarians defeated the king 1649: Execution of the King – 1st king of England to be publicly executed Oliver Cromwell later abolished the monarchy, he became the lord protector 17th century the Stuarts (Republic, Restoration, Glorious Revolution) Religious situation catholic vs. protestant England: church of England: state church became established church other: e.g. Puritans, Presbyterians, Noncomformist/dissenters – pilgrims, Mayflower, Plymouth Scotland: Presbyterian Church – state church became established church English Interregnum (1649-1660) Republic – Commonwealth of England Protectorate – Oliver Cromwell = Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell protestant himself, after the execution of King Charles I, he became lord protector, and England protectorate Interregnum = between rule of 2 Stuart kings; also called period of Republic Oliver Cromwell – cruel, strict, Puritan, official Anglican church was minor, his soldiers killed more than 6000 Irish as a revenge of a action from a past, when Irish killed many protestant celebration of Christmas & Easter was forbidden when he died the monarchy was restored = restoration Charles II - Favoured Catholicism Test act – law by parliament, which prevent all Catholics from holding public positions Parliament controlled by Anglicans – they did everything to get rid of puritans Charles II, despite of being catholic, protected Puritans from parliament James II, his brother inherited the crown – also favoured Catholicism, The glorious revolution without much bloodshed parliament offered the crown to his protestant daughter Mary, married with William of Orange Mary II, William III 1689 – Bill of Rights – 1. freedom from royal interference, king was not allowed to collect the taxes without agreement of parliament 2. king wasn’t allowed to keep army, 3. Freedom of Speech in parliament England Constitutional monarchy – weak king, parliament holds the power 1701 – The act of settlement – only a Protestant can inherit the crown 18th century Ann (1702-1714) 1701: The Act of Settlement – only a Protestant can inherit the crown 1707: Acts of union – Kingdom of Great Britain Monarchy 1714: House of Hannover – Elector of Hanover, those rulers, who could elect for the monarch of Holy Roman Empire George I was called to become a king Jacobite opposition James: The old pretender Charles: the young pretender The Battle of Culloden (1646) – the last battle on British soil Government & politics Robert Walpole – Britain’s 1st prime minister cabinet – collective responsibility Government the great offices of state prime minister home office: home secretary foreign office: foreign secretary treasury: Chancellor of the Exchequer cabinet: - No. 10 Downing street civil service – they are not replaced after election, they’re experts 26.4. Robert Walpole – Britain’s 1st prime minister John Wilkes and liberty Trade triangle: Britain (industrial goods), West Africa (slaves), America (sugar, rum) Rule, Britannia! Britannia, rule the waves: Britons never shall be slaves! Industrial Revolution Agricultural revolution new farming methods mechanisation enclosures – until 18th century, each village had some land, divided among people, then it was united; hedgerows enclosures changed landscape Scotland – in the 18th century it was very poor, British government decided to get rid of Scottish clan system (it made Scotland very rebellious), all signs of tradition were forbidden = less people could produce more food, so many people could move to cities Overview 1. capital 2. labour force 3. demand – people who moved from village to city produced demand 4. new inventions 5. new power 6. transport Capital – Britain was trading empire, they accumulated enough wealth to fuel the industrial revolution Labour force - common land was enclosed, so people were forced to move to towns where they had to work in factories demand: producers consumers – greater demand –mass production- need for more labour forceproducers Inventions James Watt’s steam engine John Kay’s “flying shuttle” – a breakthrough in weaving James Hargreaves James Hargreaves’s “spinning jenny“ – a breakthrough in spinning Power/Fuel natural power James Watt’s steam engine – improved efficiency coal instead of wood – lack of forests, coal was more efficient Ironmaking Transport waterways – canals stage coaches Britain in the 19th century – colonial empire – “the empire on which the sun never sets” industrial power – the “workshop” of the world Sea power Foreign policy Napoleonic wars the battle of Trafalgar (1805) – Horatio Nelson Waterloo (1815) – duke of Wellington o to meet someone’s Waterloo – personal failure Pax Britannica – balance of power, free market British avoided wars in 19th century; Pax Britannica = British peace Britain isolated itself from the rest of Europe, splendid isolation- they chose it The Empire China: opium wars – east-Indian company; restriction on trade in china, company smuggled goods, it led to a war Russian danger: Crimean war India: Indian Mutiny – rebellion by mestico native aristocracy South Africa: Boer wars – Boers = descendants of Dutch settlers Egypt: the Suez Canal Canada/Australia/New Zealand – “white” colonisation, self-government Politics Spread of democratic principles: Suffrage extended (Reform Bill 1832) Voting in secret Emancipation of the Catholics/ Nonconformists/Jews Party system: the Tories = conservatives the Whigs = liberals Prime ministers: Sir Robert Peel (Tory) – established a regular police force in London – “Bobbies” Lord Palmerston (Whig) William Gladston (Whig) Benjamin Disraeli (Tory) – created title “the Empress of India” Jewel in the crown of the British Empire = India Chartist movement – People’s charter (1838) the vote for adults voting in secret payment for MPs election every year Rise of the middle classes – change in the structure: Originally merchants, craftsmen, later industrialists. Then also people in the “professions” (outside industry or business) – doctors, civil servants, officers shift of power aristocracy – industrialists / bourgeoisie The great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations (1851) – 6 million visitors the railway – economic effect : cheap transport of goods & people - social effect: suburbs; spread of ideas queen Victoria – empress of india, marriage to prince albert Saxe-Cobourg Gotha, symbol of family and religious virtues, “ the grandmother of Europe”, Victorian period The rise of labour party established in 1900 roots in the trade union movement 1906 labour party in parliament 1924 first labour government reform instead of socialist revolution disappearance of the liberal party the rights of women Britain: bad situation of women suffragette movement: extreme methods war: new opportunities for women 1928: women’s voting rights equal with men Ireland beginning of the 19th century Irish were promised to be given of home rule: delayed by war republican movement: independence; 1916: Easter rising 1918: republicans meet in the Dail – guerrilla war against Britain 1921: Anglo – Irish Treaty: Irish free state – still within the UK: civil war between the Irish 1937: Ireland declared a republic Social struggle social unrest after the war 1926: general strike the great depression (early 1930s) economic crisis after the New York stock market crash in October 1929 (Black Tuesday) High unemployment in Britain (3 million) Germany under Hitler – danger of war: war industries economic recovery Britain’s decline growing German & US competition Alliances The Allies (the triple Entente) o Britain o France o Russia o Italy o Usa The Central powers o Germany o Austria – Hungary o Ottoman empire o Bulgaria The Great war (1914-1918) volunteers – people were not forced to join the army conscription – people were no longer willing to join the army new weapons and warfare : trench warfare – zákopová vojna aircraft – zeppelin airships – raids on targets in Britain, January 1915 the 1st raid – 1st bombing of civilians ever; fighters poisonous gas submarines – especially Germans, 40% of British merchant supply ships were sunk tanks – British invention Battle of Jutland (1916) – naval blockade of Germany Battle of Somme (1916) – (100 000 Britons killed) Peace – Armistice treaty (November 11, 1918) The treaty of Versailles (1919) – severe punishment for Germany Legacy – Remembrance day (11 November) (Armistice day or Poppy day) Cenotaph ceremony on remembrance Sunday poppy appeal – fundraising for the veterans 1936: Edward’s VIII abdication Rise of Hitler’s Germany: 1933 Appeasement – Neville Chamberlain – policy of concessions to Germany Munich agreement –September 1938 – Czechoslovakia sacrificed I believe it is peace for our time… (Chamberlain) Outbreak of War – September 1, 1939: The Invasion of Poland USSR+USA+UK vs. Germany + Italy+Japan