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Rome & Han China Mr. Ermer Miami Beach Senior High World History The Age of Empires The late centuries BCE and the early centuries CE see the rise of larger, more centralized empires Imperial Rome & Han Dynasty China (Han China) Rome & China have no direct contact Connected by complicated trading networks Rome & China have little influence on each other Rome & China establish long lasting stability in area Rome & China both establish territorial-cultural links that persevere to the present day Important differences Han China looked to past dynasties for inspiration Romans evolved pragmatically The Roman Republic Small republic of farmers grows rich through trade Geography = fertile farmland, cultural unity Italy’s central location in Mediterranean makes natural marketplace for trade, agricultural tradition meant land = wealth Romans influenced by neighbors: Etruscans & Greeks The Seven Hills of Rome (Palatine Hill) Seven kings of Rome, overthrown by Brutus “the Liberator”—creates the Res Publica “The Public Thing” The Roman Republic Senate and consuls, votes of the wealthy counted more Conflict of the Orders: patricians vs. plebeians Twelve Stone Tablets: Rome’s first code of laws Tribunes: officials elected to protect the interest of the lower class Etruscan Royalty of Rome The Senate of Rome: Roman Society Latin Clan of Indo-Europeans Patron/Client Relationship Emperors=patrons of the masses, give gifts Basic unit of Roman life = family paterfamilias Roman women have more rights than Greek Rome adopts the Greek pantheon Priests appointed from the wealthy class to perform rituals and maintain pax deorum The Military & War Ethos Roman divisions more maneuverable than Phalanx Drafted conquered peoples into army Afforded the conquered citizenship Rome’s army gains power as it conquers Rome vs. Carthage First Punic War, Rome wins control of Sicily Second Punic War, Hannibal attacks Italy—fails Rome sacks Carthage, Carthaginian Empire ends The Roman War Ethos Romans hold strong ideals of honor, fight harder Marcus Sergius’s bravery, Julius Caesar=model Roman Soldiers are rewarded for courage Hannibal Crossing The Alps Battle of Zama Phoenician Carthage The Carthaginian Empire The Roman Empire in 129 B.C. Building An Empire After defeating Carthage, Romans set sights on Greek city-state of Corinth—and win Romans continue to fight for control of the Hellenistic kingdoms of Asia & Africa Julius Caesar conquers the Gauls Caesar’s army kills a million Gauls, enslave another million Caesar, Protector of Rome Death of the Republic Rich farmers leave for long military service consolidate land into latifudia Conflict of the Orders increases—crisis Dictators keep the peace during times of crisis Investors Ruled Tiberius for six month terms, dicta (word) = law and Gaius Gracchus: land reforms Assassinated, the poor now look to generals Gaius Marius enfranchises the poor into the army 90s-30s BCE: Rome engulfed in civil war Two Triumvirates Julius Caesar, Pompey, & Crassus Marc Antony, Octavian, & Lepidus The Roman Empire Octavian emerges victorious from civil war Designated Imperator by the Senate Changes name to Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Emperors presented as semidivine with civil consent Caligula presents self as “living god” Many emperors commit suicide or assassinated Military now comprised by life-long professionals Assumes other titles like princeps Emperors seen as successful based on military victory Private contracting of government function creates tension between fair government and profit motives of the publicans Hail, Caesar Augustus! The Urban Empire Urban centers administer and benefit from empire Heavy commerce during pax romana Also aided by the Romanization of the empire Eastern side of the empire still has Hellenistic culture Citizenship extended to non-Italians Military service = path to citizenship City centers in the provinces provide some of the most influential Romans of the first few centuries C.E. Roman City Life Insulae Bread & Circuses Coliseum and arenas Economy of Scale Aqueducts Roads Christianity Yeshua ben Yosef (Joshua/Jesus son of Joseph) Jewish charismatic preaching in early C.E. Crucified by Romans for what others claimed he was Jesus taught exclusively to the Jewish pop of Palestine, and only in the local Aramaic dialect The Christian scriptures written in Greek Preached about the responsibility of rich to the poor Empowerment of the “meek” Paul of Tarsus: Jewish Roman citizen Calls preacher Jesus Christos “anointed one” Spreads Christianity throughout Med. Region Spread of Christianity Paul travels, writes letters, preaches throughout the Mediterranean Roman elites see Christianity as exciting, exotic faith Roman government sees Christianity as a threat to the well-being of the state Persecution of Christians Martyrs Conversion of Constantine, Edict of Milan Theodosius establishes official religion The Roman Decline Augustus warns against expanding the empire Emperors continue to expand in Europe & North Africa War with the Germanic Tribes & Parthian Empire Roman army reorganized to defend, not conquer Hadrian’s Wall, forts on the Danube & Rhine rivers Germanic tribes = ready supply of slaves, wars erupt Roman cities begin to erect walls Political instability=military & economic breaks Progressively Wars deeper raids by Germanic tribes drain treasury, coins devalued, rise of barter Diocletian’s economic reforms help save economy Large Empires of the First Century C.E. Roman Struggles & Change Government now seen as oppressive, disloyalty Emperor Constantine reorganizes the empire Byzantium Conversion to Christianity, religious tolerance Transfer of capital from Rome to Greek Byzantium Renames city Constantinople, major building projects Eastern end of empire richer, more educated, more Christian Constantine appoints new patriarchs of Constantinople Constantine affects church doctrine—Council of Nicaea (325 CE) Many in the country side (pagani) retain old religion 395 CE: Western and Eastern empires formally split 476 CE: Western Roman Empire collapses Germanic kingdoms form, Roman cities in ruins, rural population Eastern Roman Empire changes name to Byzantine Empire China: Rise of the Qin Dynasty 230-221 BCE: King Zheng of Qin defeat the Warring States Qin administrative system: commanderies & counties Han idea of “grand unity” justifies expansion, oppression of rebel states Qin officials Han Fei & Li Si espouse Legalism Commanderies ruled by civilian and military governors All male citizens register with imperial clerks for conscription and taxes Establishment of standard weights and measures, coinage minting Qin emperors expand into Korean peninsula & Vietnam King Zheng assumes Zhou Dynasty’s Mandate of Heaven Declares self Shi Huangdi “First August Emperor” (like Augustus) Establishes capital in Xianyang Citizens organized into mutually responsible groups Free labor preferred over slaves, high tax base = wealth Economic regulation, agricultural surplus, high level of regional trade The Qin Decline Nomadic warrior peoples on frontier Xiongnu people especially troublesome for Qin Qin emperors push on, build defensive wall Wall allows for the colonization of Inner Eurasian Steppe Constant warfare burdens Qin tax base Dissention among nobles & conscripted workers Chief Master Li Si executed, Xiang Yu leads rebellion Third Qin Emperor surrenders to Han forces Xiongnu Confederacy reconquers Steppes Xiang Yu commits suicide, feudal lords war Han prince Liu Bang declares himself Han emperor Rules with Confucian philosophy, moral value Xiongnu Areas The Han Dynasty; 206 BCE-220 CE Han rulers keep Qin bureaucratic system Western/Former Han Dynasty (206 BCE-9 CE) Army of 50,000+ crossbow armed soldiers Territorial expansion, economic prosperity Dynastic Cycles Families compete for power, claim authority of past dynasties—mandate of heaven Dynasties rise and fall according to the cycle Imperial continuity through multiple dynasties until 1911 Han Power World’s most centralized bureaucracy Regional administrators played active role in local affairs Removal of princes, management of aristocrats Governor-Generals appointed during crisis/famine Bureaucratic schools breed government officials Imperial University started by Emperor Wu (136 BCE) Rational thought brings diagnoses of body function, link between weather and disease, invention of magnetic compass, making of paper Confucian thought dominates education of the elites Balance between emperor’s power and bureaucracy Honor tradition, emperor’s responsibility, respect history’s lessons Han Social & Economic Order Han unite various groups who once warred Allowed former Qin lords to reacquire power Status of scholars rises in society—masters Emperor Wu est. state monopolies to pay for wars Minting of standard copper coins, The Silk Road Han cities designed in grid, wide avenues Palaces become forbidden inner cities Large building projects aggrandize imperial power Patriarchal family, women worked/respected Public entertainment, gambling, debauchery Funerary rites important to rich and poor Han Social Structure & Religion Free peasantry=base of society Farmers honored, merchants controlled Scholar officials protect moral authority Top of society=imperial clan and nobles Merchants begin to espouse Daoist ideas to improve position Emperor Wu turns Confucian philosophy into the state religion, Confucius=divine/demigod Astronomical omens Chinese not as religious/otherworldly as Romans Expanding Han Rule Creating stability for improving trade Standing army of 1,000,000; 10,000 Imperial Guard Emperor Wu conquers Korea and Sichuan Emperor Wu sends expeditionary forces to battle the Xiongnu and their horsemen Xiongnu tribes split; southern tribes conquered Northern Xiongnu pushed westward, threaten Rome (Huns) Retreat of Nomadic peoples=pax sinica Declining Han Power “China’s Sorrow” natural disaster The usurper Wang Mang (9-23 CE) Later Han emperors justify anti-reformist rule Elites reform tax code, benefit Economic problems, political instability Government no longer controls economy Increased social inequality, rebellion Confucius replaced by Laozi & Yellow Emperor as model citizen—rise of Daoism The Yellow Turban rebellion Buddhism arrives—millenarian movement Han fall=three competing states (Wei, Shu, Wu)