Download History 101 Final Exam Study Guide

History 101 Final Exam Study Guide
New World Beginnings to Furnace of War
Chapters 1-21
Chapter 1: New World Beginnings
An asterisk denotes questions from guidebook.
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How did the Great Ice Age account for the origins of human history in North America?
Give four common characteristics of the Inca, Mayan, and Aztec civilizations?
What was one main factor that enabled Europeans to conquer native North
Americans with relative ease?
What four things set into motion the chain of events that led to a drive of Europeans
toward Asia, the penetration of Africa, and the discovery of the New World?
Give four things that contributed to the emergence of a new interdependent global
economic system.
What does the term “Columbian Exchange” describe?
European contact with Native Americans had what devastating consequence?
The Indian peoples of the Americas were divided how?*
Much of the impetus for Spanish exploration and pursuit of glory came from what
events in Spain’s recent history? *
What was a crucial political development that paved the way for European
colonization of the Americas? *
The flood of gold and silver from Spanish America into Europe after 1500 played a
large role in the rise of what two economic activities? *
Chapter 2: The Planting of English America
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What was one result of England’s defeat of the Spanish Armada?
What four motives propelled English colonization?
The Virginia Charter guaranteed that English settlers in the New World would retain
what?
Give three characteristics of the early years at Jamestown.
The native peoples of Virginia (Powhatans) succumbed to the Europeans for what
four reasons?
Give four consequences of the cultivation of tobacco in Jamestown.
Why were additional purchases of Africans so few after the first purchase of slaves in
1619 by Jamestown settlers?
In their early history, Maryland and Jamestown were dependent on what labor
source?
Why were some Africans especially valuable as slaves in the Carolinas?
How were North Carolina and Rhode Island similar?
Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia had what four common characteristics
by 1750?
What were the social conditions in England when it began its colonization efforts? *
What saved England’s first colony at Jamestown? *
The early conflicts between English settlers and the Indians near Jamestown laid
what basis? *
Most of the early white settlers in North Carolina came from what groups? *
Chapter 3: Settling the Northern Colonies
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King James I opposed the Separatists who wanted to break away from the Church of
England because he realized what implication?
How did Puritans differ from Separatists?
What four advantages did the Massachusetts Bay colony initially enjoy?
Among the Puritans, it was understood that government had what purpose?
What freedom did Roger Williams truly establish in Rhode Island?
What was the English government’s interest in the early years of New World
colonization?
The middle colonies had what two distinct traits?
What was the principle motive of the earliest settlements in New England? *
Why was the Massachusetts Bay Colony not a true democracy? *
What did King Philip’s War represent in the colonial history of New England? *
How did William Penn attract settlers to his Pennsylvania colony? *
Chapter 4: American Life in the 17th Century
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What noticeable trait did the population of the Chesapeake colonies exhibit
throughout the first half of the 17th century?
Give four reasons why indentured servitude solved the labor problem in many
English colonies.
What group carried out Bacon’s Rebellion and why?
The majority of African slaves coming to the New World went to what two
destinations?
Give four reasons for the increased reliance on African slave labor in colonial
America after 1680.
The 1662 slaves codes in Virginia are significant in what way?
Give three elements of the early “slave codes” in colonial America.
What powerfully molded the colonial American slave system, even though it seemed
to have begun for economic reasons?
Give four characteristics or beliefs of Slave Christianity that differed from the
Christianity of the whites.
In what four ways did New England immigrants live differently than those in the
Chesapeake?
The Puritan system of congregational church government logically led to what?
The Salem witchcraft trials were an indication of what social/economic
phenomenon?
The New England economy depended heavily on what three enterprises?
Compared with most 17th century Europeans, American colonists lived how?
How did African slavery become the prevalent form of labor in the 1680s? *
What group dominated political and economic power in the southern colonies? *
The Congregational Church of the Puritans contributed to what political activity? *
Those people accused of being witches in Salem generally came from what
families? *
Colonial Society on the Eve of the Revolution, 1700-1775
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What was the one common feature to all of the eventually rebellious American
colonies?
What was the most ethnically diverse region in colonial America? the least ethnically
diverse region?
In contrast to the 17th century, by 1775, colonial Americans lived under what social
hierarchy that reduced the chance for what opportunity?
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What feature of the colonial American economy strained the relationship between the
colonies and Britain?
Why did American colonies seek trade with countries other than Great Britain?
Why did English officials attempt to establish the Church of England in as many
colonies as possible?
Give four elements of the Great Awakening.
What one political principle did colonial Americans cherish above most others?
How were colonial legislatures often able to bend the power of the governors to their
will?
Give four common traits of Britain’s North American colonies in the mid-18th century.
What was one way in which Indians and Africans were similar to whites in 18 th
century America? *
The passage of increasing British restrictions on trade encouraged what activity by
colonial merchants? *
Among the many important results of the Great Awakening was that is broke down
and created what? *
The Duel for North America, 1608-1763
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Give four ways Indians suffered from their association with the French in New
France.
Benjamin Franklin published in his Pennsylvania Gazette his most famous cartoon,
a disjointed snake that had what symbolism?
What was the result in North America of Great Britain’s victory in the Seven Years’
War?
For the American colonies, the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) ended
what myth?
During the Seven Years’ War, what disturbed British officials about the colonists’
behavior?
What new spirit arose after the British and American victory in the Seven Years’ War
or French and Indian War?
What were the factors that tended to promote British colonists’ intercolonial unity
during the French and Indian War? *
Why did the Proclamation of 1763 anger the American colonists? *
Why did the French and Indian war create conflict between the British and American
military? *
What was the most significant effect on the colonists of the French defeat in North
America? *
The Road to Revolution, 1753-1775
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What change in colonial policy by the British government helped to precipitate the
American Revolution?
What were four traits of the American colonies after the Seven Years’ War?
Mercantilists believed what about a nation’s wealth and power?
The Navigation Laws required what three things of the American colonies?
Why did American colonists dislike the mercantile system despite its benefits?
The passage of the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act convinced many colonists of what?
Colonists disliked the new British policy of trying accused tax-policy offenders in
admiralty courts for what two reasons?
When colonists shouted “No taxation without representation,” they rejected what
power claimed by the British Parliament?
American colonists responded to the passage of the Stamp Act in what four ways?
What was the role of the local committees of correspondence organized by Samuel
Adams?
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With the passage of the Tea Act, the colonists suspected what trick?
In response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament took what three actions?
The Quebec Act was especially unpopular in the American colonies for what four
reasons?
At the start of the American Revolution, Britain had what two advantages?
The colonists faced what four weaknesses in the War for Independence?
What role did African Americans play in the Revolutionary War?
America Secedes from the Empire, 1775-1783
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Trace the regions and years where the American Revolution was fought.
What colonial reason for fighting the British was contradicted with the colonial
invasion of Canada?
Give four reasons why the colonists delayed declaring their independence until July
4, 1776.
What two arguments did Thomas Paine in his pamphlet, Common Sense?
What was one purpose of the Declaration of the Independence?
Give four crucial roles the Patriot militia played in the American Revolution.
Give four reasons why many Americans remained loyalists during the Revolution.
Why was the Battle of Saratoga a key victory for the American colonists?
Give three reasons why the British decided to negotiate an end to the Revolutionary
War.
In the first year of fighting between April 1775 and July 1776, the colonists insisted
they had what goal? *
Why did Thomas Paine’s appeal for a new republican form of government so
attractive to American colonists? *
In the peace negotiations at Paris, the French wanted the new American republic
confined to what area? *
Why did the British yield the Americans a generous peace treaty that included the
western territories? *
Chapter 9: Confederation and the Constitution
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Give four statements about the status of blacks during the American Revolution?
Why did the Founding Fathers fail to eliminate slavery?
How was the path of democracy highly significant in the course of future events in the
period after the Revolutionary War?
What was the economic status of the average American at the end of the
Revolutionary War?
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress had what three traits?
What was the major strength of the Articles of Confederation?
After the American Revolution, what was the role of Britain and Spain in American
domestic affairs?
On what issue did the debate between the supporters and critics of the Articles of
Confederation center?
What were the four motives of the delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention in
Philadelphia?
What was probably the most alarming characteristic of the new Constitution to those
who opposed it?
The Federalist made what argument about the establishment of a republican
government during the height of the ratification debate?
What was one way that American independence actually harmed the nation’s
economy? *
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The Northwest Ordinance of 1785 contained what provision for territories? *
How did the Shays’s Rebellion contribute greatly to the movement for a new
constitution? *
Launching the New Ship of State, 1789-1800
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The Bill of Rights was intended to protect what against the potential tyranny of what?
Hamilton believed that a limited national debt would serve what purpose?
Why had the Founding Fathers not envision the existence of permanent political
parties?
During its first quarter-century as a nation, what was one major foreign problem
facing the U.S.?
Britain promised to take what action in Jay’s Treaty?
What was a political consequence of Jay’s Treaty with Britain?
Washington’s Farewell Address in 1796 contained what warning?
Why did foreign relations between the U.S. and France deteriorate in the late 1790s?
Hamiltonian Federalists had what view of the national government?
Jeffersonian Republicans favored what kind of political system?
How did the Ninth and Tenth Amendments partly reverse the federalist momentum of
the Constitution? *
President Washington’s foreign policy rested on what firm conviction? *
Why did the U.S. become involved in an undeclared war with France in 1797? *
The Federalists had what basic view of government and political power? *
The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic, 1800-1812
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In what way was Jefferson’s “Revolution of 1800” remarkable?
Jefferson’s presidency was characterized by what trait?
His military service at Valley Forge during the American Revolution convinced Chief
Justice John Marshall of what?
John Marshall, as chief justice of the U. S., helped to strengthen the judicial branch of
government by asserting what doctrine?
List four reasons what Napoleon chose to sell Louisiana to the United States in 1803.
Why did the British impress American sailors into the British navy?
What was the domestic consequence of Jefferson’s foreign policy of economic
coercion?
What were four arguments put forward by the war hawks as a justification for a
declaration of war against Britain?
Why did James Madison turn to war in 1812?
What were two actions of the New England states during the War of 1812?
What turned out to be the most revolutionary development in the election of 1800? *
The Republicans’ failure to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase
established what principle? *
What did Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa urge Indians to do? *
Chapter 12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of
Nationalism, 1812-1834
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Give four reasons why the War of 1812 was one of the worst fought wars in American
history?
What were two consequences of the Battle of New Orleans?
What was the consequence of the Hartford Convention’s resolutions?
Post-War of 1812, nationalism could be seen in what four ways?
Henry Clay embraced the American System, which would create what four things?
Why did New England oppose the American System’s federally constructed roads?
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What seven things stimulated the rapid growth and development of the West after
1815?
People moved into the Old Northwest for what four reasons?
Give four results of the Missouri Compromise.
Why did Spain sell Florida to the United States?
What was one of the key components of the sectional Missouri Compromise
negotiated by Henry Clay? *
What did the Monroe Doctrine assert as proclaimed by Monroe in 1823? *
Chapter 13: The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy
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In the 1820s and 1830s, what two issues greatly raised the political stakes?
The new two-party political system that emerged in the 1830s and 1840s had what
legacy?
What did Jackson’s inauguration as president symbolize?
Frenchmen Alexis del Tocqueville was most struck by what trait of American and
Americans when he wrote about his travels across the U.S.?
Why did southerners fear the Tariff of 1828?
Why did Jackson’s administration support the removal of Native Americans from the
eastern states?
For what four reasons did Jackson and his supporters dislike the Bank of the United
States?
What was one positive aspect of the Bank of the United States?
What cement held the Whig party together in its early history?
What four things troubled Martin Van Buren’s presidency?
What were three reasons for the panic of 1837?
What four things troubled Martin Van Buren’s presidency?
The Mexican government and the Americans in Texas clashed over what four
issues?
Why did Jackson and Van Buren hesitate to extend recognition to and to annex the
new Texas Republic?
What was the basis for Jackson’s strong appeal to the common people of the U.S.? *
What was one political development that demonstrated the power of the new popular
democratic movement in politics? *
What did Jackson’s veto of the Bank of the U.S. recharter bill represent? *
Chapter 14: Forging the National Economy
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What four things gave rise to a more dynamic, market-oriented, national economy in
the early 19th century America?
Give four factors encouraging the growth of immigration rates in the first half of the
19th century.
When the Irish flocked to the U.S. in the 1840s, why did they remain in the larger
seaboard cities?
What four things describe the relationship between Irish immigrants and U.S.
citizens?
Why did native-born Americans fear the Catholic immigrants to the U.S.?
Immigrants who came to the U.S. before 1860 helped to fuel what?
What was the result of the development of the cotton gin?
Why did the lot of adult wage earners improve in the early 19th century?
What characterized the American workforce in the early 19th century?
How did the early 19th century industrialization affect the trans-Allegheny West?
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In the new continental economy, what was the specialized economic activity of each
region?
What were the transportation links between the three regions?
What was a major economic consequence of the transportation and marketing
revolutions?
Chapter 15: Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790-1860
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Give four characteristics of the third revolution that accompanied the reformation of
American politics and the transformation of the American economy in the mid-19th
century.
Give four traits of the Second Great Awakening.
The greatest of the revivalist preachers, Charles Grandison Finney, advocated what
four things?
How did the Second Great Awakening partly reshape American religion?
One characteristic of the Mormons that angered many non-Mormons was what?
Tax-supported public education came to be seen as what?
What belief was the basis for the strong prejudice inhibiting women from obtaining
higher education in the early 19th century?
The excessive consumption of alcohol by Americans in the 1800s was due to what?
Social reformers in the early 19th century had what three goals?
What was one belief that most of the utopian communities in pre-1860 American held
as one of their founding ideals?
Transcendentalists were dedicated to what three traits?
Evangelical preachers like Charles Grandison Finney linked personal religious
conversion to what? *
What was one primary cause of women’s subordination in 19th century America? *
The South and the Slavery Controversy, 1793-1860
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Give four weaknesses of the slave plantation system.
What was the occupation of most white southerners?
Why did the majority of southern whites own no slaves?
Give two reasons why those white southerners who owned no slaves still supported
the institution of slavery.
How can northern attitudes toward free blacks be best described?
Give four true statements about free blacks.
What was slavery’s greatest psychological horror that was the theme of Harriet
Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin?
By 1860, slaves were concentrated in the “black belt” located where in the South?
What are four true statements about slavery in the South?
How were most slaves raised?
Slaves fought the system of slavery in what four ways?
White southerners’ brutal treatment of their slaves and fear of a potential slave
rebellion gave rise to what pervasive belief by the South?
What two things contributed to a new, more energetic abolitionist movement after
1830?
Give four claims of the South’s “positive good” argument for slavery.
Why by 1840 had cotton become central to the whole American economy? *
What was the condition of the 500,000 or so free blacks? *
How did the African American family exist under slavery? *
Frederick Douglass and some other black and white abolitionists sought to end
slavery how? *
By the 1850s, how could most northerners be described in their view of slavery? *
Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy, 1841-1848
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How can the relations between Britain and the U.S. in the 19th century be
characterized?
Britain was interested in the developments of the Republic of Texas for what two
reasons?
What was one argument against annexation of Texas by the United Sates?
What attracted most Americans who migrated to the Oregon country?
In the presidential election of 1844, how did Henry Clay stand on the annexation of
Texas?
The election of 1844 was notable because of what dominant issue?
Give four reasons why the U.S. went to war with Mexico in 1846.
What was one goal of Mexico in its 1846-1848 war with the U.S.?
The Wilmot Proviso symbolized what issue?
Give four results of the Mexican War of 1846-1848.
Texas was finally admitted to the Union in 1844 as the result of what action? *
Manifest Destiny represented what widespread American belief in the early 19 th
century? *
What was the primary reason why Henry Clay lost the election of 1844 to James K.
Polk? *
Why was James K. Polk determined to acquire California and its ports from
Mexico? *
Renewing the Sectional Struggle, 1848-1854
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What did party leaders do in order to maintain the two great political parties as vital
bond of national unity?
The debate over slavery in the Mexican Cession threatened to have what result in
national politics?
Give four consequences of the United States’ victory in the Mexican War.
Why did the public like the idea of popular sovereignty?
Free Soilers condemned slavery because they believed that it destroyed what
chance?
What event threatened to destroy the longstanding balance of free and slave states
in the U.S. Senate?
Give four issues that concerned southerners in 1849-1850.
What was the Underground Railroad?
Give four provisions of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.
Most American leaders believed that what had to be done to ensure that the new
Pacific Coast territories would remain in the Union?
Give four consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
In the election of 1848, what was the response of the Whig and Democratic parties to
the rising controversy over slavery? *
Why was the rapid formation of an effective state government in California especially
urgent? *
What were the terms of the Compromise of 1850 in regard to California and the
Mexican Cession? *
What was a significant effect of the Fugitive Slave Law on the North? *
Drifting Toward Disunion, 1854-1861
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What was the result of reading Uncle Tom’s Cabin for many northerners?
When the people of Britain and France read Uncle Tom’s Cabin, what did their
respective governments realize?
In 1855, proslavery southerners regarded Kansas as what?
The situation in Kansas in the mid-1850s indicated the impracticality of what principle
being applied in the territories?
What did the clash between Charles Sumner and Preston S. Brooks reveal?
As late as 1856, many northerners were still willing to vote Democratic instead of
Republican for what reason?
The Supreme Court made what four rulings in the Dred Scott case?
For the majority of northerners, what was the most outrageous part of the Supreme
Court’s ruling in the Dred Scott case?
After John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry, the South came to what conclusion?
What was the South’s reaction to the panic of 1857?
Give four reasons why secessionists supported leaving the Union after Lincoln’s
election as president.
What did Hinton R. Helper contend in his The Impending Crisis of the South? *
Why did abolitionists’ funding of antislavery settlers in Kansas especially enrage
southerners? *
What did the Supreme Court rule about the power of Congress in the Dred Scott
case? *
What was Stephen A. Douglas’s response to the Freeport Question asked by Lincoln
during the Lincoln-Douglas debates? *
Why did the North’s reaction to John Brown’s execution particularly enrage the
South? *
Girding for War-The North and the South, 1861-1865
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In 1861, many Northerners were willing to allow Southern states secede until what
Confederate action?
Lincoln’s declaration that the North sought to preserve the Union with or without
slavery indicated what influence on the North’s policy?
To achieve its independence, the Confederacy only had to accomplish what
militarily?
Give three great advantages the North had at the start of the Civil War.
What was a supposed asset for the South at the start of the Civil War that never
materialized to its real advantage?
Why did most working people in Britain side with the North during the Civil War?
Give four reasons why King Cotton failed the South as a tool of wartime diplomacy.
The Southern cause was greatly weakened by what view of government power and
social hierarchy?
Why were the problems experienced by Lincoln as president less prostrating than
that Jefferson Davis faced?
What was the effect of the Civil War on the North’s economy?
The firing on Ft. Sumter had what effect in the North? *
Why did the South’s weapon of King Cotton fail to draw Britain into the war on the
side of the Confederacy? *
How did northern women make particular advances during the Civil War? *
The Furnace of Civil War, 1861-1865
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Why was the Union’s defeat at Bull Run in 1861 better than a victory?
Give four parts of the Union strategy after the failed Peninsula Campaign.
What was one of Lee’s key objectives in invading Maryland?
Why was the Battle of Antietam particularly critical?
The Union’s victory at the Battle of Antietam allowed President Lincoln to take what
action?
The Emancipation Proclamation had what two effects on the Union?
When it was issued in January 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation only declared
free those slaves in what areas?
Give four results of the Emancipation Proclamation.
Thousands of blacks only enlisted into the Union army after what event?
Aside from ending slavery, blacks enlisted into Union army for what purpose?
Why did Robert E. Lee decide to invade the North through Pennsylvania in 1863?
Give four important consequences of the Union victory at Vicksburg in July 1863.
What two elements were probably critical in ensuring Lincoln’s victory in the 1864
presidential election?
What was General Ulysses S. Grant’s basic strategy in the Civil War?
What were three casualties of the Civil War?