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Electronic Supplementary Material for:
Vögeli, M. et al. “An island paradigm on the mainland: host population fragmentation impairs the community of avian pathogens”
Detailed information about the sampled pathogens, their characteristics and prevalences in the host population, including the references for the
PCR-based pathogen determination.
Name
Type
Pathogen determination
Babesia spp.
Protozoan
Visual identification from slides and PCR
Suspected
transmission
Route
Vector-borne
Main
vector
Ecology
Positive
samples
(n total= 344)
4
Overall
prevalence
Ticks (Ixodidae)
Generalist
Vector-borne
Hippoboscid and
ceratopogonid flies
Specialist of avian
families
40
11.6%
Vector-borne
Simuliid flies and
biting midges
Specialist of avian
families
24
7.0%
Vector-borne
Mosquitoes
Specialist of avian
families
13
3.8%
Vector-borne
Ticks (Ixodidae)
Generalist
3
0.9%
1.2%
5-GTCTTGTAATTGGAATGATGG-3
5-CCAAAGACTTTGATTTCTCTC-3
Haemoproteus spp.
Protozoan
Beck et al. (2009)
Visual identification from slides and PCR
HaemNFI 5-CATATATTAAGAGAAITATGGAG-3
HaemNR3 5-ATAGAAAGATAAGAAATACCATTC-3
HaemF 5-ATGGTGCTTTCGATATATGCATG-3
HaemR2 5-GCATTATCTGGATGTGATAATGGT-3
Leucocytozoon spp.
Protozoan
Hellgren et al. (2004)
Visual identification from slides and PCR
HaemNFI [59-CATATATTAAGAGAAITATGGAG-3
HaemNR3 5-ATAGAAAGATAAGAAATACCATTC-3
HaemFL 5-ATGGTGTTTTAGATACTTACATT-39)
HaemR2L (59-CATTATCTGGATGAGATAATGGIGC-3
Plasmodium spp.
Protozoan
Hellgren et al. (2004)
Visual identification from slides and PCR
HaemNFI 5-CATATATTAAGAGAAITATGGAG-3
HaemNR3 5-ATAGAAAGATAAGAAATACCATTC-3
HaemF 5-ATGGTGCTTTCGATATATGCATG-3
HaemR2 5-GCATTATCTGGATGTGATAATGGT-3
Theileria spp.
Protozoan
Hellgren et al. (2004)
Visual identification from slides and PCR
5-GTCTTGTAATTGGAATGATGG-3
5-CCAAAGACTTTGATTTCTCTC-3
Beck et al. (2009)
Trypanosoma spp.
Protozoan
Visual identification from slides and PCR
Vector-borne
Simuliid flies
Generalist
5
1.5%
Oral, direct
contact, fomites
(aerial)
Possible vertical
transmission
Generalist, Serovar
speciaton.
20
5.8%
Mainly aerial
32
9.3%
Orofaecal
Generalist in some
species (M. synoviae,
M. gallisepticum), but
specialist in many
others (family, genus
or even species
specific)
Generalist
8
2.3%
Oral, aerial
Generalist
6
1.7%
ESAG 6/7 forward
5-ACA TTC CAG CAG GAG TTG GAG-3
ESAG 6/7 reverse
5-CAC GTG AAT CCT CAA TTT TGT-3
Chlamydophila psittaci
Bacteria
Mycoplasma spp.
(gallisepticum,
synoviae, pneumoniae)
Bacteria
Mandal et al. (2008)
201CHOMP
5-GGI GCW GMI TTC CAA TAY GCI CAR TC-3
CHOMP 336
5-CAA GMT TTT CTG GAY TTM AWY TTG TT-3
Schettler et al. (2003)
5-GAG CTA ATC TGT AAA GTT GGT C-3
5-GCT TCC TTG CGG TTA GCA AC-3
Mekkes & Feberwee (2005)
Turcsányi et al. (2005)
Escherichia coli
enterotoxigenic strain
Bacteria
stx common primers
5-GAGCGAAATAATTTATATGTG-3
5-TGATGATGGCAATTCAGTAT-3
stx1 specific primers
5-GCAGTTCGTGGCAAGAGCG-3
5-GCGTCGCCAGCGCACTTG-3
stx2 specific primers
5-AATTTATATGTGGCAGGGTTC-3
5-CTTCACTGTAAATGTGTCATC-3
eaeA specific primers
5-GTGGCGAATACTGGCGAGACT-3
5-CCCCATTCTTTTTCACCGTCG-3
hlyA specific primers
5{-GGTGCAGCAGAAAAAGTTGTAG-3
5{-TCTCGCCTGATAGTGTTTGGTA-3
To isolate both toxin genes
5-CGTATGGTGCTCAAGGAG-3
5-CGATAAGACTCAGTTGC-3
For stx1 5-GGAACACCTGTATATGAAGTG-3
For stx2 5-CTCAGTCATTATTAAACTGCAC-3
Mycobacterium avium
Bacteria
Makino et al. (2000)
AV6 3-ATGGCCGGGAGACGATCTATGCCGGCGTAC-5
AV7 3-TGTACGCGTCGAAACTGCGATCGAACG-5
IN38 3-GAACGCCCGTTGGCTGGCCATTCACGAAG-5
IN41 3-TCGAGGAACCGGTGTCCGACCGTGTTGCGC-5
Aranaz et al. (1997)
Pasteurella multocida
Bacteria
REP1R-1Dt 3-CGGNCTACNGCNGCNNNN-5
REP2-1Dt 5-NCGNCT TATCNGGCCTAC-3
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Bacteria
Salmonella spp.
Bacteria
Khan & Cerniglia (1994)
F1 5-TGTGTTTTATCTGATGCAAGAGG-3
R1 5-CGTTCTTCTGGTACTTACGATGAC-3.
Adenovirus
Virus
Deng et al. (2009)
Fad1: 5-TACGATTACGGGGCTATGGA-3
Fad2: 5-TGTTCCGTCCACCCGTAGG -5
Avian Influenza
(Serotypes IH 5, 7 and
9)
Virus
Jiang et al. (1999)
AI-For-37 5’- GACCTGATGAGTCTTCTAACCGAGGTC-3’
AI-Rev-181 5’- TGTCTTTAGCCAYTCCATGAG -3’
Circovirus
Virus
Herpesvirus
Virus
Birnavirus causing
infectious bursal
disease
Virus
Saxena et al.(2002)
5-GACAACGCCCTCAGCATCACCAGC-3
5-CGCTGGCCCATTCGCTCCAGCGCT-3
5-AGCCACATGTCGCCGATCTACACG-3
5-TTCCGCTCCCCGCCAGCCTC-3
5-AGTAGTGCAGCACGCCCTGG-3
Kiss et al. (2006); Farkas et al. (2007)
5-GTTATACGCCGCCGTAATC-3
5-AACCCTACAGACGGCGAG-3
3 -GTTAAGGGTGAAACACCAACG-3
5-GTCACAGTCCTCCTTGTACC-3
5-TGGTACAAGGAGGACTGTGAC-3
5-CCAGCACTTAATAAAGACTCAG-3
5-TAACATTTGCGTTGGAGGAC-3
Circo-s 5-CGG TGC CAG AAA ATG GTA TGT TAG-3
Circo-as 5-GAA GCT GAA GCC AAT GCC GTA-3
Hsu et al. (2006)
5 -CGCGACTATGTCCACGAGAA-3
5-TGCGTACCGCCAATCAGATA-3
5-FAMTCGGCGTTCCCAGATACGGCC-3
Cardoso et al. (2005)
B5 5 TCTTGGGTATGTGAGGCTTG 3
B4 3 GGATGTGATTGGCTGGGTTA 5
Hamoud et al. (2007)
Alphaherpesvirus
causing Marek’s
disease
Virus
meq (MDV1) 5 -GAATCTTCCCTGCATTGTGTC-3
5 -ATCTGGCCCGAATACAAGGAA-3_
sorf1 (HVT) 5-AAGCGCTTGTATGTGTAGG-3_
5-TATGGACGTCATGCAGTTGG-3
Gimeno et al. (2008)
Oral, aerial
Generalist
0
0.0%
Orofaecal, direct
contact
Generalist
4
1.2%
Orofaecal, direct
contact
Possible vertical
transmission
Mainly
orofaecal
Generalist , several
serovars pathogenic
from reptiles to
mammals
Generalist
0
0.0%
15
4.4%
Mainly aerial,
but also in
fomites
Generalist
0
0.0%
Direct contact,
fecal, oral
Possible vertical
transmission
Generalist of avian
families
0
0.0%
Oral direct
transmission.
Specialist of avian
families
7
2.0%
Aerial,
especially
fomites, direct
contact,
tenebrionids.
Inhalation,
direxct contact.
Possible vertical
transmission
Generalist of birds
(mainly poultry
species)
10
2.9%
Generalist of birds
(mainly poultry
species)
6
1.7%
Avian paramyxovirus
Virus
Lentogens
FT NDV LF3 TCC GBA GGA TAC AAG AGT CYG TGA CC
FT NDV LF4 TCC GBA GGA TAC AAG AGT CYG TGA CT
FT NDV LR2 AGA GCY ACA CCG CCA ATA AT
FT NDV LR3 AGA GCY ACA CCA CCG ATA AT
FT NDV L probe 2 CAG GGR CGC CTT ATA
Direct contact,
aerial or
orofaecal
Generalist
7
2.0%
Protocalliphorids
Generalist
0
0.0%
Biting insects
(mosquitoes, mites,
midges and/or
flies)
Specialist of avian
families
10
2.9%
Specialist of avian
families
25
7.3%
Generalist
31
9.0%
Velogens/mesogens
FT NDV VF1 GAY TCY ATC CGY AGG ATA CAA GRG TC
FT NDV VR2 AAC CCC AAG AGC TAC ACY RCC
FT NDV VR3 GAC CCC AAG AGC TAC ACY RCC
FT NDV Vprobe 1 AAR CGT YTC TGY CTC C
FT NDV Vprobe 2 AGA RAC GCT TTR TAG GTG C
Polyomavirus
Virus
Farkas et al. (2007)
BamHI
5-TATGGATCCGTTATGGTTATGACTGCCATGGAGGAGTCA- 3
EcoRI 5-TATGAATTCGTCTGAGTCAGGCCCCACTTT- 3
Potti et al. (2007)
Poxvirus
Virus
Core protein gene (sense):
59-CAGCAGGTGCTAAACAACAA-39
Core protein gene (antisense):
59-CGGTAGCTTAACGCCGAATA-39
Core protein-II gene (sense):
59-CAGCAGGTGCTAAACAACAA-39
Core protein-II gene (antisense):
59-TCCGCCGTCGCAACTTCCGG-39
Reovirus
Virus
Tadese & Reed (2003)
PAF 5-ACTTCTTYaTCTACGCCTTTCG-3
PAR 5-ATYbAAWcDdCWeCGCATCTGCTG-3
West Nile virus
Virus
Zhang et al. (2006)
WN132 5′ GAAAACATCAAGTATGAGG 3′
WN240 5′ GAGGTTCTTCAAACTCCAT 3′
Malkinson et al. (2002)
Vector-borne.
Offspring to
parents
transmission.
Possible vertical
transmission
Direct contact
and vector-borne
Orofaecal,
vertical
transmission
Vector-borne
Mosquitoes
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