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SYLLABUS FOR HISTOLOGY AND
EMBRYOLOGY
(For International Students)
SYLLABUS FOR HISTOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1. Understand the course of histology
2. Understand the commonly used histological techniques
3. Understand the reasons for studying the subject
4. Understand the relationship between bi-dimensional image and tri-dimensional
structure
Skills
1.Understand the light microscopy
2.Understand the electron microscopy
(1)Transmitter electron microscope
(2)Scanning electron microscope
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.The course contents and the importance of histology
2. Study the histological techniques
(1)The principle and technique of histological section on light microscope
(2)The principle and technique of histological section on electron microscope
①Transmitter electron microscope
②Scanning electron microscope
(3) Other technical methods
Practicals
Understand the procedures of the production of histological section
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Master the general features, origination, distribution, classification and functions of
epithelial tissue.
2.Master the classification, structural features, distribution and function of each kind
of covering epithelium
3.Familiarize with the specialize structure of the free surface, lateral surface and basal
surface of epithelial cells.
4.Understand the concept and classification of glandular epithelium and gland
Skills
1.Master the structure of simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal
epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium, transitional epithelium
2. Familiarize with the structure of transitional epithelium.
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.The general features and classification of epithelial tissue.
2.The classification, distribution, origination and features of covering epithelium.
The structures and functions of the simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal
epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium,
stratified
squamous
epithelium,
stratified
columnar
epithelium,
transitional
epithelium.
3.The special structure of the epithelial cells
(1)Free surface: The ultra-structures of microvillus and cilia.
(2)Lateral surface: The distribution, function and structures of tight junction,
intermediate junction, desmosome and gap junction.
(3)Basal surface: The ultra-structures of basement membrane, basal infolding,
hemidesmosome.
4.Glandular epithelium and gland: the general features of exocrine gland and
endocrine gland
Practicals
1.The simple squamous epithelium
2.The simple cuboidal epithelium
3.The simple columnar epithelium
4.The pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
5.The stratified squamous epithelium
6.The transitional epithelium
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Master the structural features and classification of connective tissue
2.Master the structure and function of elements of loose connective tissue.
3.Familiarize with the structure and function of the dense connective tissue, adipose
tissue, reticular tissue.
Skills
1.Master the spread and section of loose connective tissue (fundus of stomach).
2.Familiarize with the reticular connective tissue (lymph node), dense connective
tissue and adipose tissue.
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.The features and classification of connective tissue
2.Loose connective tissue
(1)The features and functions of seven kinds of cells.
Fibroblast ( Fibrocyte ), Macrophage, Plasma cell, Mast cell, Fat cell, Stem cell
and Blood cell.
(2)The features of three kinds of fibers of connective tissue.
Collagenous fiber, Elastic fiber and Reticular fiber.
(3)The components, features and function of ground substances.
3.Dense connective tissue
4.Adipose tissue
5.Reticular tissue
Practicals
1.The spread and section of loose connective tissue (The fundus of stomach)
2.The reticular connective tissue (Lymph node)
3.The dense connective tissue
4.The adipose tissue
CARTILAGE AND BONE
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Master the structures and functions of cartilage tissue
2.Familiarize with the structural features and distribution of hyaline cartilage, elastic
cartilage and fibrocartilage
3.Master the structure of osseous tissue
4.Master the structure of long bone
5.Understand the intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
Skills
1.Master the hyaline cartilage.
2. Familiarize with the structural characteristic of the elastic cartilage and
fibrocartilage.
3. Master the structure of Haversian system.
4. Understand to the process of osteogenesis.
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.Cartilage
(1)The structures and functions of cartilage
The structural features of chondrocytes.
The structure of matrix and fibers of cartilages.
The structure and function of perichondrium.
(2)The structural features, distribution and function of hyaline cartilage, elastic
cartilage and firocartilage.
2.Bone
(1)Osseous tissue
Bone matrix; Osteocytes
(2) Long bone
The structure of spongy bone and compact bone;
The structures and functions of periosteum
(3)Osteogenesis
Intramembranous ossification; Endochondral ossification
Practicals
1.The hyaline cartilage (Trachea)
2.The elastic cartilage (External ear)
3.The fibrocartilage (Intervertebral disc)
4.The calcified bone and decalcified bone (Compact bone)
5.Osteogenesis (finger bone)
BLOOD AND HEMATOPOIESIS
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Master the structure, functions and normal value of the formed elements of blood
2.Understand the structure features of bone marrow
3.Understand the hematopoiesis
Skills
1.Master the functions and morphological features of erythrocytes, neutrophils,
eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes.
2.Understand the morphology of basophils and platelets.
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.The composition of blood
(1)The normal value, structure and function of erythrocyte
The structural feature of reticulocyte
(2)The structural feature, function ,classification and normal value of leukocyte
(3)Blood platelet: normal value, structural feature and function
2.The hematopoiesis
The structure of bone marrow; Hematopoietic stem cells；Hematopoietic progenitor
cell
Practicals
Blood Smear
1.Erythrocyte
2.Leukocyte(Neutrophil,.Eosinophil,.Basophil,.Lymphocyte ,.Monocyte)
3.Platelet
MUSCLE TISSUE
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Master the structure feature of three kinds of muscle tissue under light microscope
2.Master the ultra-structure of the skeletal and cardiac muscle.
3.Understand the ultra-structure of the smooth muscle.
Skills
1.Master the morphological features of skeletal muscle；cardiac muscle and
smooth muscle
2.Understand the ultra-structure features of the three types of muscle fiber
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.The general features of the muscle tissue
2. Skeletal muscle:The structures of muscle fiber under the light microscope and
electron microscope.
3.Cardiac muscle: The structures of muscle fiber under the light microscope and
electron microscope.
4.Smooth muscle: The structures of muscle fiber under the light microscope and
electron microscope.
Practicals
1.The skeletal muscle
2.The cardiac muscle
3.The smooth muscle
NERVE TISSUE
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Master the general structure, distribution and functions of nerve tissue.
2.Master the structure and functions of neuron.
3.Master the ultrastructure and function of synapse.
4.Familiarize with the classification and function of neuroglial cells
5.Master the structure of the myelinated nerve fiber of peripheral nervous system.
6.Understand the structure and function of the nerve endings.
Skills
1.Master the morphological features of neuron.
2.Master the morphological features of nerve fiber.
3. Familiarize with the neuroglial cells
4.Understand the morphological features of nerve ending (tactile corpuscle,
lamellar corpuscle, motor-end plate).
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.The general structure ,distribution and functions of nerve tissue
2.Neuron: classification; structure and function
3.Synapse: classification ,structure and function
4 Neuroglial: classification, distribution, structure and function
5 Nerve fiber: the classification of the nerve fiber, the structure of the myelinated
nerve fiber of peripheral nervous system
6.Nerve ending: classification, distribution, structure and function
Practicals
1.The neuron (Spinal cord)
2. The nerve fiber (Sciatic nerve)
3.The neuroglial cell(Astrocyte, Oligodendrocyte, Microglia, Ependymal cell)
4.The nerve ending (Tactile corpuscle, Lamellar corpuscle, Motor-end plate)
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Master the structures of the cerebral cortex.
2.Master the structures of the cerebella cortex.
3.Familiarize with the structures of the spinal cord.
4.Understand the cerebrospinal membrane
5.Master the blood-brain barrier
6.Understand the structures of the ganglion
Skills
1. Master the layers of the cerebral cortex
2.Master the layers of the cerebella cortex.
3. Familiarize with the structure of spinal cord
4.Unederstand the structures of the ganglion
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.The cerebral cortex.
2.The cerebella cortex.
3.The spinal cord.
4.The cerebrospinal membrane
5.The blood-brain barrier
6.The ganglion
Practicals
1. The cerebral cortex (Cerebrum)
2. The cerebella cortex (Cerebellum)
3 The ganglion
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1. Master the structure, function and classification of three kinds of capillaries
2. Master the structure and function of arteries
3. Familiarize with the structure and function of veins
3.Master the structure of heart wall
4.Understand the structure features of lymphatic capillary, lymphatic vessel,
lymphatic duct
Skills
1.Familiarize with the structure of capillaries
2.Master the morphological features of medium-sized artery, large artery, small
artery, arteriole
3. Master the structure of heart wall
4.Understand the morphological features of medium-sized vein, large vein, small vein
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.General description of circulatory system
2.Capillary: The structure, classification and functions
3.Artery: classification of artery, the structural features of medium sized artery, larger
artery and small artery and their functions
4.Vein: classification, the structural features and functions of veins
5.Heart: The structure of the wall of heart ,cardiac valve and conduct system of heart
6.Lymphatic vessels system: The structure feature of lymphatic capillary, lymphatic
vessel, lymphatic duct.
Practicals
1.The capillary
2.Theartery:
Medium-sized artery; Large artery; Small artery
3.The veins: Medium-sized vein; Large vein; Small vein.
4.The heart: The wall of heart; Cardiac valve; Conducting system of heart
IMMUNE SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Familiarize with the component of immune system
2.Master the structural feature of lymphatic tissues
3.Understand the concept of central and peripheral lymphoid organs
4.Familarize with the structure and function of thymus, the relationship between
thymus and the changing of age
5.Master the structure and functions of lymph node and spleen
6.Understand the structure and function of tonsil.
Skills
1.Master the morphological features of lymph nodes, spleen.
2.Understand the characteristics of morphological structures of thymus.
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1. The components and functions of immune system
2.The lymphatic tissue: The structure, distribution and function of lymphatic tissue
3.The central and peripheral lymphoid organs
4.Thymus: The structures and functions of cortex and medulla, the relationship
between thymus and the changing of age
5.Lymph node: The structures and functions of cortex and medulla
6.Spleen: The structure and function of white pulp, red pulp and marginal zone
7.Tonsil
Practicals
1.The lymph node: The structures of cortex and medulla
2.Sleen: the structures of white pulp, red pulp marginal zone
3.Tonsil
SKIN
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Master the structure and function of skin
2.Familiarize with the components of appendages of skin
3.Understand the structures and functions of hair, sebaceous gland, sweat gland
Skills
1.Master the morphological characteristics of five-layer structures of epidermis.
2.Familiarize with the structures of hair, hair follicle and hair bulb.
3.Understand the structures of the sebaceous gland, arrector pelli, sweat glands.
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.General structure of skin: The structure of epidermis and dermis; Non-keratinocytes
2.Subcutaneous tissue
3.Appendages of skin: components, distribution and functions
Practicals
1.Skin: The general structure of skin, the five layer structure of epidermis and dermis
2.Subcutaneous tissue: connective tissue
3.Appendages of skin: hair, sebaceous gland, arrector pelli and sweat glands
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1. Familiarize with the components of endocrine glands, the ultra-structures of two
kinds of endocrine cells
2. Master the structures and functions of secretory hormones of thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal glands and pituitary
3.Understand the diffuse neuroendocrine system
Skills
1.Master the morphological features of thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary
gland (hypophysis).
2.Understand the parathyroid gland.
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.The general description of endocrine system :components and characteristics of
ultra-structures of two kinds of endocrine cells
2.Thyroid: The structures and functions of follicular epithelial cells and parafollicular
cells
3.Parathyroid
4.Adrenal glands: The structures and functions of cortex and medulla
5.Pituitary gland: The structures and functions of adenohypophysis (pars distalis) and
neurohypophysis, hypophyseal portal system
6.The diffuse neuroendocrine system(APUD system)
Practicals
1.Thyroid gland: Follicular epithelial cells and parafollicular cells
2.Parathyroid gland
3.Adrenal gland: Cortex and medulla
4.Pituitary gland
(1)Adenohypophysis (pars distalis)
(2)Neurohypophysis
DIGESTIVE TRACT
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Master the general structure of digestive tract
2.Master the structures and functions of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and
large intestine
3.Familiarize with the endocrine cells of digestive tract
Skills
1.Master the morphological features of esophagus, stomach, small intestine
(duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and large intestine.
2.Understand the structure of the lingual papillae.
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.The general structures of digestive tract: The tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa,
tunica muscularis, tunica adventitia
2.Esophagus: The structural feature and function of esophagus
3.Stomach: The structure and function of walls of stomach; Gastric gland
4.Small intestine: The structures and functions of tunica mucosa (intestinal villi),
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
5.Large intestine: The structure and functions
6.The immune system of digestive tract
7.The distribution and structure of endocrine cells of digestive tract
8.Tongue
Practicals
1.Esophagus: four-layer structure, esophageal gland
2.Stomach：fundic gland(chief cell, parietal cell, mucous neck cell)
3.Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum): intestinal villus
4.Large intestine
5.Tongue: three types of
lingual papillae.
DIGESTIVE GLANDS
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Familiarize with the general structure of salivary glands
2.Master the structure and functions of pancreas
3.Master the structure and functions of liver
Skills
1.Understand the structural features of salivary glands
2.Master the morphological features of hepatic lobule and portal area
3.Master the exocrine part and endocrine part (pancreas islets)
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.Salivary glands: The general structure, the structural features of parotid,
submandibular and sublingual glands
2.Pancreas: The structures and functions of exocrine part and endocrine part (pancreas
islet)
3.Liver: The structures and functions of hepatic lobule (central vein, hepatic plates,
hepatic sinusoid) and portal area
4.Gall bladder
Practicals
1.Parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands
2.Liver: the structures of hepatic lobule (central vein, hepatic plates, hepatic sinusoid)
and portal area
3.Pancreas: the structures of exocrine part and endocrine part (pancreas islet)
4.Gall bladder
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Familiarize with the components and functions of the conducting and respiratory
portions of the respiratory system
2.Master the structure of trachea
3.Familiarize with the distinguishing features of the various segments of the bronchial
tree
4.Master the structure of the alveolar wall and the components and function of
blood-air barrier
5.Understand the two sets of pulmonary blood vessels.
Skills
1. Master the structure of trachea.
2. Master the morphological features of lungs.
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.Trachea and main bronchi: mucosa, submucosa, adventitia
2.Lung: The structure and function of conducting and respiratory portions of
lung( respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs and alveoli)
Practicals
1.Trachea and main bronchi
2.Lungs
EYES AND EARS
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Master the structures and functions of the coats of eyeball.
2.Understand the morphological features of lens, vitreous body.
3.Understand the circulatory pathway of aqueous humor.
4.Understand the structure of eyelid.
5.Understand the structure and function of inner ear
6. Master the structures and functions of cochlea and spiral organ (Organ of Corti ).
Skills
1.Master the morphological features of cornea.
2.Familiarize with the structure of retina
3.Understand the morphological features of lens.
4.Understand the structure of eyelid.
5.Understand the structures of the inner ear.
6.Master the morphology and structures of cochlea and spiral organ (Organ of Corti ).
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.Eyeball: The three layers of the coats of eyeball(fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina)
2.COURSE CONTENTs of eyeball: Lens; Vitreous body; Aqueous humor
3.Structure of eyelids
4.Inner ear: The structure and function of cochlea; spiral organ of Corti
Practicals
1. Eyeball: Cornea; Sclera; Iris; Ciliary body; Choroid ; Retina
2.The inner ear: Cochlea ; Spiral organ (Organ of Corti)
URINARY SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Master the components, structures and functions of a nephron.
2.Master the ultra-structure of the filtration barrier of the renal glomerulus.
3.Master the components, structure and function of the juxtaglomerular complex.
4.Familiarize with the features of blood circulation in kidney.
5.Understand the structure of ureter and urinary bladder.
Skills
1.Master the morphological features of kidney.
2.Understand the morphological features of urinary bladder and ureter.
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1. The general Structure and function of kidney
2.Nephron: The structure and function of renal corpuscle and tubule
3.Collecting tubules
4.Juxtaglomerular complex: The component, structure and function
5.The blood circulation of kidney
6. Ureter and urinary bladder
Practicals
1.Kidney
(1)Nephron: The renal corpuscle and tubules
(2)Collecting tubules
(3)Juxtaglomerular complex
2.Urinary bladder
3.Ureter
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Familiarize with the general structure of the testes
2.Master the structures and functions of seminiferous tubules, blood-testes barrier,
interstitial substance
3.Understand the structures and functions of epididymis and prostate
Skills
1.Master the morphological features of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells
2.Understand the structure of epididymis
3. Understand the structure of prostate.
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1.Testes: The general structure of seminiferous tubules, blood-testes barrier,
interstitial substance
2.Epididymis
3.Prostate
Practicals
1.Testis: The seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells.
2.Epididymis.
3.Prostate .
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
1.Familiarize with the general structure and function of ovary
2.Master the development and maturation of follicles
3.Master the formation, structure and function of corpus luteum
4.Master the structure of uterus and menstrual cycle
5.Understand the structures of oviduct and vagina
6.Understand the structures of mammary gland.
Skills
1.Master the morphological features of ovaries and uterus.
2.Understand the structures of oviduct.
3.Understand the structures of mammary gland.
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
1. The composition of female reproductive system
2.Ovary: The general structure, development and maturation of the follicles
(primordial, primary, secondary and mature follicles), ovulation, formation, structure
and function of corpus luteum
3.Uterus: The structure of the uterine wall, menstrual cycle
4.Oviduct and vagina
5.mammary gland.
Practicals
1.Ovary: Primordial follicles; Primary follicles; Secondary follicles, Corpus luteum.
2.Uterus: The menstrual cycle; Uterine wall
3.Oviduct
4.Mammary gland
TEACHING – LEARNING METHODOLOGY
1. Theory
(1) Lectures: to make up 95% of all theory;
(2) The self-learning with teacher guide: to make up 5% of all theory (e.g. Skin)
(3) Explain clinical main points combining with related knowledge (clinical
correlation)
(4)Take quiz 3-4 times
2.Practicals
1.View the video in the laboratory
2.Observe the histological section and recognize the cells, tissues and organs.
3.Draw a diagram each time in class
4. Provide the images from the slides of students and teacher and let the students have
a small group discussion.
TEXT-BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1.Junquera; J. Carneiro, Basic Histology, L. C. 11 th edition, New York, McGraw-Hill
Companies, 2005
2.L. P. Gartner & J. L. Hiatt, Color Atlas of Histology, 3
rd
edition, New York,
Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2002
EXAMANATION PATTERN & MARKS DISTRIBUTION
1.Exam pattern
(1)The theory exam: The students are required to write the answers.
(2)The laboratory exam: The students finish it in the laboratory. The student are
required to recognize the images or histological sections provided by teachers
2.Marks distribution
(1) The theory score makes up 70% of the total score.
Including: the 5% quiz score; 5% self-learning score; 20% mid-exam score; 70%
final-exam score
(2) The laboratory score takes up the 30% of the all score.
Including: 10% student participation and attitude, drawing; 20% recognizing the
histological sections or images.
(3)The total score includes theory exam score and laboratory score.
TEACHING HOURS DISTRIBUTION
Chapter
Theory
Practicals
count
Introduction
2.5
2.5
5
Epithelial tissue
2.5
2.5
5
Connective tissue
2.5
2.5
5
Cartilage and bone
2.5
2.5
5
Blood and heamatopoiesis
2.5
2.5
5
Muscle tissue
2.5
2.5
5
Nerve tissue
2.5
2.5
5
Nervous system
2.5
2.5
5
Circulatory system
2.5
2.5
5
Immune system
2.5
2.5
5
Skin
2.5
2.5
5
Endocrine system
2.5
2.5
5
Digestive system
5
5
10
Respiratory system
2.5
2.5
5
Eyes and ears
2.5
2.5
5
Urinary system
2.5
2.5
5
Male reproductive system
2.5
2.5
5
Female reproductive system
Count
2.5
45
2.5
5
45
90
SYLLABUS FOR EMBRYOLOGY
(For International Students)
KNOWLEDGE
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
1. Understand “what is embryology?”
2. Understand the study methods of embryology
3. Understand the stages of embryo
4.Master the calculation of the expected delivery date.
COURSE CONTENT
1.Embryology
2.The study techniques of embryology
3.The stages of embryo
4.How to calculate the expected delivery date.
PART I
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
FIRST WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the gametogenesis.
2. Master the capacitation, fertilization, zona pellucida reaction.
3. Master the cleavage, blastocyst formation.
4. Master the implantation.
COURSE CONTENT
1.Gametogenesis
2.Fertilization
3.Blastocyst formation; Implantation
SECOND WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
OBJECTIVES
1.Master the structure of the bilaminar germ disc.
2.Familiarize with the yolk sac and amniotic cavity.
3.Understand the extraembryonic mesoderm.
COURSE CONTENT
1.The formation of the bilaminar germ disc; The yolk sac and amniotic cavity
2.The extraembryonic mesoderm
THIRD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
OBJECTIVES
1.Master the formation and structure of the trilaminar germ disc.
2.Familiarize with the primitive streak, notochord.
COURSE CONTENT
1.Primitive streak, Gastrulation
2.The formation of the trilaminar germ disc
3.Notochord
THIRD TO EIGHTH WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
OBJECTIVES
1.Familiarize with the early differentiation of the embryonic layers
2.Familiarize with the embryonic folding.
3.Understand the external appearance of the embryo at the end of the 8 th week
COURSE CONTENT
1.The early differentiation of the embryonic layers
2.The folding of the embryo
FETAL MEMBRANCES AND PLACENTA
OBJECTIVES
1.Master the components of fetal membranes and their function.
2.Master the structure and derivative of the chorion.
3.Understand the evolution of yolk sac and allantois
4.Understand the structure and function of the umbilical cord
5.Master the structure and function of the placenta.
COURSE CONTENT
1.Fetal membranes: Chorion; Yolk sac; Allantois; Umbilical cord
2.Placenta: The structure and function of the placenta; The placental barrier
NINTH WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT TO BIRTH
OBJECTIVES
1.Understand the use of crown-rump length (CRL) and crown-heel length (CHL) to
measure the length of the fetus
2.Understand the growth features in length and weight during the fetal period.
COURSE CONTENT
1.Use crown-rump length (CRL) and crown-heel length (CHL) to measure the length
of the fetus
2.The growth features in length and weight during the fetal period.
TWINS, MULTIPLETS AND CONJOINED TWINS
OBJECTIVES
1.Familiarize with the differences between the monozygotic twins and dizygotic
twins.
2.Understand multiplets
3.Understand the conjoined twins.
COURSE CONTENT
1.Twins: monozygotic and dizygotic twins
2.Multiplets
3.Conjoined twins
CONGENITAL MALFORMATION
OBJECTIVES
1.Unedrstand the causes of congenital malformations
2.Understand the susceptible period of congenital malformations
3.Understand the prevention of birth defects
4.Understand the prenatal diagnosis.
COURSE CONTENT
1.The causes of congenital malformations
2.The susceptible period
3.The prevention of birth defects
PART II
SPECIAL EMBRYOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FACE, NECK AND LIMB
OBJECTIVES
1.Understand the bronchial apparatus
2.Master the differentiation of the bronchial arches
3.Master the formation of the face
4.Understand the formation of the palate
5.Understand the formation of the limbs
6.Familiarize with the common malformation of the face, palate and limbs
COURSE CONTENT
1.Development of the bronchial apparatus
2.Development of the face
3.Development of the palate
4.Development of the neck
5.Development of the limbs
6.The common malformations
Cleft lip, Oblique facial cleft, Cleft palate, Polydactyly, Syndactyly
DEVELOPMENT OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
1.Master the development of the mid-gut loops
2.Familiarize with the separation of the cloaca
3.Master the development of the liver and pancreas
4.Understand the laryngotracheal diverticulum
5.Understand of the common malformation of the digestive and respiratory system
COURSE CONTENT
1.Development of digestive system
Primary pharynx, Development of the esophagus and stomach, Development of the
intestine, Development of the liver and pancreas
2.Development of respiratory system
Development of the larynx, Development of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs
3.The common malformations of the digestive and respiratory system
Atresia, Congenital umbilical hernia, Umbilical fistula, Meckel’s diverticulum,
imperforate anus, Reversed rotation of the midgut, Tracheoesophageal fistula, Hyaline
membrane disease
DEVELOPMENT OF UROGENITAL SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
1.Master the urogenital ridge
2.Understand of development of kidneys
3.Understand the differentiation of genital glands and ducts
4.Understand the common malformation of urogenital system
COURSE CONTENT
1.Development of Urinary system
Development of the kidney and ureter, Development of the bladder and urethra
2.Development of genital system
Development of the gonads, Development of the genital ducts and external genitalia
3.The common malformations of urogenital system
Polycystic kidney, Ectopic kidney, Horseshoe kidney, Renal agenesis, urachal fistula,
Cryptorchidism, Congenital inguinal hernia, Bicornuate uterus, Vaginal atresia,
Hermaphroditism, Testicular feminization syndrome, Hypospadias
DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
1.Master the development the of the heart
2.Familiarize with the differentiation and evolution of the aortic arches
3.Understand the of common malformation of the cardiovascular system
COURSE CONTENT
1.Formation of the primitive cardiovascular system
2.Development the of the heart
Formation of the primitive heart tube, Formation of the cardiac loop, Formation of the
cardiac septa
3.Evolution of aortic arches
4.Circulatory changes before and after birth
Fetal circulation, Circulatory changes after birth
5.The Common malformations of cardiovascular system
Atrial septal defect; Ventricular septal defect;
Transposition of aorta and pulmonary
artery; Aorta or pulmonary stenosis; Persistent truncus arteriosus; Tetralogy of
Fallot( pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right
ventricular hypertrophy); patent ductus arteriosus
DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
1.Master the brain vesicle
2.Understand the development of the brain and spinal cord
3.Understand the development of peripheral nervous system
4.Understand the common malformation of nervous system
COURSE CONTENT
1.Formation and evolution of the neural tube and neural crest
Histological differentiation of nerve cells，glial cells
2.Development of the spinal cord
3.Development of the brain
Brain vesicles; Development of the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex
4.Development of peripheral nervous system
5.The common malformations of nervous system
Anencephaly; Spinal bifida; Hydrocephalus
PRACTICALS
PART I
PART II
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
SPECIAL EMBRYOLOGY
OBJECTIVES
1.Master the formation of the bilaminar germ disc and the trilaminar germ disc.
2.Master the components of fetal membranes
3.Master the structure of the placenta
4.Understand the formation of twins
5.Understand the developments of the face, digestive system, respiratory system,
urogenital system, cardiovascular system and nervous system
6.Understand the common malformations of various system
COURSE CONTENT
1.Watch video
2.Observe the human-embryo specimen in different stages
3.Recognize the embryonic models and pictures
4.Observe the some abnormal human-embryo specimens
TEACHING – LEARNING METHODOLOGY
1. Theory
(1) Lectures: to make up 98% of all theory.
(2) The self-learning with teacher guide: to make up 1-2 % of all theory (e.g. The
gametogenesis )
(3) Explain clinical diseases combining with related knowledge (clinical correlation)
2.Practicals
(1)Observe and recognize the human-embryo specimens, models and pictures.
(2)Students discuss the images provided by teaches in small group
(3)Take quiz 2 times
TEXT-BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1.T. W. Sadler,Langman’s Medical Embryology, 9 th edition, Lippincott, Williams &
Wilkins, 2005
rd
2. William J. Larsen, Human embryology, 3 edition, Churchill Livingstone , 2001
EXAMANATION PATTERN & MARKS DISTRIBUTION
1.Exam pattern
(1)The theory exam: The students are required to write answers.
(2)The laboratory quiz: The students are required to recognize embryonic models at
the laboratory
2.Marks distribution
(1) The theory score makes up the 80% of the total score.
(2) The laboratory score makes up the20% of the all score.
Including: 5% student participation and attitude; 5% recognizing the embryonic
models or images.
(3)The total score includes theory exam score and laboratory quiz score
TEACHING HOURS DISTRIBUTION
Chapter
Part I General embryology
Theory
Practicals
Count
11.5
Part II Special embryology
Development of the face, neck and limb
2
Development of digestive system
2
and respiratory system
0
Development of urogenital system
0
Development of cardiovascular system
2
Development of nervous system
0
Count
17.5
0.5
18