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Applications of Clinical Hypnosis in Mind-Body Medicine Name ASCH-Status Edited by Eric Spiegel, PhD, 2010 • • • • • • • • • • • Table of Contents Defining Hypnosis Myths & Misperceptions Memory Hypnotic Relationship Hypnotic Phenomena Assessment of Hypnotizability Stages of Hypnosis Brain Research Self-Hypnosis Treatment Planning Ethics • • • • • • • • • • • Slides 3-14 Slides 15-17 Slides 18-28 Slides 29-30 Slides 31-40 Slides 41-46 Slides 47-51 Slides 52-69 Slides 70-81 Slides 82-93 Slides 94-96 • • • • • • Slides 98-102 Slides 103-119 Slides 120-146 Slides 147-199 Slides 200-233 Slides 234-287 • • Slide 288 Slide 289 • Applications – – – – – – • • Psychology & Psychotherapy Pain Management Headaches Irritable Bowel Syndrome Anxiety Disorders Dentistry Professional Organizations References What is Hypnosis? DEFINITION OF HYPNOSIS: A state of inner absorption, concentration or focused attention which assists a client in altering some aspects of thought, emotion, behavior or perception. ASCH SOT, 2010 User-friendly Definition Hypnosis is … • Using your mind to help yourself • Learning how to control your mind / body • Daydreaming with a purpose • Learning what you didn’t know you knew • Controlling what you didn’t know you could ASCH SOT, 2010 Process Definition “Hypnosis is a procedure during which a health professional or researcher suggests that a client, patient, or subject experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings or behavior. The hypnotic context is generally established by an induction procedure…most include suggestions for relaxation, calmness and well-being.” APA, Div.30 (Kirsch, 1994) ASCH SOT, 2010 Different responses to hypnosis altered state of consciousness. normal state of focused attention calm, relaxed, pleasant experience Varied responsiveness to hypnosis inhibited by fears, concerns, common misconceptions (depictions of hypnosis in books, movies, television) Executive Committee of the American Psychological Association Division of Psychological Hypnosis, 1993, Fall. Psychological Hypnosis: A Bulletin ASCH SOT, 2010 of Division 30, 2, p. 7. People who have been hypnotized do not lose control over their behavior typically remain aware of who / where they are usually remember what transpired during hypnosis (unless amnesia has been specifically suggested) Hypnosis makes it easier for people to experience suggestions, but it does not force them to have these experiences. ASCH SOT, 2010 Content Definition • Altered state of consciousness / awareness different from normal waking / stages of sleep • Resembles meditative states narrowly focused attention (absorption) primary process thinking ego receptivity alterations in cognition dissociations from usual perceptions / memories trance logic • Sometimes indistinguishable from simple physical and mental relaxation ASCH SOT, 2010 Division 30 2003 Definition of Hypnosis Hypnosis typically involves an introduction to the procedure during which the subject is told that suggestions for imaginative experiences will be presented. The hypnotic induction is an extended initial suggestion for using one’s imagination, and may contain further elaborations of the introduction. A hypnotic procedure is used to encourage and evaluate responses to suggestions. When using hypnosis, one person (the subject) is guided by another (the hypnotist) to respond to suggestions for changes in subjective experience, alterations in perception, sensation, emotion, thought, or behavior. Persons can also learn self-hypnosis, which is the act of administering hypnotic procedures on one’s own. If the subject responds to hypnotic suggestions, it is generally inferred that hypnosis has been induced. Many believe that hypnotic response and experiences are characteristic of a hypnotic state. While some think that it is not necessary to user the word hypnosis as part of the hypnotic induction others view it as essential. ASCH SOT, 2010 2003 Definition, continued Details of hypnotic procedures and suggestions will differ depending on the goals of the practitioner and the purposes of the clinical or research endeavor. Procedures traditionally involve suggestions to relax through relaxation is not necessary for hypnosis and a wide variety of suggestions can be used including those to become more alert. Suggestions that permit the extent of hypnosis to be assessed by comparing responses to standardized scales can be used in both clinical and research settings while the majority of individuals are responsive to at least some suggestions scores on standardized scales range from high to negligible. Traditionally, scores are grouped into low, medium and high categories. As is the case with other positively scaled measures of psychological constructs such as attention and awareness, the salience of evidence for having achieved hypnosis increases with the individual's score. ASCH SOT, 2010 All hypnosis is self hypnosis that can be used for one’s own benefit. Milton Erickson ASCH SOT, 2010 Components of Hypnosis • Focused attention, absorption • Dissociation, distortion • Suggestibility and generalization ASCH SOT, 2010 Contraindications • Do not use hypnosis with any presenting problem you are unprepared to treat without hypnosis. • Hypnotic uncovering work : caution with fragile ego-strength, extreme emotional lability, tenuous control, thought disorder, some medically impaired patients (e.g., organic brain syndromes). • Indiscriminate removal of organic pain (can cloud symptoms, cause further harm) • Indiscriminate removal of neurotic symptom • Assess potential for abuse of hypnotic skill by client. ASCH SOT, 2010 MYTHS AND MISPERCEPTIONS What clients/patients say: • “What if I don’t wake up?” • “I don’t want to do anything to embarrass myself!” • “I heard everything you said, I must not have been in trance.” • “What if I don’t want to do something you tell me to do?” • “Am I going to remember something forgotten from my past?” ASCH SOT, 2010 Correcting the misperceptions • • • • • • • Control Privacy Amnesia Sleep / Loss of consciousness Awareness of surroundings A priori weak-mindedness Having "mind weakened" ASCH SOT, 2010 MEMORY Long term Memory • Declarative/explicit: develops late in childhood and is dependent on a complex brain system (hippocampi and medial temporal-lobe structures) Semantic: facts independent of context Episodic: information specific to a context -depends on perception of particular and unique events and one’s memory of such events -requires conscious recall ASCH SOT, 2010 Long term Memory • Procedural or implicit: more primitive parts of the brain (subcortical structures like the basal ganglia and cerebellum) -depends on repetition, is literal, exact and reproducible -fixed action pattern (such as, early motor patterns) ASCH SOT, 2010 Hypnosis and Memory All memory is imperfect, adaptive and reconstructive (rather than reproductive) and malleable. Memory should be understood as imperfect, with or without hypnosis. Hypnosis may increase confidence in memory, referred to as false confidence. Memory is reconstructive (not a videotape of events as they occurred). ASCH SOT, 2010 Hypnosis and Memory Repressed memories do exist as well as false beliefs about the past. False beliefs are likely to occur when an interaction of four (4) primary risk factors are present: 1) Hypnotizability, 2) Uncertainty about past events, 3) Clear evidence of interrogatory suggestive influence, 4) Extra therapeutic influences, e.g. peer and familial influences. ASCH SOT, 2010 • Recall can be improved under some conditions, including use of hypnosis ASCH SOT, 2010 False Memory Debate • Social factors and demand characteristics may contribute as much as hypnotizability to pseudo memory production. • False memories have been produced in laboratory situations. • Such false memories have not involved the emotional intensity or importance of traumatic material. ASCH SOT, 2010 • Memory refreshing is most common situation in which the performance of hypnosis is scrutinized by the law. At issue are 1) the ability to cross-examine a previously hypnotized witness, 2) simulation, 3) confabulation, 4)suggestibility, and 5) demand characteristics. In addition, difficulties are created by the fact that the evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in amnesia recall and memory enhancement in both experimental and clinical settings is equivocal. ASCH SOT, 2010 Trauma and Memory Traumatic memory may be encoded differently than memory for more ordinary events. Use of hypnosis with traumatized and abused is key to issue of hypnosis and memory debate. Evidence suggests that traumatically induced amnesia exists, as well as delayed memory or “robust repression”. ASCH SOT, 2010 False memory? • The nature of memory is both creative and reproductive “Memories have ways of becoming independent of the reality they evoke. They can soften us against those we were deeply hurt by or they can make us resent those we once accepted and loved unconditionally. ” A. Nafisi ASCH SOT, 2010 Clinical Use of Hypnosis and Memory • • • • • Use caution Do not lead patient Do not suggest outcome Remain neutral And remember only outside corroborating evidence is confirmatory ASCH SOT, 2010 ESTABLISHING THE HYPNOTIC RELATIONSHIP PHASE 1. PHASE 2. EVALUATION (BUILDING RAPPORT) EDUCATION (CONCEPT OF HYPNOSIS, & INFORMED CONSENT) PHASE 3. ASSESSMENT OF HYPNOTIZABILITY (FORMAL OR INFORMAL) PHASE 4. TEACHING SELF HYPNOSIS (POSITIVE EXPECTANCIES AND MOTIVATION) ASCH SOT, 2010 PREPARING THE CLIENT FOR HYPNOSIS • Define and explain hypnosis • Dispel misconceptions, myths, and . unrealistic goals • Explore client’s motivation and attitude of cooperation. • Explore previous hypnosis. • Explain realerting ASCH SOT, 2010 HYPNOTIC PHENOMENA Characteristics of Hypnosis • Concentration • Relaxation • Trance Logic • Concrete Thinking • Perception of Different State • Increased Physiologic Control • Responsivity ASCH SOT, 2010 Hypnotic Phenomena • Rapport • Ideosensory Activity • Dissociation • Time Distortion • Induced Dreams • Hallucination • • • • • • ASCH SOT, 2010 Catalepsy Ideomotor Activity Depersonalization Memory modification Age Pro/Regression Somnambulism Structure of Hypnotic Session • I. • II. • III. • IV. • V. Induction Deepening/ Trance Ratification Suggestion/Exploration/ Treatment Alerting Debriefing ASCH SOT, 2010 What is Suggestibility? Hypnotizability? ASCH SOT, 2010 ASCH SOT, 2010 Nature of Susceptibility/Suggestibility vs. Hypnotizability • • • Involves varying talents or skills, including imaginative involvement, dissociation, and capacity to be “absorbed” in an experience. Involves varying capacities to achieve degrees of “depth”. Involves alterations in states of consciousness or willingness to enter into social contract. ASCH SOT, 2010 Classic Suggestion Effect • • • • • A sense of involuntariness It was like magic Unconscious response An experience that seems “automatic” May not recall the hypnotic session (amnesia) ASCH SOT, 2010 Signs Of Increased Suggestibility /Trance • • • • • • • • • • • • • • pupils dilate eyes defocus eyelid fluttering ocular tearing facial muscles relax bottom lip fuller (circumoral pallor) breathing regular (usually shallow and slow), thoracic to diaphragmatic in adults, lack of gross body movements, lethargy jerky movements “inability” / disinclination to talk literalness (You can halve your pain or you can have it) latency of response (time lag) heightened sensory awareness clarity of thought ASCH SOT, 2010 “It is possible to create a very grave disease by acting on the vital principal of the imagination and to cure it the same way.” Dr. Samuel Hahnemann Organon of Medicine, 1842 ASCH SOT, 2010 ASSESS HYPNOTIZABILITY Assessment Tools • Use of standard measures. (Optional) Stanford Scales of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Forms A, B, C. (Hilgard &Weitzenhoffer) Harvard Group Scales of Hypnotic Susceptibility (Shor & Orne) Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP) (Spiegel/clinical) • Use of non-standard measures. Direct or indirect? Establish motivation? Set up for success? Address resistance issues- conscious or unconscious? ASCH SOT, 2010 Why assess? • “…the goal of measuring is to have a disciplined way of to assess hypnotizability, which can facilitate more accurate diagnosis of normal personality styles and mental illness and help clinicians make more rational choices for effective treatment strategies…” • Spiegel & Greenleaf 2005/2006 ASCH SOT, 2010 Reasons to Test • • • • Increase confidence that success is related to hypnosis Predict some effect of suggestion (drug hypersensitivity with anxious patients) Aid therapeutic alliance by staying within parameters of patient’s capacity to respond, though boundaries can be extended in course of treatment Adds to clinical assessment of patient ASCH SOT, 2010 Reasons not to do formal testing • • • • • May prolong establishment of rapport Standardization (in contrast to personalization) of inductions may not work, and establish negative expectancy Doesn’t identify how patient will use hypnosis (phenomenology/subjectivity) Low scores more lead to conclusion that one isn’t hypnotizable Dependent upon observable behavior ASCH SOT, 2010 HIP measures • 75% have trance capacity • 20% low • 48% midrange • 7% high • 25% no capacity ASCH SOT, 2010 STAGES OF HYPNOSIS, METHODS OF DEEPENING Depth • “The ‘trance’ state is regarded as having the property of ‘depth’ and can be measured by subjective report using simple numerical scales (Tart) and more qualitatively by self report questionnaires (Pekala & Kumar)”…or we can “infer depth from the subject’s response to different suggestions” ASCH SOT, 2010 STAGES AND DEPTHS OF HYPNOSIS • • • • LIGHT TRANCE Slower breathing, eyelid and limb catalepsy, observable relaxation, feelings of lethargy. MEDIUM TRANCE. Partial and glove anesthesia, partial age regression, good mental imagery, time distortion. DEEP TRANCE. (SOMNAMBULISM) Full age regression, positive and negative hallucinations, extensive anesthesia, spontaneous amnesia. Smell and taste changes. PLENARY TRANCE. (STUPOROUS) No awareness of physical body, timelessness, great decrease in pulse and respiration, being one with the universe. ASCH SOT, 2010 Depth of Trance Light trance • • • • LETHARGY RELAXATION EYE CATALEPSY ARM CATALEPSY ASCH SOT, 2010 Tart Scale Depth of Hypnosis 0 Awake and alert 1 Borderline between sleep and awake 2 Lightly hypnotized 3 4 5 Quite strongly hypnotized 6 7 8 Really very hypnotized 9 10 Very deeply hypnotized- experience anything suggested ASCH SOT, 2010 BRAIN RESEARCH What Happens to the Brain during Hypnosis? Although hypnosis is commonly induced with suggestions for relaxation and even sleep, brain activity in hypnosis more closely resembles that of a person who is awake. The discovery of hemispheric specialization, with the left hemisphere geared to analytic and the right hemisphere to non-analytic tasks, led to the speculation that hypnotic response is somehow influenced by right-hemisphere activity. Studies employing both behavioral and electrophysiological mechanisms have been interpreted as indicating increased activation of the right hemisphere of the brain among highly hypnotizable individuals, but positive results have proved difficult to replicate and interpretation of these findings remains controversial. Zastrow, 2010 fMRI Neurostructure theory Rainville and his associates showed that strategically worded suggestions can dissociate the two components of pain, selectively altering one but not the other. (Rainville, Duncan, Price, Carrier, & Bushnell, 1997). The two components of pain have different biological substrates: sensory pain in the primary somatosensory cortex, and suffering in the anterior cingulate cortex. Zastrow, 2010 fMRI Neurostructure theory Cerebral activation during hypnotically induced and imagined pain. Derbyshire, Stuart W G. Whalley, Matthew G. Stenger, V Andrew. Oakley, David A. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. [email protected] Neuroimage. 23(1):392-401, Sept. 2004. ….In contrast with imagined pain, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) revealed significant changes during this hypnotically induced (HI) pain experience within the thalamus and anterior cingulate (ACC), insula, prefrontal, and parietal cortices. These findings compare well with the activation patterns during pain from nociceptive sources and provide the first direct experimental evidence in humans linking specific neural activity with the immediate generation of a pain experience. Zastrow, 2010 fMRI Neurostructure theory Clinical Hypnosis Modulates Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Intensities and Pain Perception in a Thermal Stimulation Paradigm Schulz-Stubner S, Krings T, Meister IG, Rex S, Thron A, Rossaint R. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Vol 29, No 6 (November-December, 2004: pp 549-556 We can speculate on the basis of our findings of increased BOLD signals in the left hemispheric ACC and the basal ganglia and less activation of the classic pain network under hypnosis that the left ACC and basal ganglia might play a role in increasing inhibitory signals, which in turn may lead to a loss of signal from painful thermal stimuli in the more proximal sensory cortex. Zastrow, 2010 Zastrow, 2010 fMRI Neurostructure theory Clinical Hypnosis Modulates Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Intensities and Pain Perception in a Thermal Stimulation Paradigm Schulz-Stubner S, Krings T, Meister IG, Rex S, Thron A, Rossaint R. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Vol 29, No 6 (November-December, 2004: pp 549-556 Conclusion: Clinical hypnosis may prevent nociceptive inputs from reaching the higher conical structures responsible for pain perception. Whether the effects of hypnosis can be explained by increased activation of the left anterior cingulate cortex and the basal ganglia as part of a possible inhibitory pathway on pain perception remains speculative given the limitations of our study design. Zastrow, 2010 The anterior cingulate cortex contains distinct areas dissociating external from self-administered painful stimulation: a parametric fMRI study. Mohr, C. Binkofski, F. Erdmann, C. Buchel, C. Helmchen, C. Neuroimage Nord (NIN), Department of Neurology, University of Lubeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lubeck, Germany. Pain. 114(3):347-57, 2005 Apr. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has a pivotal role in human pain processing by integrating sensory, executive, attentional, emotional, and motivational components of pain. Zastrow, 2010 Cognitive modulation of pain-related ACC activation has been shown by hypnosis, illusion and anticipation. The expectation of a potentially noxious stimulus may not only differ as to when but also how the stimulus is applied. These combined properties led to our hypothesis that ACC is capable of distinguishing external from self-administered noxious tactile stimulation. Thermal contact stimuli with noxious and non-noxious temperatures were self-administered or externally applied at the resting right hand in a randomized order. Two additional conditions without any stimulus-eliciting movements served as control conditions to account for the certainty and uncertainty of the impending stimulus. Calculating the differences in the activation pattern between self-administered and externally generated stimuli revealed three distinct areas of activation that graded with perceived stimulus intensity: (i) in the posterior ACC with a linear increase during external but hardly any modulation for the self-administered stimulation, (ii) in the midcingulate cortex with activation patterns independent of the mode of application and (iii) in the perigenual ACC with increasing activation during self-administered but decreasing activation during externally applied stimulation. These data support the functional segregation of the human ACC: the posterior ACC may be involved in the prediction of the sensory consequences of pain-related action, the midcingulate cortex in pain intensity coding and the perigenual ACC is related to the onset uncertainty of the impending stimuli. Zastrow, 2010 pain intensity coding prediction of the sensory consequences of pain-related action the onset uncertainty of the impending stimuli Zastrow, 2010 Amir Raz Phd Hypnotic suggestion reduces conflict in the human brain Amir Raz†, Jin Fan‡, and Michael I. Posner Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021 Contributed by Michael I. Posner, April 13, 2005 Functional MRI data revealed that under posthypnotic suggestion, both ACC and visual areas presented reduced activity in highly hypnotizable persons compared with either no-suggestion or less-hypnotizable controls. Zastrow, 2010 Stroop In the Stroop task, experienced readers are asked to name the ink color of a colored word. In responding to the ink color of an incompatible color word (eg, the word BLUE displayed in red ink), subjects are usually much slower and less accurate than in identifying the ink color of a control item (eg, XXXX or SHIP printed in red). This is called the Stroop Interference Effect (SIE), and it is one of the most robust and well-studied phenomena in attention research. Reading words is considered to be automatic; a proficient reader cannot withhold accessing a word's meaning, despite explicit instructions to attend only to the ink color. Therefore it is the "gold standard" of automated performance. Zastrow, 2010 Stroop A simple strategy-free posthypnotic suggestion to circumvent reading within a classical Stroop design using 32 proficient readers of English naive to the Stroop task, recruited from a medical students at Cornell University. Sixteen hypnosis subjects scoring in the highly suggestible range and 16 control subjects scoring in the less-suggestible range on the SHSS-C were recruited. Zastrow, 2010 Stroop Suggestion Very soon you will be playing the computer game. When I clap my hands, meaningless symbols will appear in the middle of the screen. They will feel like characters of a foreign language that you do not know, and you will not attempt to attribute any meaning to them. This gibberish will be printed in one of 4 ink colors: red, blue, green or yellow. Although you will only be able to attend to the symbols' ink color, you will look straight at the scrambled signs and crisply see all of them. Your job is to quickly and accurately depress the key that corresponds to the ink color shown. You will find that you can play this game easily and effortlessly. Zastrow, 2010 Stroop Functional MRI data revealed that under posthypnotic suggestion, both ACC and visual areas presented reduced activity in highly hypnotizable persons compared with either no-suggestion or less-hypnotizable controls. Zastrow, 2010 pain intensity coding Hypnosis works here prediction of the sensory consequences of pain-related action the onset uncertainty of the impending stimuli Zastrow, 2010 Amir Raz, Ph.D. "At least for highly suggestible people, words framed as part of a carefully-crafted suggestion can change focal brain activity in a way no drug we have can do" Zastrow, 2010 SELF-HYPNOSIS “All Hypnosis Is Self-Hypnosis” Milton Erickson, 1948 ASCH SOT, 2010 Self-Hypnosis Defined • • • • • Private, internal trance experience Altered state of consciousness Focused attention Inner absorption Communication between conscious and unconscious mind • Patient-initiated experience of hypnosis independent of therapist • Experience of self-control and self-efficacy outside of office ASCH SOT, 2010 Why Learn Self-Hypnosis? • Authenticity • Developing a repertoire • Sensitivity while “doing hypnosis” • to our own states of awareness • to patient/client’s states of awareness • Help ourselves cope! ASCH SOT, 2010 Helping Ourselves • Getting back to sleep • Coping with clinical schedules & problems • Changing our own habits • Alleviating symptoms of stress • Remembering to do hypnosis • Rapport, rapport, rapport ASCH SOT, 2010 Patient- Specific Goals for Self-Hypnosis: Decrease: Improve: Stress / Tension Jaw Clenching / Teeth Grinding Fears / Anxieties /Phobias Pain Allergies / Asthma Skin Problems Sleeping Problems Smoking Cessation Weight Loss Sports / Music / Acting Performance Test Taking Self-Confidence Self-Exploration Parenting ASCH SOT, 2010 Application • Reinforcement of goals for change in behavior / cognition / emotion • Amelioration of physical symptoms • Stress reduction • Self-relaxation • Self-control • Self-efficacy ASCH SOT, 2010 Teach Self Hypnosis Separate learning hypnosis from the presenting problem. ASCH SOT, 2010 Introduction of Self-Hypnosis • After orientation to hypnosis • After positive trance experience • After exposure to hypnotic phenomena • After development of induction/ deepening skills ASCH SOT, 2010 Stages to Teaching SelfHypnosis Operator fully coaches all steps of hypnotic experience for patient Operator only gives reminders of steps No Operator involvement – Patient self-guides hypnotic experience ASCH SOT, 2010 Operator/ Coach can • Manage expectations • Emphasize skill-building • Be permissive • Collaborate on suggestions • Develop positive suggestions • Give permission to correct suggestions as needed • Elicit feedback about hypnosis experience ASCH SOT, 2010 “ There is no such thing as a failure.” Brown/Fromm, 1986 ASCH SOT, 2010 TREATMENT PLANNING, STRATEGY AND TECHNIQUE SELECTION The symptom is the solution ASCH SOT, 2010 Evaluate, Educate and Assess • Presenting problem, (complexity/intensity) • Patient diagnosis, ego strength, hypnotic talent, motivation, insight, previous hypnotic experiences, beliefs • Rapport- therapeutic relationship ASCH SOT, 2010 Getting Started • • • • Assess the patient’s willingness to work with hypnosis. (motivation- both conscious and unconscious, rapport) Assess the patient’s capacity for hypnosis. (talent, ego strength) Address patient’s expectations. (previous hypnotic experiences, beliefs) Determine type/s of treatment and how to integrate hypnosis into it/them. ASCH SOT, 2010 So What, Now What • What is the client’s metaphor for his/her presenting problem? • What words does the client use to describe the problem? ASCH SOT, 2010 • “Patient acceptance of the hypnotic relationship is the primary determinant of the appropriateness of the patient for hypnosis.” Murray-Jobsis, 1993 ASCH SOT, 2010 ASK the client/patient • What outcome do you want? ASCH SOT, 2010 Strategy Selection • Supportive/ ego-strengthening • Symptomatic: amelioration substitution desensitization direct/indirect suggestions • Uncovering, insight oriented, exploratory ASCH SOT, 2010 Treatment Planning Intervention Strategies Hypnoprojectives: e.g., reading a book, seeing a scene, meeting the inner self, message in a cloud, etc. Creating amnesia: common examples of forgetting, direct suggestion (advantageous to do in mid-trance) Hypernesia: focus intently on an experience: physical or emotional, acute recall ASCH SOT, 2010 Treatment Planning Intervention Strategies Analgesia/Anesthesia: (Emotional) Reduce emotional pain: anger, grief, sadness, anxiety, shame, etc Time Regression: take them back to an earlier time, before symptoms Time Progression: go forward in time to when problem resolved; Future pacing Presupposition: not whether change will happen, but when? ASCH SOT, 2010 Treatment Planning Intervention Strategies Anecdotes/Metaphor: “My friend John technique,” Telling stories not only bypasses conscious scrutiny of the suggestions, but also makes universal and/or normalizes the client’s dilemma. Direct Suggestion: Overt communication to the client regarding the desired response. Indirect Suggestion: Covert communication aimed at bypassing conscious scrutiny, and working more directly with the unconscious. ASCH SOT, 2010 Contraindications • Do not use hypnosis with any presenting problem you are unprepared to treat without hypnosis. • Hypnotic uncovering work: caution with fragile ego-strength, extreme emotional lability, tenuous control, thought disorder, some medically impaired patients (e.g., organic brain syndromes). • Indiscriminate removal of organic pain (can cloud symptoms, cause further harm) • Indiscriminate removal of neurotic symptom • Assess potential for abuse of hypnotic skill by client. ASCH SOT, 2010 Ethics ASCH Code of Conduct • Representation of one’s hypnosis services to the public • Practicing within the bounds of one’s license and discipline • Responsibility for public education • Continuing education • Informed consent • Teaching hypnosis to others ASCH SOT, 2010 Hypnosis Ethical Issues • Issue of lay hypnotist (stigma, image) • Only use hypnosis in areas would be prepared to treat without hypnosis • Hypnotic relationships are professional relationships, even in context of workshops ASCH SOT, 2010 Applications Applications: Psychology & Psychotherapy Applications of Hypnosis • Relaxation/stress reduction • Anxiety • Depression • Pain management surgery, chronic conditions, oncology • Gynecological • Dermatological • • • • • • Obesity Smoking Cessation Addictions Habit disorders Phobias Psychosomatic illness • Dissociative disorders Linden & Draeger-Muenke, 2010 Hypnosis can • • • • • Be utilized with any theoretical approach Augment and facilitate treatment Strengthen ego-functioning Facilitate pain management Be used adjunctively for acute or chronic illness Linden & Draeger-Muenke, 2010 Hypnotic Applications In Psychotherapy • General Considerations in Psychotherapy: Hypnosis is universally used to support ego enhancement and typically is used to augment the therapeutic alliance. • Psychodynamic: Hypnosis used to augment transference clarification and resolution. Helps in identifying and resolving unresolved childhood trauma. • Client Centered: Hypnosis used to support reality testing. Suggestion used to reinforce, support and assist in cognitive restructuring. Linden & Draeger-Muenke, 2010 Hypnotic Applications In Psychotherapy • Interpersonal Psychotherapy Hypnosis used to improve interpersonal skills. Suggestion used to clarify feeling states, improve interpersonal communication. • Cognitive Therapy Hypnosis used in identifying and altering cognitive distortions that maintain symptoms. • Crisis Intervention Treatment/Trauma Hypnosis used to augment fragile ego state, interpersonal resources and gain perspective of traumatic experience. Linden & Draeger-Muenke, 2010 Hypnotic Applications In Psychotherapy • Systems Approaches Hypnosis used to address boundary and hierarchical difficulties. Typically used to increase flexibility and problem solving within the system. Modifies maladaptive behaviors that have contributed to system breakdown. • Behavior Therapy Hypnosis used as part of relaxation training and augmenting improved social and assertiveness skills. Can be used for graded exposure, flooding, modeling and positive reinforcement. Linden & Draeger-Muenke, 2010 Applications: Medical & Psychological Applications: Medical & Psychological Hypnosis for Pain Management Applications of Hypnosis for Pain Management • Symptom relief vs. life style changes Patterson, 2010 Quick Induction for Acute Pain David R. Patterson, Ph.D. • Have subject relax, sit comfortable and elicit cooperation. • Subject rolls eyes up to look at point on forehead, takes a deep breath, closes eyelids while eyes are still rolled up and then lets go of breath. • Suggest to subject that arm is becoming lighter, take arm and suspend in air. • Suggest that lowering arm deepens comfort and placement in lap suggests deep relaxation. • “When you are at an ideal state of comfort, your mind will signal you by allowing this finger to raise in the air as if it is being pulled by a string.” Patterson, 2010 Quick Induction for Acute Pain (con’d) • “When you know at a very deep level what you need to do to control your comfort level, your mind will signal you by allowing this finger to raise in the air as if it is being pulled by a string.” • “When you are ready to begin returning to an awake state, your mind will signal by allowing the same finger to raise.” • “I am going to count from five to one. When I reach one, your eyes will open, but only when your mind knows that you are feeling alert, comfortable, safe and relaxed.” Patterson, 2010 Rapid Induction Analgesia Barber, 1977 • Cooperation • Seeding/Priming • Deepening (stairs, counting, indirect suggestions, relaxation) • Confusion • Post-hypnotic suggestions/anchoring • Alerting Patterson, 2010 Hypnotic Anesthesia • Difficult to achieve • Can be accomplished indirectly by building psychological and emotional situations that are contradictory to the experience of pain Patterson, 2010 Hypnotic Analgesia • Can be partial, complete or selective • Sensory modifications can be introduced into patients’ subjective experience (e.g., relaxation, numbness, warmth, heaviness) Patterson, 2010 Amnesia • Suggestions to forget about pain • Amnesia can be partial, selective or complete • “You may find that you become so absorbed in this pleasant activity that you forget everything else.” Patterson, 2010 Direct suggestions for Total Abolition of Pain • Can be the most effective approach with some patients • Can often fail and discourage patients • Often limited in duration Patterson, 2010 Displacement of Pain • Pain is displaced from one area of the body to another • Can be moved to a body area that is less threatening or functionally limiting Patterson, 2010 Hypnotic Time Distortion • Duration of time the patient is in pain is reduced (e.g., 10 minute episodes are reduced to 10 or 15 seconds) Patterson, 2010 Reinterpretation of Pain Experience • Pain is reinterpreted as another, less unpleasant sensation (e.g., unbearable pain is reinterpreted as an itching mosquito bite) • Meaning of pain can be reinterpreted (e.g., pain means patient is alive or healing in some cases) Patterson, 2010 Hypnotic Dissociation • Time disorientation (e.g., reorienting patient to a time earlier in illness when pain was less • Body disorientation (e.g., patients induced to experience themselves apart from their bodies Patterson, 2010 Pacing Induction • • • • Pace (truism) Pace (truism) Pace (truism) Leading statement Patterson, 2010 Giving Suggestions • • • • Option A Option B Option C Forced Choice Patterson, 2010 Applications: Medical & Psychological Hypnosis for Headaches Migraines There are two forms of migraine: Classical (with aura) and Common (without aura). Eighty percent of migraine patients do not have aura, the remaining twenty percent have aura. Migraine affects twenty-two percent of the population in the north central United States and women suffer from the disease three times more than men. 64% were age 20 or younger when they first experienced headaches/migraine attacks. The average age of migraine onset is 20 and migraine diagnosis was 25. Zastrow, 2010 Migraines Prevalence Migraine affects 17% of females and 6% of males in the United States. Before puberty, the prevalence of migraine is similar between the sexes or higher in boys than in girls. In individuals older than 12 years, the prevalence increases in both males and females, and the incidence declines in individuals older than 40 years, except for women in perimenopause. The female-to-male ratio increases from 2.5:1 at puberty to 3.5:1 at the age of 40 years, after which it declines. The incidence of migraine in females of reproductive age increased over the last 20 years. In the United States, white women have the highest incidence of migraine, whereas Asian women have the lowest incidence. Currently, 1 of 6 American women has migraine headaches. Zastrow, 2010 Diagnosis The diagnosis of migraine is a clinical diagnosis based on criteria established by the International Headache Society (IHS). Some patients describe a prodromal phase as early as 48 hours before the headache. This phase includes irritability, depression, frequent yawning, or hyperexcitability. The headache itself is usually described as throbbing or pulsatile. It is usually unilateral, but the side affected in each episode may be different. The headache usually lasts 6-24 hours. During a headache, patients prefer to lie quietly in a dark room. Nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, irritability, and malaise are common. A history of certain triggers can be elicited. Common triggers include certain foods (eg, chocolate, cheese, oranges, tomatoes, onions, monosodium glutamate [MSG], aspartame, red wine, alcohol), hormonal changes (eg, menstruation, ovulation, oral contraceptives, hormone replacement), head trauma, physical exertion, fatigue, medications (eg, nitroglycerine, histamine, reserpine, hydralazine, ranitidine, estrogen), and stress. Migraine with aura (ie, classic migraine) includes several premonitory visual symptoms that occur as early as 60 minutes before the headache phase. These symptoms include flashes of light (photopsia) and wavy linear patterns on the visual fields (fortification spectra), migrating scotoma, or blurred vision. Other nonvisual prodromata have been described as well. Zastrow, 2010 Diagnosis In the elderly, a stereotypical series of prodrome-like symptoms may entirely replace the migrainous episode. This series is known as late-life migrainous accompaniments. If the headache is always on 1 side, a structural lesion needs to be excluded by imaging studies. Having a history of recurrent typical attacks and determining the provoking agent are important because a secondary headache can mimic migraine. A new headache, even if it appears typical by its history, should always suggest a broad differential diagnosis and the possibility of a secondary headache. The most common symptoms are: nausea, sensitivity to bright light, loud noise, and sometimes smells. Other symptoms during a severe migraine attack include: vomiting, abdominal pain, blurred vision and/or tunnel vision, changes in skin color and temperature between sides of the face, tenderness of the blood vessels in the temple, and neck stiffness. Zastrow, 2010 Impact of Migraine Those surveyed reported their life was disrupted for an average of 19 hours during an attack and they missed an average of six days of activities over the past three months due to migraine. 83% reported their migraine attacks were “extremely” or “very” bothersome and among employed respondents, one third (32%) reported that migraine attacks have interfered with their career advancement “a great deal” or “somewhat.” 62% of all respondents reported that migraine greatly affects their ability to participate in exercise or sports activities, and 52% said their social/recreational activities are limited. Nearly half reported migraine greatly affects their ability to drive a car (45%), travel (43%), interact with family and friends (42%) and make/keep plans (42%). Employed respondents reported one day of missed work every three months because of migraine. Zastrow, 2010 Impact A migraine attack can last anywhere from four hours to three days and can occur multiple times a month. They can strike with no warning and often force people to postpone or cancel plans. In fact, almost 60 percent of people with migraine miss family or social activities due to an attack and 67 percent report a 50 percent decrease in their ability to complete household chores. Fifty-one percent report reduced productivity at work/school. Approximately 53 percent of attacks require bed rest; overall, migraine attacks are associated with an estimated 112 million bedridden days per year. Approximately 80 million workdays are compromised due to reduced productivity. Migraine attacks cost $13 billion in missed workdays and reduced productivity and $1 billion in direct medical costs. Zastrow, 2010 Abortive Medication Stratification by Severity Moderate NSAIDs Isometheptene Ergotamine Naratriptan Rizatriptan Sumatriptan Zolmitriptan Almotriptan Frovatriptan Dopamine antagonists Severe Naratriptan Rizatriptan Sumatriptan (SC,NS) Zolmitriptan Almotriptan Frovatriptan DHE (NS/IM) Ergotamine Dopamine antagonists Zastrow, 2010 Extremely Severe DHE (IV) Opioids Dopamine antagonists Major Prophylactic Medications 5-HT2 antagonism - Methysergide Regulation of voltage-gated ion channels - Calcium channel blockers Modulation of central neurotransmitters - Beta-blockers, tricyclic antidepressants Enhancing GABAergic inhibition - Valproic acid, gabapentin Alteration of neuronal oxidative metabolism by riboflavin Reducing neuronal hyperexcitability by magnesium replacement. Zastrow, 2010 Cluster Migraines Rare, affecting approximately 0.1% of the population Excruciatingly severe pain on one side of the head, usually centered around the eye. The pain is often described as boring or stabbing and is often likened to someone plunging a red hot poker into the eye. The pain can spread into the temple, jaw and neck area. The pain escalates very rapidly going from zero to debilitating in 5 to 10 minutes and stops as quickly as it starts with attacks last between 15 minutes and 3 hours. One or more of several physical reactions accompany the pain, always on the same side as the pain. These include watery eye, runny and/or stopped up nose, red/bloodshot eye, a drooping eyelid, forehead and facial sweating and irritability. Zastrow, 2010 Cluster Migraines Attacks can occur from once every other day to eight times per day, usually at the same times each day. An attack will wake a sufferer from a sound sleep. Unlike with a migraine, a sufferer cannot lay down during an attack. Instead, he or she will usually pace the floor, sit rocking back and forth, bang their head on the floor or wall, curse, scream and cry from the pain. Also, unlike migraine, light and sound usually have no effect on the attack, though there are exceptions to every rule. Zastrow, 2010 Cluster Migraines Two sub-groups - Episodic and Chronic. In Episodic the sufferer usually has attacks every day for several weeks to several months followed by several months to a year or more between cycles. Chronic sufferers get no such break. They suffer day in and day out for years. There is currently no cure and treatment is hit and miss at best. What works for one sufferer may or may not work for another. Treatments that worked last cycle may not work during the next. Treatments that have not worked in the past, may work during future cycles. Zastrow, 2010 Cluster Migraines Treatments Tryptans High Flow Oxygen Beta Blockers DHE Lithium Tricyclics Verapamil Zastrow, 2010 Daily Tension Headaches Usually Daily. Worsen as the day progresses. Starts typically in the shoulders and neck and will go up over the top of the head to the cranium and usually are diffuse. Seem better on less stressful days or on vacation. Better with anti-anxiety medicine or muscle relaxer. Responds to behavior modification. Zastrow, 2010 Rebound headaches A certain group of migraine patients have persistent daily headache of mild to moderate severity which they are unable to break. When a migraine patient takes these analgesics on a regular basis, more often than two days a week, the body changes the way it handles these drugs and chronic daily headache develops. The treatment of chronic daily headache involves withdrawal and detoxification from the analgesic product. Midrin and Darvocet are common offenders. Zastrow, 2010 Trigeminal Neuralgia Zastrow, 2010 Zastrow, 2010 Trigeminal Neuralgia It is often caused by an injury to the end of the Trigeminal nerve by some type of trauma, most often a dental procedure, a blow to the face or after. The pain is usually constant, but can fluctuate in intensity. The pain is usually described as burning, aching or tightness. Many times numbness is present. Zastrow, 2010 Trigeminal Neuralgia It was first described in medical literature as early as 1672. AKA Tic Douloureux. It is often misdiagnosed as a toothache or TMJ and many people go undiagnosed for years. But some people are diagnosed with classic trigeminal neuralgia when they have a neuropathic pain. Zastrow, 2010 Other Headaches • • • • • • temporal arteritis space-occupying intracranial lesions meningeal irritation meningitis, lumbar puncture headache muscular tension referred pain from cranium, neck, eyes, or ears • pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension) • psychiatric conditions Zastrow, 2010 Headache Research Cognitive and behavioral treatment recommendations. – • Relaxation training, thermal biofeedback combined with relaxation training, electromyographic biofeedback, and cognitive-behavioral therapy may be considered as treatment options for prevention of migraine (Grade A). Specific recommendations regarding which of these to use for specific patients cannot be made. – • Behavioral therapy may be combined with preventive drug therapy to achieve additional clinical improvement for migraine relief (Grade B). – • Evidence-based treatment recommendations regarding the use of hypnosis, acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, chiropractic or osteopathic cervical manipulation, occlusal adjustment, and hyperbaric oxygen as preventive or acute therapy for migraine are not yet possible. Practice parameter: Evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache (an evidence-based review) Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology Stephen D. Silberstein, MD, FACP, for the US Headache Consortium* From the American Academy of Neurology, St. Paul, MN. Zastrow, 2010 Hypnosis Research • Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Volume 31 Page 686 - November 1991 doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1991.hed3110686.xVolume 31 Issue 10 • Treatment of Chronic Tension-type Headache With Hypnotherapy: A Single-blind Time Controlled StudyPatricia M.L. Melis , M.S. , Wilma Rooimans , M.S. , Egilius L.H. Spierings , M.D.,Ph.D. and Cornelis A.L. Hoogduin , M.D., Ph.D. SYNOPSIS • We investigated the effectiveness of a special hypnotherapy technique in the treatment of chronic tension-type headache. A waiting list control group was used to control for the changes in headache activity due to the passage of time. The results showed significant reductions in the number of headache days (p<0.05), the number of headache hours (p<0.05) and headache intensity (p<0.05). The improvement was confirmed by the subjective evaluation data gathered with the use of a questionnaire and by a significant reduction in anxiety scores (p< 0.01). Zastrow, 2010 Headache Research Hypnotherapy for migraine has been used since the mid-19th century (Bernheim 1887, Braid 1843, Esdaile 1850) Case studies remain the commonest form of justification for its use (Daniels 1976, Peter 1992). A few trials of hypnotherapy with other treatment types have been reported (Andreychuk and Skriever 1975, Stambaugh and House 1977) or with drug treatment (Anderson et al 1975). There are very few reported cases of a systematic approach to the testing of such a process involving significant numbers (Drummond 1981). Zastrow, 2010 Headache Research Matthews M, Flatt S (1999) The efficacy of hypnotherapy in the treatment of migraine. Nursing Standard. 14, 7, 33-36. Date of acceptance: September 24 1999. Zastrow, 2010 Matthews M, Flatt S (1999) The efficacy of hypnotherapy in the treatment of migraine. Nursing Standard. 14, 7, 33-36. Date of acceptance: September 24 1999. Zastrow, 2010 Headache Research • Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Volume 39 Page 101 - February 1999 doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.1999.3902101.xVolume 39 Issue 2 • Mast Cell Activation in Children With Migraine Before and After Training in Self-regulationKaren Olness, MD; Howard Hall, PhD; Jacek J. Rozniecki, PhD, MD; Wendy Schmidt, OTR/L, MPA; T.C. Theoharides, PhD, MD Zastrow, 2010 Migraine may affect as many as 9% of all schoolchildren and often presents with abdominal symptoms of pain, nausea, and vomiting. Even though the pathophysiology of migraine remains unknown, self-regulation techniques appear to be more effective in prevention of childhood migraine than conventional pharmacotherapy which is often associated with adverse effects. Mast cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine in adults, but have not been previously studied in children with migraine.Mast cells are found close to the vessels and nerves in the meninges where they can release multiple vasoactive, neurosensitizing, and pro-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, we investigated whether children with migraine may have increased urinary levels of mast cell mediators and whether practicing relaxation imagery exercises has an effect on the frequency of headache, as well as on mast cell activation.Urine was collected for 24 hours from children with and without migraine after a 5-day amine-restricted diet. Children with migraine also collected urine during migraine episodes. The mean levels of urinary histamine, its main metabolite, methylhistamine, and the mast cell enzyme, tryptase, were higher in children than generally found in adults, but they did not differ statistically in any of the categories studied. However, in 8 of 10 children who practiced relaxation imagery techniques and successfully reduced the number of migraines, the urine tryptase levels were also significantly lower. There was no relationship between successful practice and sex or age of the child. These results suggest that stress may activate mast cells which could be involved in the pathophysiology of migraine. Zastrow, 2010 Applications: Medical & Psychological Hypnosis for Irritable Bowel Syndrome Hypnosis and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Hypnosis Research In IBS • Does hypnosis work for IBS? Zastrow, 2010 Whorwell Whorwell PJ; Prior A; Faragher EB. Controlled trial of hypnotherapy in the treatment of severe refractory irritablebowel syndrome. The Lancet 1984, 2: 1232-4. placebo-controlled Thirty patients with severe symptoms unresponsive to other treatment were randomly chosen to receive 7 sessions of hypnotherapy (15 patients) or 7 sessions of psychotherapy plus placebo pills (15 patients). The psychotherapy group showed a small but significant improvement in abdominal pain and distension, and in general well-being but not bowel activity pattern. The hypnotherapy patients showed a dramatic improvement in all central symptom. The hypnotherapy group showed no relapses during the 3-month follow-up period. Zastrow, 2010 Zastrow, 2010 Whorwell Whorwell PJ; Prior A; Colgan SM. Hypnotherapy in severe irritable bowel syndrome: further experience. Gut, 1987 Apr, 28:4, 423-5. Further experience with 35 patients added to the 15 treated with hypnotherapy in the 1984 Lancet study. For the whole 50 patient group, success rate was 95% for classic IBS cases, but substantially less for IBS patients with atypical symptom picture or significant psychological problems. The report also observed that patients over age 50 seemed to have lower success rate from this treatment. Zastrow, 2010 Harvey Harvey RF; Hinton RA; Gunary RM; Barry RE. Individual and group hypnotherapy in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet, 1989 Feb, 1:8635, 424-5. This study employed a shorter hypnosis treatment course than other studies for IBS. Twenty out of 33 patients with refractory irritable bowel syndrome treated with four sessions of hypnotherapy in this study improved. Success rate was lower demonstrating that a larger number of sessions is necessary for optimal benefit. Groups of up to 8 patients seems as effective as individual therapy. Zastrow, 2010 Prior Prior A, Colgan SM, Whorwell PJ. Changes in rectal sensitivity after hypnotherapy in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1990;31:896. IBS patients to be less sensitive to pain and other sensations induced via balloon inflation in their gut while they were under hypnosis. Sensitivity to some balloon-induced gut sensations (although not pain sensitivity) was reduced following a course of hypnosis treatment. Zastrow, 2010 Houghton Houghton LA; Heyman DJ; Whorwell PJ. Symptomatology, quality of life and economic features of irritable bowel syndrome--the effect of hypnotherapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 1996 Feb, 10:1, 91-5. Compared 25 severe IBS patients treated with hypnosis to 25 patients with similar symptom severity treated with other methods Significant improvement in all central IBS symptoms, Fewer visits to doctors, lost less time from work than the control group and rated their quality of life more improved. Those patients who had been unable to work prior to treatment resumed employment in the hypnotherapy group but not in the control group. The study quantifies the substantial economic benefits and improvement in health-related quality of life which result from hypnotherapy for IBS on top of clinical symptom improvement. Zastrow, 2010 Houghton Houghton LA, Larder S, Lee R, Gonsalcorale WM, Whelan V, Randles J, Cooper P, Cruikshanks P, Miller V, Whorwell PJ. Gut focused hypnotherapy normalises rectal hypersensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Gastroenterology 1999; 116: A1009. Twenty-three patients each received 12 sessions of hypnotherapy. Significant improvement was seen in the severity and frequency of abdominal pain, bloating and satisfaction with bowel habit. A subset of the treated patients who were found to be unusually pain-sensitive in their intestines prior to treatment (as evidenced by balloon inflation tests) showed normalization of pain sensitivity, and this change correlated with their pain improvement following treatment. Zastrow, 2010 Whorwell PJ. Hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome: the response of colonic and noncolonic symptoms. Whorwell, Peter J Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 64(6):621-3, 2008 Jun. There is now good evidence that hypnotherapy benefits a substantial proportion of patients with irritable bowel syndrome and that improvement is maintained for many years. Most patients seen in secondary care with this condition also suffer from a wide range of non-colonic symptoms such as backache and lethargy, as well as a number of musculoskeletal, urological, and gynecological problems. These features do not typically respond well to conventional medical treatment approaches, but fortunately, their intensity is often reduced by hypnosis. The mechanisms by which hypnosis mediates its benefit are not entirely clear, but there is evidence that, in addition to its psychological effects, it can modulate gastrointestinal physiology, alter the central processing of noxious stimuli, and even influence immune function. Zastrow, 2010 Koutsomanis Koutsomanis D. Hypnoanalgesia in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1997, 112, A764. This French study with a 6-month and 12-month follow-up. Less analgesic medication use required and less abdominal pain experienced by a group of 12 IBS patients after a course of 6-8 analgesia-oriented hypnosis sessions. Zastrow, 2010 Vidakovic Vidakovic Vukic M. Hypnotherapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: methods and results in Amsterdam. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1999, 230:49-51. Reports results of treatment of 27patients of gut-directed hypnotherapy tailored to each individual patient. All of the 24 who completed treatment were found to be improved. Zastrow, 2010 Galovski Galovski TE; Blanchard EB. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 1998 Dec, 23:4, 219-32. Eleven patients completed hypnotherapy, with improvement reported for all central IBS symptoms, as well as improvement in anxiety. Six of the patients were a waiting-control group for comparison, and did not show such improvement while waiting for treatment. Zastrow, 2010 Hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome in Saudi Arabian patients. Al Sughayir MA. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 13(2):301-8, 2007 Mar-Apr. Saudi Arabian patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Patients (n=26) were consecutively recruited at a psychiatry outpatient clinic after diagnosis by a gastroenterologist and a medical evaluation for irritable bowel syndrome. Each patient had 12 sessions of hypnotherapy over a period of 12 weeks. Patients completed a symptom severity scale before and after 3 months. Hypnotherapy significantly enhanced a feeling of better quality of life more in male than in female patients, and bowel habit dissatisfaction was reduced more in female than in male patients. Zastrow, 2010 Does this therapy hold up over time? Zastrow, 2010 Gonsalkorale Gonsalkorale WM, Houghton LA, Whorwell PJ. Hypnotherapy in irritable bowel syndrome: a large-scale audit of a clinical service with examination of factors influencing responsiveness. Am J Gastroenterol 2002 Apr;97(4):954-61. Largest case series of IBS patients treated to date. 250 unselected IBS patients treated in Manchester England 12 sessions of hypnotherapy over a 3-month period plus home practice between sessions. Marked improvement was seen in all IBS symptoms IBS severity was reduced by more than half on the average after treatment All subgroups of patients appeared to do equally well except males with diarrhea, who improved far less than other patients. Zastrow, 2010 Zastrow, 2010 Zastrow, 2010 Hypnotherapy for children with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Vlieger AM. Menko-Frankenhuis C. Wolfkamp SC. Tromp E. Benninga MA. Gastroenterology. 133(5):1430-6, 2007 Nov. A randomized controlled trial and compared clinical effectiveness of HT with standard medical therapy (SMT) in children with FAP or IBS. CONCLUSIONS: Gut-directed HT is highly effective in the treatment of children with longstanding FAP or IBS. Zastrow, 2010 Fifty-three pediatric patients, age 8-18 years, with FAP (n = 31) or IBS (n = 22), were randomized to either HT or SMT. Hypnotherapy consisted of 6 sessions over a 3-month period. Patients in the SMT group received standard medical care and 6 sessions of supportive therapy. Pain intensity, pain frequency, and associated symptoms were scored in weekly standardized abdominal pain diaries at baseline, during therapy, and 6 and 12 months after therapy. Zastrow, 2010 Pain scores decreased significantly in both groups: from baseline to 1 year follow-up, pain intensity scores decreased in the HT group from 13.5 to 1.3 and in the SMT group from 14.1 to 8.0. Pain frequency scores decreased from 13.5 to 1.1 in the HT group and from 14.4 to 9.3 in the SMT group. Hypnotherapy was highly superior, with a significantly greater reduction in pain scores compared with SMT (P < .001). At 1 year follow-up, successful treatment was accomplished in 85% of the HT group and 25% of the SMT group (P < .001). Zastrow, 2010 Gut-directed hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome: piloting a primary care-based randomised controlled trial. Roberts, Lesley. Wilson, Sue. Singh, Sukhdev. Roalfe, Andrea. Greenfield, Sheila. British Journal of General Practice. 56(523):115-21, 2006 Feb. Department of Primary Care and General Practice, Division of Primary Care, Public and Occupational Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. Multicenter Study. Randomized Controlled Trial. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Zastrow, 2010 Gut-directed hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome: piloting a primary care-based randomised controlled trial. Roberts, Lesley. Wilson, Sue. Singh, Sukhdev. Roalfe, Andrea. Greenfield, Sheila. British Journal of General Practice. 56(523):115-21, 2006 Feb. Department of Primary Care and General Practice, Division of Primary Care, Public and Occupational Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. [email protected] Zastrow, 2010 Zastrow, 2010 Gut-directed hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome: piloting a primary care-based randomised controlled trial. Roberts, Lesley. Wilson, Sue. Singh, Sukhdev. Roalfe, Andrea. Greenfield, Sheila. British Journal of General Practice. 56(523):115-21, 2006 Feb. Department of Primary Care and General Practice, Division of Primary Care, Public and Occupational Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. [email protected] Zastrow, 2010 Gut-directed hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome: piloting a primary care-based randomised controlled trial. Roberts, Lesley. Wilson, Sue. Singh, Sukhdev. Roalfe, Andrea. Greenfield, Sheila. British Journal of General Practice. 56(523):115-21, 2006 Feb. Department of Primary Care and General Practice, Division of Primary Care, Public and Occupational Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. [email protected] Zastrow, 2010 Gut-directed hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome: piloting a primary care-based randomised controlled trial. Roberts, Lesley. Wilson, Sue. Singh, Sukhdev. Roalfe, Andrea. Greenfield, Sheila. British Journal of General Practice. 56(523):115-21, 2006 Feb. Department of Primary Care and General Practice, Division of Primary Care, Public and Occupational Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. [email protected] Multicenter Study. Randomized Controlled Trial. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Both groups demonstrated a significant improvement in all symptom dimensions and quality of life over 12 months. At 3 months the intervention group had significantly greater improvements in pain, diarrhoea and overall symptom scores (P<0.05). No significant differences between groups in quality of life were identified. No differences were maintained over time. Intervention patients, however, were significantly less likely to require medication, and the majority described an improvement in their condition. CONCLUSIONS: Gut-directed hypnotherapy benefits patients via symptom reduction and reduced medication usage, although the lack of significant difference between groups beyond 3 months prohibits its general introduction without additional evidence. A large trial incorporating robust economic analysis is, therefore, urgently recommended. Zastrow, 2010 What is the mechanism of action? Zastrow, 2010 Olafur Palsson Ph.D. http://www.ibshypnosis.com/ http://www.med.unc.edu/medicine/fgidc/ Zastrow, 2010 Palsson Palsson OS, Turner MJ, Johnson DA, Burnett CK, Whitehead WE. Hypnosis treatment for severe irritable bowel syndrome: investigation of mechanism and effects on symptoms. Dig Dis Sci 2002 Nov;47(11):2605-14. Patients with severe IBS received seven biweekly hypnosis sessions and used hypnosis audiotapes at home. Rectal pain thresholds and smooth muscle tone were measured with a barostat before and after treatment in 18 patients (study I), and treatment changes in heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance, finger temperature, and forehead electromyographic activity were assessed in 24 patients (study II). Zastrow, 2010 Palsson All central IBS symptoms improved substantially from treatment in both studies. Rectal pain thresholds, rectal smooth muscle tone, and autonomic functioning (except sweat gland reactivity) were unaffected by hypnosis treatment. However, somatization and psychological distress showed large decreases. 17 of 18 patients in study 1 and 21 of 24 patients in study 2 were judged substantially improved Improvement was well-maintained at 10-12 month follow up in study 2. Zastrow, 2010 Lea Lea R, Houghton LA, Calvert EL, Larder S, Gonsalkorale WM, Whelan V, Randles J, Cooper P, Cruickshanks P, Miller V, Whorwell PJ. Gut-focused hypnotherapy normalizes disordered rectal sensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology& Therapeutics 2003 Mar 1;17(5):635-42. Twenty-three IBS patients were tested before and after 12 weeks of hypnotherapy. Following the course of hypnotherapy, the mean pain sensory threshold increased in the hypersensitive subgroup and tended to decrease in the hyposensitive group, although the reduction in gut pain sensitivity was associated with a reduction in abdominal pain. These results suggest that hypnotherapy may work at least partly by normalizing bowel perception in those patients who have abnormal gut sensitivity, while leaving normal sensation unchanged. Zastrow, 2010 Is it all in the head? Zastrow, 2010 Gonsalkorale Gonsalkorale WM, Toner BB, Whorwell PJ. Cognitive change in patients undergoing hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2004 Mar;56(3):271-8. Cognitive changes were evaluated in 78 IBS patients who completed a 12session hypnosis treatment course, using the Cognitive Scale for Functional Bowel Disorders. Hypnotherapy resulted in improvement of symptoms, quality of life, anxiety and depression. Unhelpful IBS-related cognitions improved significantly, with reduction in the total cognitive score and all component themes related to bowel function. Overall symptom reduction correlated with an improvement on the cognitive scale. Zastrow, 2010 Since there are so few trained medical hypnotists, does taped hypnosis work? Zastrow, 2010 Palsson Palsson OS, Turner MJ, Whitehead WE. Hypnosis home treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2006 Jan;54(1):85-99. A 3-month home-treatment version of a scripted hypnosis protocol previously shown to improve all central IBS symptoms was completed by 19 IBS patients. Outcomes were compared to those of 57 matched IBS patients from a separate study receiving only standard medical care. Ten of the hypnosis subjects (53%) responded to treatment by 3-month follow-up (response defined as more than 50% reduction in IBS severity) vs. 15 (26%) of controls. Hypnosis subjects improved more in quality of life scores compared to controls. Anxiety predicted poor treatment response. Hypnosis responders remained improved at 6-month follow-up. Although response rate was lower than previously observed in therapist-delivered treatment, hypnosis home treatment may double the proportion of IBS patients improving significantly across 6 months. Zastrow, 2010 Scripts or no scripts? Zastrow, 2010 Barabasz Barabasz A, Barabasz M. Effects of tailored and manualized hypnotic inductions for complicated irritable bowel syndrome patients. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2006 Jan;54(1):100-12. Eight IBS patients previously unresponsive to any treatment were assigned randomly to either the individualized tailored induction or standardized Palsson script. The tailored group continued to improve and showed better results than the standardized group at 10-month follow-up, and the post-treatment emotional distress had decreased significantly. Zastrow, 2010 Conclusions: Acupuncture in IBS is primarily a placebo Zastrow, 2010 response. American College of Gastroenterology Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Task Force 1992 Behavioral therapy is more effective than placebo at relieving individual IBS symptoms (Grade B Recommendation) Level I Evidence: Randomized controlled trials with p values 0.05, adequate sample sizes, and appropriate methodology Level II Evidence: Randomized controlled trials with p values 0.05 and/or inadequate sample sizes and/or inappropriate methodology Level III Evidence: Nonrandomized trials with contemporaneous controls Level IV Evidence: Nonrandomized trials with historical controls Level V Evidence: Case studies Grade A Recommendations: Recommendations supported by Level I evidence Grade B Recommendations: Recommendations supported by Level II evidence Grade C Recommendations: Recommendations supported by Level III–IV evidence Zastrow, 2010 Evidence Based Grade B • The American College of gastroenterologist rated behavioral therapy as class B but did not break out hypnosis by itself. • This equates to Level II Evidence: Randomized controlled trials with p values 0.05 and/or inadequate sample sizes and/or inappropriate methodology Hypnosis and other behavior modalities were lumped together. Zastrow, 2010 Review article Irritable Bowel Syndrome Howard R. Mertz, M.D. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2136-46. Zastrow, 2010 Systematic review: the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Wilson, S; Maddison, T; Roberts, L; Greenfield, S; Singh, S; Birmingham IBS Research Group. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 24(5):769-80, 2006 Sep 1. Systematic review the literature evaluating hypnotherapy in the management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Eligible studies involved adults with IBS using single-component hypnotherapy including all studies, except single case or expert opinion. Out of 299 unique references identified, 20 studies (18 trials of which four were randomized, two controlled and 12 uncontrolled) and two case series were eligible. These tended to demonstrate hypnotherapy as being effective in the management of IBS. Numbers of patients included were small. Only one trial scored more than four out of eight on internal validity. Zastrow, 2010 Systematic review: the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Wilson, S; Maddison, T; Roberts, L; Greenfield, S; Singh, S; Birmingham IBS Research Group. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 24(5):769-80, 2006 Sep 1. CONCLUSION: The published evidence suggests that hypnotherapy is effective in the management of IBS. Over half of the trials (10 of 18) indicated a significant benefit. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of high internal validity is necessary to establish the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in the management of IBS. Until such a trial is undertaken, this form of treatment should be restricted to specialist centers caring for the more severe forms of the disorder. Zastrow, 2010 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Hypnotherapy for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, 2007. Webb, A N. Kukuruzovic, R H. Catto-Smith, A G. Sawyer, S M. Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Gastroenterology, Flemington Road, Parkville Victoria 3052, Melbourne, Australia. [email protected] MAIN RESULTS: Four studies including a total of 147 patients met the inclusion criteria. Only one study compared hypnotherapy to an alternative therapy (psychotherapy and placebo pill), two studies compared hypnotherapy with waitinglist controls and the final study compared hypnotherapy to usual medical management. Data were not pooled for meta-analysis due to differences in outcome measures and study design. The therapeutic effect of hypnotherapy was found to be superior to that of a waiting list control or usual medical management, for abdominal pain and composite primary IBS symptoms, in the short term in patients who fail standard medical therapy. Harmful side-effects were not reported in any of the trials. However, the results of these studies should be interpreted with caution due to poor methodological quality and small size. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The quality of the included trials was inadequate to allow any conclusion about the efficacy of hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome. More research with high quality trials is needed. Zastrow, 2010 Zastrow, 2010 A Wolfe in Regulator's Clothing: Drug Industry Critic Joins the FDA JANUARY 9, 2009 A Wolfe in Regulator's Clothing: Drug Industry Critic Joins the FDA Over three decades, Dr. Wolfe, head of the health group at advocacy organization Public Citizen that Ralph Nader founded, has helped push 16 drugs off the market and slap restrictions on several multibillion-dollar products. He has been so hostile to the FDA under President George W. Bush that he decried its 100th-anniversary celebration in 2006 as a "propaganda campaign" to hide its "unprecedented assault on the American public." Zastrow, 2010 Testimony of Sidney M. Wolfe M.D. Director, Public Citizen’s Health Research Group Before FDA Gastrointestinal Drugs and Drug Safety Advisory Committee Hearing Concerning Alosetron April 23, 2002 Benefits of Alosetron: Serious Problem with Irritable Bowel Syndrome Studies Because of Very High Placebo Response Rate In a review of 27 randomized placebo-controlled studies testing various treatments for irritable bowel syndrome (see below), the median placebo response rate was 47% (measured as % improved) with rates as high as 84% and 11 studies had placebo response rates of 60% or greater. The study concluded that this placebo response rate was approximately three times the size of the difference between placebo and drug response (median 16%). Zastrow, 2010 That this problem of a large placebo response is applicable to alosetron can be seen in a reanalysis by Public Citizen’s Health Research Group of Glaxo data that was published in the Lancet, shown below. The mean pain and discomfort scores over a three-month period were quite similar in the alosetron and placebo groups even though there was a statistically significant difference between the groups as analyzed by Glaxo and the FDA. Zastrow, 2010 It is inherently hard to use a placebo blind in hypnosis studies. To date there are no studies of hypnosis in IBS where one group is given just an induction and alerted while and another receives active suggestion. Previous studies on hypnosis and pain control have shown that Hypnosis, itself has a placebo component. Given the scientific evidence at hand, should future drug studies in IBS be done against a hypnotic active group as well as a control group to more clearly locate how much the drug separates from placebo? Zastrow, 2010 Conclusions Often a specific therapy pre-dates the basic science, basic IBS hypnosis research is catching up to the clinical findings. High quality trials with standardization are needed. The therapeutic effect of hypnotherapy was found to be superior to that of a waiting list control or usual medical management, for abdominal pain and composite primary IBS symptoms but to what extent is still in question. The downside risk is minimal to none. This therapy is safe and appears to be long lasting. Hypnosis seems to work through the reduction in the perception of pain and probably has something to do the ACC. We need to have an fMRI study for IBS hypnosis before and after with a control group. Zastrow, 2010 Conclusions The effectiveness of hypnosis is improved with an individualized personal approach rather than tapes so more trained therapists will need to be needed. The symptom reduction is robust at 53-81% improvement and exceeds any current drug. We need medication vs hypnosis study as well as placebo. Lotrenox studies given the high placebo improvement are in question and ischemic colitis is a serious side-effect. We need an IBS drug studies to run against an active hypnosis arm. Hypnosis is not a Svengali movie and the patients do not cluck like chickens! Zastrow, 2010 Applications: Medical & Psychological Hypnosis for Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders • Most common psychological disorder • Comorbid with most disorders • Four major components of anxiety – – – – Physiological reactivity e.g., elevated HR, BP Affective (subjective) e.g., tense, nervous, agitated Cognitive (catastrophize, worst happening) Behavioral (avoidance) Alladin, 2010 Definition of Anxiety • Anxiety has to do with future – Anticipatory anxiety – Fear of harm, discomfort, embarrassment, loss of control, and going crazy • Carl Sagan (astrophysicist – Cosmos) – Human beings most successful specie – Ability to think, communicate and plan – Ability to anticipate – Catastrophic anticipation – Origin of neurosis Alladin, 2010 Treatment of Anxiety Disorders • Majority of anxiety disorders treated by anxiolytics, MAOIs, and SSRIs. • CBT most effective psychotherapy • Why hypnosis? – Hypnosis acts as a strong placebo and adds leverage to treatment – Adding hypnosis to CBT increases effect size (Alladin & Alibhai, 2007; Bryant et al., 2005; Kirsch et al.,1995; Schoenberger, 2002) Alladin, 2010 The Power of Hypnosis Hypnosis Adds Leverage to Treatment Alladin, 2010 Rationale for Combining Hypnosis with CBT • Hypnosis addresses the 4 components of anxiety – Controls physiological reactivity (relaxation) – Increases perceived self-efficacy by increasing confidence and sense of self-control (via catalepsy demo, Anchoring Technique) – Provides prolonged and modulated exposure to fearful stimuli (S.D., exposure) – Alters anxious reality (projection, integration) – Provides a vehicle for unconscious exploration and restructuring (abreaction, rewriting) Alladin, 2010 First Goal for Utilizing Hypnosis with Anxiety Disorders: Reducing Physiological Reactivity Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Reducing Physiological Reactivity • Three methods described – Hypnotic induction of deep relaxation – Anchoring Technique – Self-hypnosis Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Reducing Physiological Reactivity • Hypnotic Induced Relaxation • Ability to “let go” • Floating away to a tranquil setting (Spiegel & Spiegel, and Stanton, in Hammond, 1990, p.157-159) • Feeling distant from tension-producing sensation (Finkelstein; Stickney, in Hammond, 1990, p.158-160) • Age regression to peaceful scenes and times (Field, in Hammond, 1990, 170-172) • Can control feelings and sensations • Ability to control, “mind over body” • PHS • Self-hypnosis tape Alladin, 2010 Catalepsy to Demonstrate Power of Mind over Body Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Reducing Physiological Reactivity • Anchoring Technique – For generalizing learning to real situations – Provides situational or positive self-hypnosis • Anchoring established following amplification of relaxation and sense of control • Relaxation and sense of control conditioned to clenched fist • Consolidated by PHS • Utilize as “see-saw” method or “until you tame the demon”; second nature Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Reducing Physiological Reactivity • Self-Hypnosis – Homework – Listen to CD – Counter NSH Alladin, 2010 Second Goal of Using Hypnosis with Anxiety Disorders: Reducing Emotional Reactivity Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Reducing Emotional Reactivity • Four methods described – Cognitive restructuring – Editing the Anxiety File – Split-Screen Technique – Unconscious restructuring Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Reducing Emotional Reactivity • Cognitive Restructuring • Two steps – Self-monitoring of negative cognitions – Replacement of these cognitions with constructive rational ones • Explained in terms of NSH • Positive self-hypnosis • Rational therapeutic suggestions formulated through use of two-column method Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Reducing Emotional Reactivity Cognitive Restructuring Sample of Two-Column Method • Automatic Negative Thoughts • I will die Alladin, 2010 •Rational Thoughts •I may feel anxious, but I will not die. •Anxiety is uncomfortable, but it does not kill. •I can use self-hypnosis to control my anxiety. •Or I can use the Anchoring Technique. Hypnosis for Reducing Emotional Reactivity • Editing and Deleting Old Anxiety files – Computer metaphor – Deep trance and ego-strengthening – Induce positive affect, sense of success, and selfcontrol – Opening “personal file” – Edit, delete, or replace file – PHS Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Reducing Emotional Reactivity • Split-Screen Technique – – – – – – – – – Hypnotic induction Deepening Intensify positive feeling Intensify “adult ego” state Imagine sitting in front of a large split screen (left and right) Project adult ego state to right side of screen Project anxious part to left side of screen Imagine ego from right side helping left side Integrate the 2 parts Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Reducing Emotional Reactivity • Unconscious Restructuring: Hypnotic Regression – Similar to flooding – In regression, the stimulus is a traumatic memory – Indicated when patient can’t provide any information about the onset of anxiety or phobia – Client asked to recall events, further and further back in time – Reframing procedure – Rewriting the experience Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Reducing Emotional Reactivity • Hypnotic Regression Suggestions • “And, as you already know, you are able to remember things when you are in a trance that you have repressed…memories, events, feelings, that are related to your problem…And you can tell me about them now…as you remember them.” • Golden et al. 1987, cited in Golden, 1994, p.272 Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Reducing Emotional Reactivity • Unconscious Restructuring: Reframing Procedure – – – – – – – – Case of Janet: Situational Panic Attacks Married, 32 year-old, with 2 children History of anxiety and panic attacks over 10 years Referred for psychological treatment by GP CBT and SD negligible effect on panic attacks Hypnotic age regression Fear of trapped and burnt “Black Magic” acted as trigger – Reframed to safety and still being alive Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Reducing Emotional Reactivity • Unconscious Restructuring: Rewriting Experience – Case of Betty: Fear of Ward Round – 30 yr-old Resident had public speaking anxiety – Had such anxiety for many years, became a serious problem since residency – On anxiolytics for 3 years, little effect – Self-referred for hypnotherapy – Had CBT and relaxation training, little effect – Age regression – “derobed” by father when 13 – Rewrote experience Alladin, 2010 Third Goal of Using Hypnosis with Anxiety Disorders: Decreasing Avoidance and Increasing Self-Efficacy Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Decreasing Avoidance and Increasing Self-Efficacy • Hypnotic Systematic Desensitization (SD) – In SD, client confronts fear, or phobia, in a gradual one step-at-a-time manner – A Hierarchy is constructed where the phobia is broken down into steps – Steps rank-ordered from least to most anxietyproducing – Each item of the hierarchy rated on a Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) – From 1-100, where 100 is most anxiety-producing Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Decreasing Avoidance and Increasing Self-Efficacy John’s Anxiety (flying phobia) Hierarchy with SUDS • Situation SUDS • 1. Looking at travel brochure 30 • 2. Visiting travel agency 35 • 3. Driving to airport 40 • 4. Booking flight 45 • 5. Visiting a plane 60 • 6. Checking in 70 • 7. Boarding 80 • 8. Take off 90 • 9. Turbulence 100 __________________________________ Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Decreasing Avoidance and Increasing Self-Efficacy • Hypnotic SD Continued… – Prior to confronting these steps in reality, client receive imaginal desensitization – While in a relaxed state, client imagines confronting each step of the hierarchy – Therapist proceeds from one item to next, ensuring client feels relaxed before going to the next step – If client reports anxiety while imagining an item, therapist helps to reduce anxiety through use of therapeutic suggestions and relaxation instructions Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Decreasing Avoidance and Increasing Self-Efficacy • Hypnotic SD Continued… – Number of steps dealt with during each session depends on client – Important to proceed at a pace comfortable to client – For homework, client encouraged to confront situations in reality – In vivo desensitization can be gradual Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Decreasing Avoidance and Increasing Self-Efficacy • Flooding Technique – Anxiety-producing situation or image confronted until situation no longer elicits anxiety – Similar to SD, flooding can be broken down into steps – Hypnotic flooding useful when not enough time to do SD procedure – Repeat until client report significant reduction in anxiety Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Decreasing Avoidance and Increasing Self-Efficacy • Flooding Technique Script – “Imagine that you’re now on the plane and the seatbelt sign goes on. You take some slow deep breaths, just as you can do right now to reduce some of the anxiety. You don’t have to reduce it all. Just enough to feel more in control. The turbulence begins. It’s uncontrollable but it’s safe. It’s just a normal part of airplane travel. You’ll be all right. You take long slow deep breaths, just as you can now.” – Golden, 1994, p.271 Alladin, 2010 Fourth Goal for Utilizing Hypnosis with Anxiety Disorders: Integration of experience Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Integration of Experiences • Harmonizing Heart and Mind • Two components – Education – Hypnotic integration Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Harmonizing Heart-Mind (1) Education • Desynchrony of Experience • • • • • Desynchrony among components of anxiety Desynchrony interferes with healing We use feeling to validate reality Reduces credibility of treatment Multimodal therapy addresses components but don’t integrate • Models of integration or harmonizing lacking • Hypnosis provides a model Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Harmonizing Heart-Mind (1) Education Cont/d… • Models of Mind • Western model of mind – – – – Brain is the seat of existence Splitting of intellect and feeling Don’t know how to integrate Confusion – validate reality by the way we feel • Eastern/Non-Western model of mind – Heart is the seat of existence – Feeling at heart validate reality – Peace at heart provides peace of mind Alladin, 2010 Hypnosis for Harmonizing Heart-Mind (2) Hypnotherapy • • • • • • • • Deep trance – mind and body totally relaxed Breathing with heart Focus on the centre of your heart Breathe in and out with your heart Slow breathing to 5 sec cycle Focus on something that you appreciate Notice the good feeling in your heart Notice the harmony in your mind and heart Alladin, 2010 Applications: Dentistry Hypnotic Phenomena and Dental Applications Phenomena • Ideomotor phenomena: - hands moving together - arm lowering -eye closure -ideomotor signals - passive arm catalepsy - levitation Dental Applications • Induction methods and training patients physiological control Filo, 2010 Hypnotic Phenomena and Dental Applications Phenomena - inhibition of voluntary Dental Applications • Trance ratification control 1. 2. 3. 4. automatic movements finger lock eye catalepsy limb rigidity / immobilization Filo, 2010 Hypnotic Phenomena and Dental Applications Phenomena • Ideosensory activities Dental Applications • Trance ratification • Sensory reframes • • ‘safety’ mechanism e.g. safe room • Fugue from Tx Dissociation Filo, 2010 Hypnotic Phenomena and Dental Applications Phenomena • Analgesia Anesthesia Dental Applications • Minimize chemical analgesia / anesthesia • Substitute for chemical analgesia / anesthesia Filo, 2010 Hypnotic Phenomena and Dental Applications Phenomena • Hypnotic dreams • Post hypnotic suggestion Dental Applications • Procedure rehearsal • Tx interventions • Behaviour modification • Reinduction cue Filo, 2010 Hypnotic Phenomena and Dental Applications Phenomena • Hypermnesia & age regression (partial and revivification) • Dental Applications • Reframing past experiences Amnesia • Amnesia for the dental experience Filo, 2010 Hypnotic Phenomena and Dental Applications Phenomena • Time distortion • Hidden Observer or Ego state Dental Applications • Modify perception of treatment duration • Bruxism / habit awareness & management Filo, 2010 Hypnotic Phenomena and Dental Applications Phenomena • Hallucinations: negative and positive - V,A,K,O,G Dental Applications • Modification of treatment experience by changing sensory perceptions Filo, 2010 Hypnotic Phenomena and Dental Applications Phenomena • Classic suggestion effect: experiencing phenomena as involuntary Dental Applications • Trance ratification Filo, 2010 Dental Fear Categories Category of Dental fear Psychiatric Diagnosis Equivalent Type I Conditioned fear of specific stimuli (drills, needles, sounds, smells) Type II Anxiety about somatic reactions during treatment (allergy,syncope,gagging,panic) Type III Patients with strong anticipating anxiety or other complicating anxiety or phobias Type IV Distrust of dental personnel (after Moore et. al., 1991 excerpted from Psychiatric disorders in dental practice, Enoch & Jagger) A directly conditioned socially reinforced simple (specific) phobia Agoraphobic disorders withor without panic and somatic neurotic focus with possible somatoform disorders. Summations of simple phobias or GAD having an impact on dental fear Social phobic disorders with pain conditioning, Pure social embarrassment ,GAD or fear reinforcement Filo, 2010 Specific Applications A review of the usual areas of dental applications A homage to the hypnodontic luminaries by offering the kernels of their methods as they relate to the dental areas Filo, 2010 Phobias & Fears Louis L. Dubin DDS, PhD * • Exploration for traumatic experience • Visualize calendar with years on it, months and days • Scan until precipitating incident is illuminated. • Superimpose the better way • This superimposed image will prevail Filo, 2010 Supplement or Substitute for Surgical Premedication - psychosomatic premedication Filo, 2010 Pain Management: acute and chronic A patient in acute pain, especially of traumatic etiology, likely is in trance; the object is to enhance and modify the trance state for patient’s benefit. Filo, 2010 Pain Management: acute and chronic Victor Rausch DDS * • acute distress authoritarian • no distress permissive • ” I realize you are in extreme discomfort and I can help you. For me to do that you must help. Listen very carefully to what I say and follow my instructions. Do you understand? “ • use finger pressure to induce anesthesia, using pressure as focus Filo, 2010 Denture Adaptation • full and partial dentures may lead to problems for patients, both mechanical and emotional in nature. • mechanical issues once addressed and resolved may still not alleviate psychological concerns. Filo, 2010 Denture Adaptation Physical manifestations of psychic problems during fabrication and post insertion include: • gagging • lip and circumoral muscle tensing • defensive (offensive- depending on your perspective) tongue • hyperventilation • excessive salivation • lacrimation • coughing • sweating • vomiting Filo, 2010 Denture Adaptation Hypnosis may help by: • • positive suggestions to enhance ability to tolerate dentures suggestions to enhance motivation for work required to adapt to dentures Filo, 2010 Denture Adaptation Techniques: desensitization • for the gagger spoon, plastic disc on floss once tolerance increased, impression tray to wear at home trial acrylic bases • all of the preceding worn at home with incrementally increasing time Filo, 2010 Denture Adaptation Techniques: ego strengthening • visual imagery • reframing • split screen [Barsby, in Hypnosis in Dentistry] Filo, 2010 Treatment of Syncope Thomas W. Frost LDS • • if patient is prone to syncope utilize relaxation or hypnosis once relaxation or trance is established, suggestions for comfort and the impossibility of fainting Filo, 2010 Treatment of Syncope Ilana Eli and Moris Kleinhauz • • syncope usually due to injection and anxiety hypnosis permits eliminating the injection and the relaxation during the trance eliminates or reduces the anxiety Filo, 2010 Habit Management Irving I Schecter DDS MA * Tongue Thrusting - - imagine negative theater scene imagine positive theater scene associate tongue thrust with negative scene and feelings correct position with positive feelings Filo, 2010 Habit Management Garland H. Fross DDS Thumb sucking • suggest that by sucking thumb he is showing favoritism to thumb • to be fair, should give all the fingers equal time – easiest all at once • difficulty in compliance with this leads to dropping of habit Filo, 2010 Patient Management Rapport between patient and dentist crucial to patient satisfaction Patients change dentists more for interpersonal reasons cf to technical competence • decreases stress for patient and dentist • improves job satisfaction • can expedite and facilitate treatment • confers valuable life skill to patient Filo, 2010 Patient Management Lawrence M Staples DMD * • The Let’s pretend game imaginary TV Filo, 2010 TMD / TMJ Multifactorial multietiological: 1. functional (bruxing); 2. structural (occlusion); 3. psychological (anxiety, tension, aggression, stress) Bruxers personalities include: • interpersonally and expressively aloof • inhibited • hard driving • dissatisfied with their lives • apprehensively worried and guilt ridden Filo, 2010 TMD / TMJ Hypnodynamic assessment (refer Eli & Somer in Hypnosis in Dentistry) to gather information that reveals unconscious meaning and motivation. Techniques: theater or television cloud hypnotic dreams automatic writing revivification and age regression affect bridge The preceding require training or the employ of a psychologist in a multidisciplinary treatment model. Filo, 2010 TMD / TMJ Harold Golan DMD * • • • • • • • secret weapon laugh at world explanation of stress/parafunction ‘method for retaining just enough nervous energy to do task and spill off rest’ at night say ‘nothing is important enough in life to eat myself up’ during the night abnormal tooth contact will awaken you, smile, realizing subconscious is protecting you, roll over go back to sleep ratify with glove anesthesia control your body, rather than it controlling you Filo, 2010 TMD / TMJ Ellis J. Neiburger DDS * – suggestions to place tongue between teeth upon becoming aware of clenching – – the longer this is done the more relaxed the muscles will become Filo, 2010 TMD / TMJ Milton H. Erickson MD * - ‘when you put your head down’ instantly fall asleep - suggest that the possibility of bruxing may occur - describe it as unpleasant - also suggest awakening on bruxing - develop a good hand grip and arm muscles instead - replace bruxing with nocturnal gum chewing habit – not likely to persevere at it Filo, 2010 TMD / TMJ Dov Glazer DDS * TMD & Tension headache tension – press hands fingers together with hands at face level experience tension throughout face relax - top to bottom enjoy calmness, tranquility, serenity massage same mm groups after mental relaxation Filo, 2010 TMD / TMJ Louis L. Dubin DDS, PhD * Bruxing Describe neuroanatomy, etc. about the joint. Describe ‘activation’ of a protective reflex that will cause awakening as soon as clenching detected; for good night’s sleep, subconscious will condition muscles to stay slightly apart. Filo, 2010 TMD / TMJ Milton H Erickson MD * Bruxism in Children When the child is old enough, discuss the bruxism movements Earnestly hope that he doesn’t awaken Suggest hearing the bruxing and awakening Filo, 2010 Motivation: Oral Hygiene - increase relaxation, - improve concentration improve reception and retention of health promotion information - efficacy needs research Filo, 2010 Motivation: Oral Hygiene Promotion of Flossing Maureen A. Kelly DDS, Harlo R. McKinty, Richard Carr * - suggestions for oral health - suggestions for improved personal appearance via attractive, healthy mouth - improved social acceptability Filo, 2010 Gagging: control of excessive ‘reflex’ • • • • • gag reflex activated to protect the airway and remove noxious stimuli from GI tract somatogenic and psychogenic factors involved hypnosis alone or in combination with systematic desensitization gagging as an avoidance reaction after previous traumatic experience gagging as a defense mechanism Filo, 2010 Gagging: control of excessive ‘reflex’ Hal Golan * - denture wear relaxation, suggestions about body as prize possession - control of body and not the reverse - explanation of gagging causes - glove anesthesia with ratification needle eyes open trance, remove needle, keep anesthesia in oral cavity, ratify by having all surfaces of oral cavity touched - with kids, substitute arm catalepsy cf needle alert, proceed to dentistry with reinforcing prn Filo, 2010 Gagging: control of excessive ‘reflex’ J.Henry Clarke DMD, Stephen J. Persichetti * Imagery breathing through the neck (cricothyroid region) Rationale: they focus on pharynx well, have them focus lower on breathing bypassing pharynx – relates to concern with breathing practice denture, impression trays at home with audio tape Filo, 2010 Gagging: control of excessive ‘reflex’ Donald R. Beebe DDS * Denture and gagging - post immediate denture: in trance, explanation of extraction pain, sense of bulkiness as talk, sensations will fade sense of normality on alerting. - sensation will remain - return in one week to reinforce hypnotically Filo, 2010 Gagging: control of excessive ‘reflex’ Louis L. Dubin DDS, PhD * Gag reflex spiel about impossibility of gagging while holding breath if belong to - membership in human race demonstrate or, temporal tapping Filo, 2010 Reduction in Chemical Anesthetics, Analgesics, and Sedation – compliment to N20 Replacement for Local - direct suggestion: numbness; cold; glove anesthesia - changing colours: pain = colour; comfort = different colour; third pain free colour = numbness; change as required - switch- box (gate control theory) Filo, 2010 Reduction in Chemical Anesthetics, Analgesics, and Sedation – compliment to N20 Relative analgesia – N2O 1. nitrous hypnotic induction 2. hypnosis synergy with nitrous enhance acceptance with modeling under hypnosis Filo, 2010 Reduction in Chemical Anesthetics, Analgesics, and Sedation – compliment to N20 Intravenous Sedation Hypnosis is used prior to drug injection to permit lower drug dosage, and to minimize paradoxical drug effects. Filo, 2010 Reduction in Chemical Anesthetics, Analgesics, and Sedation – compliment to N20 General Anesthesia Hypnosis establishes advantageous communication with patient; decreases post operation pain, analgesia usage; and length of hospital stay. [Shelagh Thompson in Hypnosis in Dentistry ] Filo, 2010 Reduction in Chemical Anesthetics, Analgesics, and Sedation – compliment to N20 Irving I.Schecter DDS * - teach hypno-anesthesia - any stimulus will henceforth cause anesthesia Filo, 2010 Reduction in Chemical Anesthetics, Analgesics, and Sedation – compliment to N20 William T. Heron PhD * suggest that need for x-rays, etc. needed to determine way to proceed - discuss pleasure when eating food touching gag triggers - suggest pt. recall same pleasant sensations during procedure Filo, 2010 Reduction in Chemical Anesthetics, Analgesics, and Sedation – compliment to N20 Louis L. Dubin DDS, PhD * Paresthesia from induced anesthesia or nerve damage from manipulation: - go back to the time when there was full sensation and function - overlay this feeling on the present one – ideomotor confirmation - when healing takes place or local dissipates the normal feeling will prevail Filo, 2010 Reduction in Chemical Anesthetics, Analgesics, and Sedation – compliment to N20 Louis L. Dubin DDS, PhD * Anesthesia and alteration of pain awareness: 1. dissociation 2. increased tolerance 3. role-playing 4. recall Filo, 2010 Reduction in Chemical Anesthetics, Analgesics, and Sedation – compliment to N20 William S. Kroger MD * - luxate tooth with finger and suggest numbness - demonstrate anesthesia by explorer bilaterally highlighting difference Filo, 2010 Control of Hemorrhage and Salivary Flow Salivation Irving I. Schecter DDS * saliva increases when there is food as start of digestion since no food no need for saliva imagine turning off water faucet swallow, note dryness turn on faucet only to moisten mouth Filo, 2010 Control of Hemorrhage and Salivary Flow Selig Finkelstein DDS * Tooth extraction - progressive muscle relaxation - ‘applying topical anesthetic to tooth and gums’ squeezing it into gums to get complete anesthesia - exert even more pressure around the tooth pushing material down around the root - so proud will not feel tooth being removed Filo, 2010 Control of Hemorrhage and Salivary Flow Vascular control,clotting, and normal healing - tooth is out - let socket fill with blood normally - surprise at minimal discomfort, swelling, etc. - rapidly heals Filo, 2010 Professional Organizations • ASCH The American Society of Clinical Hypnosis www.asch.net • SCEH Society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis www.sceh.us • ISH International Society of Hypnosis www.ish-web.org • The Milton Erickson Foundation www.erickson-foundation.org • The American Psychological Association www.apa.org (Division 30 Psychological Hypnosis) • Component Sections of ASCH, i.e. www.gpsch.org References • Alladin, A. (2010) Hypnotherapy for Anxiety Disorders. • American Society of Clinical Hypnosis (2010) Standards of Training in Clinical Hypnosis, Introductory Workshop. American Society of Clinical Hypnosis annual meeting. • Filo, G. (2010) Hypnodontics – Interventions. • Patterson, D. (2010). Hypnosis and Pain Management. • Zastrow, J. (2010) Hypnosis and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. • Zastrow, J. (2010) Hypnosis and Headaches.