Download AP Psychology Exam

AP Psychology Exam
Comprehensive Review Guide
I. History, Approaches, and Research
(8-14%)
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psychology
psychiatry
personality
cognition
behavior
nature-nurture debate
theoretical perspectives/schools
of thought (behavioral,
biological, psychodynamic,
humanistic, cognitive or socialcognitive, trait, neuroscience,
evolutionary, social-cultural,
cross-cultural)
psychology sub-fields
(developmental, personality,
social, health,
industrial/organizational, human
factors)
hindsight bias
confirmation bias
false consensus effect
scientific method
theory
hypothesis
replication
independent variable
dependent variable
control group
experimental group
operational definitions
confounding variables
random assignment
random sample
placebo
double-blind procedure
case study
survey
population
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naturalistic observation
longitudinal study
cross-sectional study
correlation (positive, negative,
illusory)
statistics (descriptive vs.
inferential)
measures of central tendency
(mean, median, mode)
measures of variation (range and
standard deviation – concept
only)
normal bell curve/normal
distribution
scatterplot
generalization/generalizability
functionalism (James)
structuralism (Wundt)
empiricism
introspection
II. Biological Bases of Behavior (810%)
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brain-imaging devices (EEG,
MRI, CAT, PET, fMRI)
nervous system (central,
peripheral, somatic/skeletal,
autonomic)
parasympathetic vs. sympathetic
n.s.
neuron (types: motor, sensory,
interneuron)
afferent (receptors to CNS) vs.
efferent (CNS to periphery)
neural pathways
nerve
dendrite
axon
synapse
myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
neurotransmitter (inhibitory vs.
excitatory)
threshold
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receptor sites
action potential
refractory period
glial cells
endorphins
Acetylcholine (Ach)
dopamine
serotonin
norepinephrine
GABA
endocrine system
glands (pituitary, adrenal, thyroid
in particular)
hormones
H.M.
Clive Wearing
Phineas Gage
hypothalamus
thalamus
brainstem
pons
medulla oblongata
reticular formation/reticular
activating system (RAS)
cerebellum
limbic system
amygdala
hippocampus
cerebrum
cerebral cortex
lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal,
occipital)
sensory and motor strips (a.k.a.
somatosensoricortex)
association areas
Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas
angular gyrus
basal ganglia
aphasia
plasticity
corpus callosum
hemispheric specialization and
lateralization
identical vs. fraternal twins
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heritability
temperament
testosterone
X/Y chromosomes
gender role vs. identity
gender schema theory
III. Developmental Psychology (7-9%)
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teratogen
fetus
embryo
zygote
FAS
Reflexes (rooting, Moro,
Babinski, grasping, swallowing,
sucking, stepping)
visual cliff
attachment (secure vs. insecure)
habituation
imprinting
separation anxiety
stranger anxiety
Piaget’s cognitive development
stages (sensorimotor,
preoperational, concrete, formal)
schema
assimilation
accommodation
egocentrism
conservation
object permanence
Kohlberg’s morality
(preconventional, conventional,
postconventional)
basic trust
critical period
Erikson’s stages (trust vs.
mistrust, autonomy vs.
shame/doubt, initiative vs. guilt,
competence vs. inferiority,
identity vs. role confusion,
intimacy vs. isolation,
generativity vs. stagnation,
integrity vs. despair)
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parenting styles (authoritarian,
permissive, neglecting,
authoritative)
adolescence
menarche
spermarche
puberty
sex characteristics (primary vs.
secondary)
menopause
Alzheimer’s Disease
fluid vs. crystallized intelligence
Marcia’s identity states
(diffusion, foreclosure,
moratorium, achievement)
IV. Sensation and Perception (7-9%)
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sensation
perception
absolute threshold
difference threshold (jnd’s)
Weber’s law
signal detection theory
transduction
sensory adaptation
psychophysics
pupil
lens
iris
retina
cornea
fovea
accommodation
cones
rods
bipolar and ganglion cells
optic nerve
blind spot
optic chiasm
afterimage effect
wavelength
intensity
feature detection
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parallel processing
color vision
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic
theory
Opponent Process theory
color constancy
frequency
amplitude
outer ear (pinna)
eardrum (tympanic membrane)
hammer/anvil/stirrup
cochlea
auditory cortex
auditory nerve
basilar membrane
Place theory
Frequency theory
Conduction deafness
Nerve deafness
papillae
taste buds
taste receptors (sweet, sour, salty,
bitter)
sensory interaction
olfactory epithelium
olfactory nerve
olfactory bulb
kinesthesis
equilibrium
vestibular system
Stroop Effect (interference)
perceptual organization
Gestalt psychology
visual capture
figure-ground perception
grouping
proximity
similarity
continuity
closure
connectedness
simplicity
depth perception
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binocular cues (retinal disparity,
convergence)
monocular cues (interposition,
elevation, texture gradient, linear
perspective, aerial perspective,
relative size, relative clarity,
relative height, relative motion,
relative brightness)
motion parallax
stroboscopic movement
phi phenomenon
perceptual constancy
perceptual set
sensory restriction
visual agnosia
cocktail party effect
Muller-Lyer illusion
Ponzo illusion
V. States of Consciousness (2-4%)
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consciousness
circadian rhythm
stages of sleep (NREM – stages
1-4 vs. REM)
hypnogogic state
sleep spindles
alpha vs. delta waves
sleep disorders (insomnia,
narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night
terrors)
manifest vs. latent content
REM rebound
posthypnotic suggestion
dissociation
hidden observer
psychoactive drugs (stimulants
vs. depressants vs.
hallucinogens)
tolerance
withdrawal
physical vs. psychological
dependence
VI. Learning (7-9%)
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learning
associative learning
operant vs. classical conditioning
behaviorism
response (unconditioned vs.
conditioned)
stimulus (neutral vs.
unconditioned vs. conditioned)
acquisition
stimulus generalization
extinction
discrimination
spontaneous recovery
Little Albert
taste aversions
operant vs. respondent behavior
elicit vs. emit
law of effect
Skinner Box
shaping (via successive
approximations)
primary vs. secondary reinforcers
continous vs. partial
reinforcement
reinforcement (positive vs.
negative)
punishment (positive vs.
negative)
schedules of reinforcement (fixed
vs. variable and interval vs. ratio)
cognitive map
latent learning
overjustification effect
modeling (simple) vs.
observational learning vs.
disinhibition
antisocial vs. prosocial learning
Bobo doll
VII. Cognition (8-10%) – Memory,
Thinking, and Language
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memory
flashbulb memory
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encoding vs. storage vs. retrieval
sensory (echoic and iconic) vs.
short-term vs. long-term memory
automatic vs. effortful processing
memory consolidation
rehearsal
Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve
spacing effect
serial position effect
semantic vs. acoustic vs. visual
encoding
mnemonic devices
peg-word system
chunking
long-term potentiation
types of long-term memories
(implicit/nondeclarative vs.
explicit/declarative)
semantic vs. episodic vs.
procedural memories
amnesia (source, anterograde,
retrograde, psychogenic)
recall vs. recognition
relearning
priming
mood-congruent memory
state-dependent memory
interference (proactive vs.
retroactive)
repression
misinformation effect
false memories (Loftus)
Schacter’s 7 sins of memory
(persistence, misattribution,
blocking, etc.)
cognition
concept
prototype
heuristics (availability vs.
representativeness)
insight
algorithm
confirmation bias
fixation
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mental set
functional fixedness
overconfidence
framing effect
belief bias
belief perseverance
language
Genie (The “Wild Child”)
phoneme vs. morpheme
grammar
semantics
syntax
babbling stage
one-word stage
two-word stage
telegraphic speech
critical period
overgeneralization of language
linguistic relativity
VIII. Testing and Individual
Differences (5-7%)
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intelligence
intelligence test
mental vs. chronological age
intelligence quotient
eugenics (Galton)
general intelligence (g)
savant syndrome
factor analysis
emotional intelligence
achievement vs. aptitude test
Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale
Stanford-Binet
reliability
validity (content vs. predictive)
standardization
normal curve
mental retardation
Down syndrome
giftedness
creativity
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heritability
Gardner’s multiple intelligences
Sternberg’s intelligences
(practical vs. analytical/academic
vs. creative)
IX. Motivation and Emotion (6-8%)
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motivation
instinct
drive
need
drive-reduction theory
homeostasis
incentive
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
(fundamental, psychological,
self-actualization)
lateral vs. ventromedial
hypothalamus (hunger role)
glucose
set point
metabolic rate
anorexia
bulimia
sexual response cycle
(excitement, plateau, orgasm,
resolution)
refractory period
sexual orientation
achievement motivation
intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
task leadership
social leadership
Theory X vs. Theory Y
emotion
autonomic nervous system
(sympathetic vs.
parasympathetic)
fear and amygdala
catharsis
feel good-do good phenomenon
opponent-process theory of
emotion
 relative deprivation
 theories of emotion (JamesLange, Cannon-Bard, Schacter
two-factor)
 eustress
 distress
 Type A vs. Type B personality
 Conflict situations (approachavoidance, approach-approach,
avoidance-avoidance, double
approach-avoidance)
 Hans Selye’s General Adaptation
Syndrome (alarm, resistance,
exhaustion)
 health psychology
 cortisol
X. Personality (5-7%)
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personality
psychoanalysis
psychodynamic theories
free association
unconscious-preconsciousconscious mind
Id-Ego-Superego
Freud’s psychosexual stages
(oral, anal, phallic, latency,
genital)
erogenous zones
Oedipus and Electra complexes
identification
fixation
defense mechanisms (repression,
regression, displacement,
reaction formation, projection,
rationalization)
Jung’s collective unconscious
neo-Freudians (Adler and
Horney)
womb envy
inferiority complex
projective tests (Rorschach,
TAT, sentence completion)
trait
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endomorph vs. ectomorph vs.
mesomorph (Sheldon)
Big Five personality traits
(OCEAN)
personality inventory
MMPI
self-actualization
unconditional positive regard
ideal vs. real self
incongruity
conditions of worth
self-esteem
self-serving bias (a.k.a. defensive
attribution)
Barnum Effect
individualism vs. collectivism
reciprocal determinism
locus of control (internal vs.
external)
self-efficacy (high vs. low)
learned helplessness
learned laziness
XI. Abnormal Psychology (7-9%)
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psychological disorder
atypical
maladaptive
DSM-IV
Multiaxial assessment (Axes I-V)
neurosis
psychosis
chronic
acute
anxiety disorders (GAD, phobias,
OCD, agoraphobia, panic
disorder, PTSD)
obsession
compulsion
dissociative disorders (DID,
dissociative amnesia, dissociative
fugue)
mood or affective disorders
(unipolar = MDD, dysthymia,
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adjustment disorder vs. bipolar =
I, II, cyclothymia)
mania
schizophrenia (disorganized,
paranoid, undifferentiated,
catatonic, residual)
hallucinations
delusions
word salad
clanging
cognitive derailment
waxy flexibility
flat affect
positive vs. negative symptoms
of schizophrenia
dopamine hypothesis
diathesis-stress model
personality disorders (antisocial,
histrionic, narcissistic,
borderline)
somatoform disorders
(conversion disorder,
hypochondriasis, pain disorder,
body dysmorphic disorder)
childhood/adolescence disorders
(ADHD, Autism, Asperger’s,
Conduct Disorder, Tourette’s)
malingering
XII. Therapy/Treatment of
Psychological Disorders (5-7%)
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biomedical model
psychological model
psychotherapy
eclectic approach
psychoanalysis
resistance
interpretation
insight
transference
counter-transference
person-centered therapy
active listening
nondirective therapy
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genuineness, acceptance and
empathy
Gestalt therapy
behavior therapy
counterconditioning
systematic desensitization
flooding
aversive conditioning
token economy
cognitive therapy
rational-emotive behavior
therapy (REBT)
ABC’s of REBT (Ellis)
Aaron Beck’s depressive triad
family therapy
meta-analysis
clinical psychologist vs.
psychiatrist
placebo effect
psychopharmacology
double-blind technique
antipsychotic drugs (Thorazine,
Clozapine)
antianxiety drugs (Valium,
Xanax)
antidepressant drugs (Zoloft,
Prozac, Paxil)
SSRI’s
Lithium
ECT
psychosurgery
lobotomy (prefrontal vs.
transorbital vs. cingulotomy)
XIII. Social Psychology (8-10%)
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attribution theory
attitude
social psychology
fundamental attribution error
(FAE)
actor-observer bias
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
door-in-the-face phenomenon
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cognitive dissonance theory
conformity
obedience
normative social influence
informational social influence
norm
social facilitation
social impairment
social loafing
deindividuation
self-perception theory
reactance
group polarization
groupthink
social traps
gender roles
prejudice
stereotype
stereotype threat
discrimination
bigot
in-group bias
scapegoat theory
frustration-aggression principle
catharsis theory
aggression
just-world phenomenon
mirror-image perceptions
mere exposure effect
proximity
passionate vs. companionate love
Kitty Genovese
bystander effect
bystander intervention
diffusion of responsibility
pluralistic ignorance
altruism
empathy-altruism theory
egoism
social exchange theory
superordinate goals