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Transcript
Cells are the basic units of life Two basic types of Cells Prokaryotes Lacks internal structure Surrounded by a membrane Most of these cells are singled celled organisms Eukaryotes Has internal structure Membranes surround internal structures as well as the cell as a whole Contains a nucleus Cell Organelles Cells have structures equivalent to organs in our body, called organelles Each of these organelles has a specific structure and function Each of these organelles are surrounded by a membrane, isolating it from the rest of the cell Animal Cell Plant Cell Organelle Functions Boundaries Control Assembly Transport Storage Energy Transformation Boundaries All cells have boundaries which allow material to enter or exit Two main types Plasma Membrane (Cell Membranes) Cell Walls- mostly found on plant cells Plasma Membranes Divide interior of a cell from its external environment very flexible- allows cells to vary in shape. Control the movement of materials that enter and exit the cell Allows useful materials in (O2, nutrient) and waste materials and excess water out Materials may move directly through the membrane, others need passageways in order to move through Cell Wall An additional boundary found outside of the plasma membrane Not found in all cells Found in plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protists Not found in animals Not nearly as flexible as c.m. What is made of depends on the organism Provides protection and support for the cell Control of Cell Function The nucleus of the cell manages all the cell functions within the cell Surrounded by its own double membraneNuclear Envelope The nuclear envelope has large pores, so material can move in and out of the nucleus to the rest of the cell. The genetic code (DNA) is house in the Nucleus in the form of chromatin (long strands of DNA) The nucleolus is the center of the Nucleus that produces Ribosomes Assembly A major function of most cells is to make proteins and other materials Most of the assembly takes place within the fluid inside the cell and outside of the nucleus called the cytoplasm Cytoplasm is a clear fluid the makes up about half the volume of a typical animal cell and give the cell its shape Enzymes and other proteins are assembled on the ribosomes that were made in the nucleolus and shipped out through the pores of the nuclear envelope Ribosomes are an organelle even though they don’t have a membrane surrounding them Assembly and Transportation: Endoplasmic Reticulum Folded system of membranes found in the cytoplasm that connect the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. Involved in the assembly of proteins and lipids Considered to the delivery system of the cell Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER: no ribosomes- not involved in protein synthesis Rough ER: covered with ribosomes- play a role in protein synthesis. Storage 3 main types of storage in the cell Golgi Apparatus Vacuoles Lysosomes Store extra materials needed for the cell Golgi Apparatus Closely stacked, flattened membrane sacs (pancakes) Newly made proteins and lipids from the ER are sent here Sent to the Golgi Apparatus in small, membrane- bound packages called vesicles that were pinched off in the ER Vesicles are distributed to the cell membrane and other cell organelles, sent outside of the cell, or stored for later use. Vacuoles Sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane. Temporarily stores food, enzymes, and other materials needed by the cell or waste products such as excess water that will be expelled. Plant cells will have a large central vacuole Takes up much of a plant cell’s volume Can store ions, nutrients, wastes, and water Lysosomes Organelles that contain digestive enzymes Lyse= break apart Responsible for breaking down excess or worn out cell parts, food particles, and invading bacteria or viruses The membrane surrounding lysomes keeps keeps these dangerous enzymes inside the lysosome Energy Transformers Cells require energy to carry out functions. Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles that transform energy for the cell Break down food molecules and release energy Energy is stored in other molecules that can power cell reactions Currency Exchange Food you eat (Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) as currency Not all parts of your body are able to accept the same type of energy The common energy type is ATP Carbohydrate, lipids, and proteins and it is traded for ATP which can be used by all of your body’s cells There will be a loss of energy for this conversions Mitochondria Has double membrane surrounding it Outer membrane Inner membrane Highly folded that increases surface area Location of the production of energy storage moleculeCellular Respiration Located in Plant and Animal Cells Chloroplast Plants can’t eat. So they make their own food Photosynthesis Using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make food (sugars) and oxygen