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Civ I- PowerPoint text from Lecture 3 Lecture 3- Early (Western) Civilizations I) Neolithic Revolutions (con’d) II) Ancient Mesopotamia III) Ancient Egypt IDs: River plains societies urban revolution Irrigation elemental gods Divine favor Ziggurat Human mortality Cunieform “tribute” Sumerian culture Hammurabi Hittites Ma’at Memphis Pyramids Middle Kingdom Pope John Paul II on evolution (1996) “Today, more than a half-century after the appearance of [Pius XII’s Humani Generis], some new findings lead us toward the recognition of evolution as more than an hypothesis.” Neolithic Peoples Began after the end of the Great Ice Age (around 10,000 BC) Food moved north Mild and damp climates Revolution #1: Agricultural Revolution 1st Major change: Agricultural Revolution - 7,000 or 8,000 years BC - domestication - gamble - payoff Revolution #2: Urban Revolution Earliest Cities Satal Huyuk (Catal Hüyük)- c. 7000 BC Around 6,000 residents Use of copper “Civilization” and the Urban Revolution: 4 basic components Political - irrigation→ organization Religious - ancestor worship→ elemental gods Economic/social - surplus - specialization Cultural - pictographs II) Mesopotamia Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia (“The Land between the Rivers”) Political: Need for cooperation on irrigation The Fertile Crescent Mesopotamian irrigation (ca. 4000 BC) Leadership and divine favor Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious: Elemental gods Elemental abstraction: Fertility goddesses Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious: Elemental - sun, wind, rain, etc. Divine nature Examples of Ziggurats Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious: Supernatural Ziggurat and resources Land ownership Polytheistic Worship Human mortality Gilgamesh Epic poem of Mesopotamia (Excerpts available on MyFranciscan website) Quest for immortality Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious Economic/social: Mostly agricultural Specialization and surplus Technology- plows, wheels, etc. Trade routes Inventories and writing - cunieform- “wedge-writing” Urban Revolution- Mesopotamia Political Religious Economic/social Cultural: Writing - symbolism Pictograms- Cuneiform Babylonian numbers City of Uruk Sumerian Empires Consolidation and religion: Sumerian gods Consolidation and laws: Hammurabi’s Code Spread of the Hittites- c. 1600 BC
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