* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download lexicology 2
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Preposition and postposition wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Comparison (grammar) wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Arabic nouns and adjectives wikipedia , lookup
Determiner phrase wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sotho parts of speech wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian declension wikipedia , lookup
Vietnamese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian nouns wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Word classes in English grammar All words belong to categories called word classes (or parts of speech) according to the part they play in a sentence. The main word classes in English are listed below. The verb A verb. In some ways, is the most important part of speech because it is the ‘action’ word that tells the listener or reader what is happening in the sentence. A verb describes what a person or thing does or what happens. For example, verbs describe: An action – run, hit, travel An event – rain, occur a situation – be, seem, have a change – become, grow, develop mental processes and perceptions, like see, know, think and so on The basic form of a verb is known as the infinitive. It’s often preceded by the word ‘to’: Molly decided to follow him. He began to run back. . The noun Noun A noun is a word that identifies: a person (man, girl, engineer, friend) a thing (horse, wall, flower, country) an idea, quality, or state (anger, courage, life, luckiness) There are several different types of noun, as follows: Common noun A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general, e.g. boy, country, bridge, city, birth, day, happiness. Proper noun A proper noun is a name that identifies a particular person, place, or thing, e.g. Steven, Africa, Tower Bridge, London, Monday. In written English, proper nouns begin with capital letters. Concrete noun A concrete noun is a noun which refers to people and to things that exist physically and can be seen, touched, smelled, heard, or tasted. Examples include dog, building, tree, rain, beach, tune, Tower Bridge. Abstract noun An abstract noun is a noun which refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions - things that cannot be seen or touched and things which have no physical reality, e.g. truth, danger, happiness, time, friendship, humour. Collective nouns Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things, e.g. audience, family, government, team, jury. Collective nouns can usually be treated as singular or plural, with either a singular or plural verb. Both the following sentences are grammatically correct: The whole family was at the table. The whole family were at the table. Countable and uncountable nouns Nouns can be either countable or uncountable. Countable nouns (or count nouns) are those that refer to something that can be counted. Uncountable nouns (or mass nouns) do not typically refer to things that can be counted and so they do not regularly have a plural form. The adjective An adjective gives the reader or speaker extra information about a noun or delimits (specify) it in some way. It can occur in two positions in a phrase: before the noun(attributive) as in clear water, beautiful beaches, a terrible decision. The adjectives in these examples are said to be attributive, Predicative adjective: When adjectives are used after a verb such as be, become, grow, look, or seem, they’re called Predicative adjective as in The cat was black. The future looks gloomy. The journey seemed slow. They were growing tired. The adverb Adverbs are those words which are made from adjectives by the addition of the ending – ly (quickly, hopelessly). Function of adverbs Their main function is to qualify the action of the verb in the clause in some way. They can also be used to add more information to an adjective or other adverb. e.g. awfully bad, incredibly slowly. The class of Some adverbs are not added with "ly". e.g. hard , fast, late ( they function as adjectives and adverbs)The wind was so fast yesterday. (adjective) The wind blows fast.(adverb) Hard times is one of Charles Dicken's novels(adjective) She works hard.(adverb) The preposition Prepositions allow two parts of a sentence to be related to each other. They include words like in, on, under, beside, through, inside, before. Generally, these relationships are to do with either time or space. Other types of relationship, such as cause and effect (because of) can be expressed by using prepositions. The prepositions themselves are generally short and simple but some prepositions are multi-word units; for example, out of, by means of, in spite of, instead of, up to etc. Unless they are part of a verb (get in, pick up, switch off), prepositions are always are followed by a phrase containing a noun – at school, in the summer, over the moon and so on. The pronoun Pronouns are usually treated as a special sub-class of nouns. This is because they stand for a noun or group of nouns. They are limited in number and belong to what is called a closed set, that is, a group of words to which new members are, not allowed. E.g., Subject pronouns (nominative) I, you, he, she, they, it and we. Object pronouns(accusative): me his, her, them ,us.it. Possessive pronoun: his ,her, their/mine, yours, ours…………………….. Reflexive pronouns: myself, themselves…………… Relative pronouns: who, when………………………. Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those Distributive pronouns: They are always followed with of e.g., all of, both of, either of, neither of. Other words which replace nouns: something, anyone ,the ones someone, Determiners: An adjective -like word which precedes both adjectives and nouns. E.g. a, an, the, My, first ,every , few , either, seven boys. Conjunctions serve to connect two or more clauses, phrases or words together to make longer constructions. In the following examples, the conjunction is in bold: The coffee was strong, but sweet. We can go to the match or watch it on TV. She has a dog and two cats. When I arrived home, they had already eaten. I had to stop driving because the rain was so bad. Can I have a word with you, if you’ve got the time? Although he can’t swim, he goes sailing. There are two types of conjunction. The first is the coordinating conjunction; (fanboys For-AndNor-But-Or-Yet-So: ) they join 2main clause. or elements that share the same grammatical status, verb to verb, noun to noun, adjective to adjective and so on. The coffee is strong but sweat The adjectives, strong and sweet, are conjoined by "but" The second type is the subordinating conjunction, Subordinating Conjunction A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate clause to a main clause. The following is a list of the most common subordinating conjunctions. after how till ( or 'til) although if unless as inasmuch until as if in order that when as long as lest whenever as much as now that where as soon as provided (that) wherever as though since because so that before than even if that while even though though An adverb clause is always introduced by a subordinating conjunction. .