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Egyptian Architecture Early Kingdom Tomb Why did Egyptians Build Pyramids • The pyramids were a response to desert landscapes • For structures to be visible in the desert they have to be huge • The pyramids also represent the Egyptian will to achieve immortality for the pharaohs • Pyramids are the everlasting home of the pharaoh’s Early Kingdom Tomb Pyramid Construction • How were the pyramids constructed? • No accurate knowledge about the method of construction of the pyramids • Estimates vary:~ 100,000 men worked 3-4 months each year for 30 years to build the pyramids. • Limestone quarried from nearby • Workers paid in food, clothing and drinks Historical Background Characteristics & Beliefs Architectural Ideas • Ancient Egyptians viewed earthly dwellings as temporary • They paid little attention to house construction • The tomb was seen as a permanent dwelling for the afterlife • Great effort was put in tomb construction • The mummified dead body was buried in a stone box called sarcophagus in the tomb Historical Background Social Characteristics & Beliefs Architectural Ideas • Believed a dead person needs all her/his worldly goods • Tomb usually packed w/ all the treasures of dead person • If anything cannot be provided, it is painted on the walls of the tomb Historical Background Social Characteristics & Beliefs Architectural Ideas • Tombs also have charms to protect dead person & her/his property • Dead buried in cities of the dead, called Necropolis located in desert Architecture of the Civilization Introduction • During the Old Kingdom, the pharaoh and his court lived in Memphis • When they died they were buried at the Necropolis at Saqqara • Necropolis translated means city of the dead; necro=death & polis=city Architecture of the Civilization Introduction • Tombs were most outstanding architectural acheivement of the period • Tombs also serve as the focus for the worship of the dead • The Tomb evolved during the Old Kingdom from the Mastaba, later to the steppe pyramid and then to the renown ancient Egyptian geometric pyramids we know today • Mastaba means “eternal house” or “house for eternity” Early Kingdom Tombs Mastaba • The earliest method of burial in ancient Egypt was in shallow pits in the desert. The desert dried the bodies and preserved them • When animals preyed on bodies, people began to dig deeper • To prevent this they built a bench-like structure over graves called Mastaba. The earliest Mastaba were decorated with painted patterns in brilliant colors • Early Kingdom Tombs Mastaba Early Kingdom Tombs Mastaba • The Serdab and Chapel are located above ground • The serdab is a room where the statue of the dead person is kept – Statue acts as a substitute for body in case it is destroyed Early Kingdom Tombs Mastaba • Egyptians believed that the Ka or spirit must return to the body or a copy of it • If both body and statue were destroyed, the ka would die • The chapel is where the ka is supposed to live forever – Colorful room meant to deceive the gods into letting the ka enter the next world Early Kingdom Tombs Steppe Pyramid • King Zoser (Djoser) was the powerful pharaoh of the third dynasty of the old kingdom • The steppe pyramid was built for king Zoser by Imhotep • It was built as a funeral complex in the Necropolis • Imhotep initially thought of the tomb as a large Mastaba of stone Early Kingdom Tombs Steppe Pyramid • Dissatisfaction w/ result led to stacking of mastaba • The result was the stepped pyramid • The steppe pyramid shows the stages between the mastaba, the step and the geometric pyramid Stop Here More on Egyptian Architecture Early Kingdom Tombs Steppe Pyramid • Steppe pyramid was 200’ high w/ 6 giant steps • Burial chamber is entered from north side & is 92’ down • On either side of chamber are store rooms for king’s treasures • All treasures buried w/ Zoser have been stolen • A stone statue of Zoser also recently found staring out through peep holes in his Serdab Early Kingdom Tomb Attempts at Pyramid Building • After the stepped pyramids, there were several attempt at building a pure geometric pyramid Early Kingdom Tomb The Pyramids at Giza • Construction of a true geometrical pyramid achieved during reign of Cheops, son of Snefru • Located at Giza • Called Great Pyramid because of size • The pyramid is 482’ high on a plan 760’ square Early Kingdom Tomb The Pyramids at Giza • Two additional pyramids built at Giza • 2nd largest in the center built by Chefren, the son of Cheops • 3rd and smallest built by Mykerinus, son of Chefren • The three together are referred to as the Pyramids at Giza Early Kingdom Tomb Pyramid • The pyramids designed as part of a funeral complex for burial of pharaoh • Chefren’s complex is best preserved example • Complex consist of three interconnected units: – A valley temple by the river Nile where the pharaoh’s body was embalmed – A pyramid mortuary temple for rituals – A long narrow causeway connecting the two The Sphinx • Located in Giza is the great Sphinx with the body of a lion and head of Chefren • Reason for its construction is not clear • A theory holds that it was produced from leftover material • It may also have been carved to stand guard over the temple and tomb of Chefren The Sphinx ? MAJOR WORKS Major Works Old Kingdom 1. Mastabas 2. Stepped Pyramid of Zozer @ Saqqara by Imhotep 3. Great Pyramids @ Giza Cheops (Khufu) Chephren (Kafra) Mykerinus (Menkaura) 3200 - 2258 BC 2650 BC 2575 BC 2530 BC 2500 BC Middle Kingdom 4. Rock Cut Tombs @ Beni Hasan 2134 - 1570 BC 1975 - 1800 BC New Kingdom 5. Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut 6. Temple of Amen-Mut-Khonsu @ Luxor 7. Temple of Amun @ Karnak 8. Temple of Rameses II @ Abu Simbel 9. Mortuary Complex of Rameses III @ Medinet Habu 10.Temple of Horus @ Edfu 1570 - 1085 BC 1500 BC @ Deir el-Bahari by Senmut 1390 - 1260 BC 1314 - 1200 BC 1257 BC 1198 - 1166 BC 322 BC