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• Microprocessor https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Central processing unit - Microprocessors Combined with the advent and eventual success of the ubiquitous personal computer, the term CPU is now applied almost exclusively[a] to microprocessors 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Central processing unit - Microprocessors This has allowed synchronous microprocessors to have clock rates ranging from tens of megahertz to several gigahertz 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Central processing unit - Microprocessors 1 While the complexity, size, construction, and general form of CPUs have changed enormously since 1950, it is notable that the basic design and function has not changed much at all https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Loongson - Godson microprocessor specifications 1 Name / Generation Model Frequency https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Loongson - Godson microprocessor specifications 1 Godson-3 (multiCore) L3A/L2GQ 1000 MIPS64 2009+ 4 65 425+ 174.5 <15 1.1 64×4 64×4 4096 568/788 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor Report 1 Microprocessor Report, is a publication for engineers and other industry professionals on microprocessors. The publication is accessible only to paying subscribers. To avoid bias, it does not take advertisements. The publication provides extensive analysis of new high-performance microprocessor chips. In addition, it covers microprocessor design issues, microprocessor-based systems, new memory and system logic chips, embedded processors, DSP technology, and intellectual property (IP) cores. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor Report 1 The publication gives annual awards to the best microprocessor products https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor Report 1 On May 6, 2010, Microprocessor Report was acquired by The Linley Group https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor Report 1 In addition to Slater, frequent contributors have included Linley Gwennap, Keith Diefendorff, Peter Glaskowsky, Kevin Krewell, Tom Halfhill, and Max Baron. The current staff, led by editor-in-chief Gwennap, includes Krewell and Halfhill. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor Report Slater wrote an account of the early years for the work's tenth anniversary. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor 1 Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor The advent of low-cost computers on integrated circuits has transformed modern society. General-purpose microprocessors in personal computers are used for computation, text editing, multimedia display, and communication over the Internet. Many more microprocessors are part of embedded systems, providing digital control over myriad objects from appliances to automobiles to cellular phones and industrial process control. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor Intel introduced its first 4-bit microprocessor 4004 in 1971 and its 8bit microprocessor 8008 in 1972 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor 1 In the NASA Apollo space missions to the moon in the 1960s and 1970s, all onboard computations for primary guidance, navigation and control were provided by a small custom processor called "The Apollo Guidance Computer". It used wire wrap circuit boards whose only logic elements were three-input NOR gates. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor 1 The integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip or on a few chips greatly reduced the cost of processing power. The integrated circuit processor was produced in large numbers by highly automated processes, so unit cost was low. Single-chip processors increase reliability as there are many fewer electrical connections to fail. As microprocessor designs get faster, the cost of manufacturing a chip (with smaller components built on a semiconductor chip the same size) generally stays the same. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor 1 Microprocessors integrated into one or a few large-scale ICs the architectures that had previously been implemented using many medium- and small-scale integrated circuits. Continued increases in microprocessor capacity have rendered other forms of computers almost completely obsolete (see history of computing hardware), with one or more microprocessors used in everything from the smallest embedded systems and handheld devices to the largest mainframes and supercomputers. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor The first microprocessors emerged in the early 1970s and were used for electronic calculators, using binary-coded decimal (BCD) arithmetic on 4-bit words. Other embedded uses of 4-bit and 8-bit microprocessors, such as terminals, printers, various kinds of automation etc., followed soon after. Affordable 8-bit microprocessors with 16-bit addressing also led to the first general-purpose microcomputers from the mid-1970s on. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor 1 Since the early 1970s, the increase in capacity of microprocessors has followed Moore's law; this originally suggested that the number of components that can be fitted onto a chip doubles every year. With present technology, it is actually every two years, and as such Moore later changed the period to two years. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Embedded applications 1 Non-programmable controls would require complex, bulky, or costly implementation to achieve the results possible with a microprocessor. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Embedded applications A microprocessor control program (embedded software) can be easily tailored to different needs of a product line, allowing upgrades in performance with minimal redesign of the product. Different features can be implemented in different models of a product line at negligible production cost. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Embedded applications 1 Microprocessor control of a system can provide control strategies that would be impractical to implement using electromechanical controls or purposebuilt electronic controls. For example, an engine control system in an automobile can adjust ignition timing based on engine speed, load on the engine, ambient temperature, and any observed tendency for knocking—allowing an automobile to operate on a range of fuel grades. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Structure The internal arrangement of a microprocessor varies depending on the age of the design and the intended purposes of the processor 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Structure 1 A minimal hypothetical microprocessor might only include an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and a control logic section https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Structure 1 Integration of the floating point unit first as a separate integrated circuit and then as part of the same microprocessor chip, sped up floating point calculations. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Structure Occasionally, physical limitations of integrated circuits made such practices as a bit slice approach necessary. Instead of processing all of a long word on one integrated circuit, multiple circuits in parallel processed subsets of each data word. While this required extra logic to handle, for example, carry and overflow within each slice, the result was a system that could handle, say, 32-bit words using integrated circuits with a capacity for only 4 bits each. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Structure 1 With the ability to put large numbers of transistors on one chip, it becomes feasible to integrate memory on the same die as the processor. This CPU cache has the advantage of faster access than offchip memory, and increases the processing speed of the system for many applications. Generally, processor speed has increased more rapidly than external memory speed, so cache memory is necessary if the processor is not delayed by slower external memory. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Firsts 1 Three projects delivered a microprocessor at about the same time: Garrett AiResearch's Central Air Data Computer () (1968), Texas Instruments (TI) TMS 1000 (1971 September), and Intel's 4004 (1971 November). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - CADC (2007), "The scientific papers and literature published around 1971 reveal that the MP944 digital processor used for the F-14 Tomcat aircraft of the US Navy qualifies as the first microprocessor 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Gilbert Hyatt Gilbert Hyatt was awarded a patent claiming an invention pre-dating both TI and Intel, describing a "microcontroller". The patent was later invalidated, but not before substantial royalties were paid out. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - TMS 1000 The Smithsonian Institution says TI engineers Gary Boone and Michael Cochran succeeded in creating the first microcontroller (also called a microcomputer) and the first lonechipped CPU in 1971. The result of their work was the TMS 1000, which went commercial in 1974. TI stressed the 4-bit TMS 1000 for use in pre-programmed embedded applications, introducing a version called the TMS1802NC on September 17, 1971 that implemented a calculator on a chip. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - TMS 1000 1 TI filed for a patent on the microprocessor. Gary Boone was awarded U.S. Patent 3,757,306 for the single-chip microprocessor architecture on September 4, 1973. In 1971 and again in 1976, Intel and TI entered into broad patent cross-licensing agreements, with Intel paying royalties to TI for the microprocessor patent. A history of these events is contained in court documentation from a legal dispute between Cyrix and Intel, with TI as intervenor and owner of the microprocessor patent. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - TMS 1000 A computer-on-a-chip combines the microprocessor core (CPU), memory, and I/O (input/output) lines onto one chip. The computer-on-a-chip patent, called the "microcomputer patent" at the time, U.S. Patent 4,074,351, was awarded to Gary Boone and Michael J. Cochran of TI. Aside from this patent, the standard meaning of microcomputer is a computer using one or more microprocessors as its CPU(s), while the concept defined in the patent is more akin to a microcontroller. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Intel 4004 1 The Intel 4004 is generally regarded as the first commercially available microprocessor, and cost $60 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Intel 4004 1 Faggin, who originally developed the silicon gate technology (SGT) in 1968 at Fairchild Semiconductor and designed the world’s first commercial integrated circuit using SGT, the Fairchild 3708, had the correct background to lead the project into what would become the first commercial general purpose microprocessor, since it was his very own invention, SGT in addition to his new methodology for random logic design, that made it possible to implement a single-chip CPU with the proper speed, power dissipation and cost https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Pico/General Instrument In 1971 Pico Electronics and General Instrument (GI) introduced their first collaboration in ICs, a complete single chip calculator IC for the Monroe/Litton Royal Digital III calculator. This chip could also arguably lay claim to be one of the first microprocessors or microcontrollers having ROM, RAM and a RISC instruction set onchip. The layout for the four layers of the PMOS process was hand drawn at x500 scale on mylar film, a significant task at the time given the complexity of the chip. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Pico/General Instrument 1 Pico was a spinout by five GI design engineers whose vision was to create single chip calculator ICs. They had significant previous design experience on multiple calculator chipsets with both GI and Marconi-Elliott. The key team members had originally been tasked by Elliott Automation to create an 8 bit computer in MOS and had helped establish a MOS Research Laboratory in Glenrothes, Scotland in 1967. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Pico/General Instrument Calculators were becoming the largest single market for semiconductors and Pico and GI went on to have significant success in this burgeoning market. GI continued to innovate in microprocessors and microcontrollers with products including the CP1600, IOB1680 and PIC1650. In 1987 the GI Microelectronics business was spun out into the Microchip PIC microcontroller business. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Four-Phase Systems AL1 1 The Four-Phase Systems AL1 was an 8-bit bit slice chip containing eight registers and an ALU. It was designed by Lee Boysel in 1969. At the time, it formed part of a nine-chip, 24bit CPU with three AL1s, but it was later called a microprocessor when, in response to 1990s litigation by Texas Instruments, a demonstration system was constructed where a single AL1 formed part of a courtroom demonstration computer system, together with RAM, ROM, and an inputoutput device. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 8-bit designs 1 Intel marketed it as the 8008 in April, 1972, as the world's first 8-bit microprocessor https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 8-bit designs The 8008 was the precursor to the very successful Intel 8080 (1974), which offered much improved performance over the 8008 and required fewer support chips, Zilog Z80 (1976), and derivative Intel 8-bit processors. The competing Motorola 6800 was released August 1974 and the similar MOS Technology 6502 in 1975 (both designed largely by the same people). The 6502 family rivaled the Z80 in popularity during the 1980s. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 8-bit designs A low overall cost, small packaging, simple computer bus requirements, and sometimes the integration of extra circuitry (e.g. the Z80's built-in memory refresh circuitry) allowed the home computer "revolution" to accelerate sharply in the early 1980s. This delivered such inexpensive machines as the Sinclair ZX-81, which sold for US$99. A variation of the 6502, the MOS Technology 6510 was used in the Commodore 64 and yet another variant, the 8502, powered the Commodore 128. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 8-bit designs The Western Design Center, Inc (WDC) introduced the CMOS 65C02 in 1982 and licensed the design to several firms. It was used as the CPU in the Apple IIe and IIc personal computers as well as in medical implantable grade pacemakers and defibrillators, automotive, industrial and consumer devices. WDC pioneered the licensing of microprocessor designs, later followed by ARM and other microprocessor Intellectual Property (IP) providers in the 1990s. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 8-bit designs 1 Motorola introduced the MC6809 in 1978, an ambitious and thought-through 8-bit design source compatible with the 6800 and implemented using purely hard-wired logic. (Subsequent 16-bit microprocessors typically used microcode to some extent, as CISC design requirements were getting too complex for purely hard-wired logic only.) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 8-bit designs 1 Another early 8-bit microprocessor was the Signetics 2650, which enjoyed a brief surge of interest due to its innovative and powerful instruction set architecture. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 8-bit designs 1 Thus, the SOS version of the 1802 was said to be the first radiation-hardened microprocessor. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 8-bit designs The RCA 1802 had what is called a static design, meaning that the clock frequency could be made arbitrarily low, even to 0 Hz, a total stop condition 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 12-bit designs 1 The Intersil 6100 family consisted of a 12-bit microprocessor (the 6100) and a range of peripheral support and memory ICs. The microprocessor recognised the DEC PDP-8 minicomputer instruction set. As such it was sometimes referred to as the CMOS-PDP8. Since it was also produced by Harris Corporation, it was also known as the Harris HM-6100. By virtue of its CMOS technology and associated benefits, the 6100 was being incorporated into some military designs until the early 1980s. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 16-bit designs 1 The first multi-chip 16-bit microprocessor was the National Semiconductor IMP-16, introduced in early 1973. An 8-bit version of the chipset was introduced in 1974 as the IMP-8. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 16-bit designs Other early multi-chip 16-bit microprocessors include one that Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) used in the LSI-11 OEM board set and the packaged PDP 11/03 minicomputer— and the Fairchild Semiconductor MicroFlame 9440, both introduced in 1975–1976. In 1975, National introduced the first 16-bit single-chip microprocessor, the National Semiconductor PACE, which was later followed by an NMOS version, the 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 16-bit designs 1 The chip was packaged in a large ceramic 64-pin DIP package, while most 8-bit microprocessors such as the Intel 8080 used the more common, smaller, and less expensive plastic 40-pin DIP https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 16-bit designs The Western Design Center (WDC) introduced the CMOS 65816 16-bit upgrade of the WDC CMOS 65C02 in 1984. The 65816 16-bit microprocessor was the core of the Apple IIgs and later the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, making it one of the most popular 16-bit designs of all time. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 16-bit designs The 8088, a version of the 8086 that used an 8-bit external data bus, was the microprocessor in the first IBM PC 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 16-bit designs 1 The combination of an x86 CPU and an x87 coprocessor forms a single multichip microprocessor; the two chips are programmed as a unit using a single integrated instruction set https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 32-bit designs 1 The most significant of the 32-bit designs is the Motorola MC68000, introduced in 1979 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 32-bit designs 1 These microprocessors were used in the AT&T 3B5 and 3B15 minicomputers; in the 3B2, the world's first desktop supermicrocomputer; in the "Companion", the world's first 32bit laptop computer; and in "Alexander", the world's first booksized supermicrocomputer, featuring ROM-pack memory cartridges similar to today's gaming consoles https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 32-bit designs 1 The first commercial, single chip, fully 32-bit microprocessor available on the market was the HP FOCUS. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 32-bit designs Intel's first 32-bit microprocessor was the iAPX 432, which was introduced in 1981 but was not a commercial success. It had an advanced capability-based object-oriented architecture, but poor performance compared to contemporary architectures such as Intel's own 80286 (introduced 1982), which was almost four times as fast on typical benchmark tests. However, the results for the iAPX432 was partly due to a rushed and therefore suboptimal Ada compiler. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 32-bit designs 1 The ARM first appeared in 1985 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 32-bit designs 1 Motorola's success with the 68000 led to the MC68010, which added virtual memory support https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 32-bit designs Other large companies designed the 68020 and follow-ons into embedded equipment. At one point, there were more 68020s in embedded equipment than there were Intel Pentiums in PCs. The ColdFire processor cores are derivatives of the venerable 68020. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 32-bit designs 1 During this time (early to mid-1980s), National Semiconductor introduced a very similar 16-bit pinout, 32-bit internal microprocessor called the NS 16032 (later renamed 32016), the full 32-bit version named the NS 32032 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 32-bit designs 1 The MIPS R2000 (1984) and R3000 (1989) were highly successful 32-bit RISC microprocessors https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 32-bit designs In the late 1980s, "microprocessor wars" started killing off some of the microprocessors. Apparently[vague], with only one bigger design win, Sequent, the NS 32032 just faded out of existence, and Sequent switched to Intel microprocessors. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 32-bit designs From 1985 to 2003, the 32-bit x86 architectures became increasingly dominant in desktop, laptop, and server markets, and these microprocessors became faster and more capable 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 64-bit designs in personal computers 1 While 64-bit microprocessor designs have been in use in several markets since the early 1990s (including the Nintendo 64 gaming console in 1996), the early 2000s saw the introduction of 64-bit microprocessors targeted at the PC market. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 64-bit designs in personal computers With AMD's introduction of a 64-bit architecture backwards-compatible with x86, x86-64 (also called AMD64), in September 2003, followed by Intel's near fully compatible 64-bit extensions (first called IA-32e or EM64T, later renamed Intel 64), the 64-bit desktop era began 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - 64-bit designs in personal computers The move to 64 bits by PowerPC processors had been intended since the processors' design in the early 90s and was not a major cause of incompatibility 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Multicore designs A different approach to improving a computer's performance is to add extra processors, as in symmetric multiprocessing designs, which have been popular in servers and workstations since the early 1990s. Keeping up with Moore's Law is becoming increasingly challenging as chip-making technologies approach their physical limits. In response, microprocessor manufacturers look for 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Multicore designs 1 A multi-core processor is simply a single chip that contains more than one microprocessor core https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Multicore designs 1 In 2005, the first personal computer dualcore processors were announced. As of 2012, dual-core and quad-core processors are widely used in home PCs and laptops while quad, six, eight, ten, twelve, and sixteen-core processors are common in the professional and enterprise markets with workstations and servers. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Multicore designs Sun Microsystems has released the Niagara and Niagara 2 chips, both of which feature an eight-core design. The Niagara 2 supports more threads and operates at 1.6 GHz. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Multicore designs 1 High-end Intel Xeon processors that are on the LGA 771, LGA1336, and LGA 2011 sockets and high-end AMD Opteron processors that are on the C32 and G34 sockets are DP (dual processor) capable, as well as the older Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9775 also used in an older Mac Pro by Apple and the Intel Skulltrail motherboard. AMD's G34 motherboards can support up to four https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Multicore designs The modern desktop sockets do not support systems with multiple CPUs but very few applications outside of the professional market can make good use of more than four cores and both Intel and AMD currently offer fast quad- and sixcore desktop CPUs so this is generally a moot point anyway 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Multicore designs The desktop market has been in a transition towards quad-core CPUs since Intel's Core 2 Quads were released and now are quite common although dual-core CPUs are still more prevalent 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Multicore designs For example, Intel's cheapest Sandy Bridge quad-core CPUs often cost almost twice as much as AMD's cheapest Athlon II, Phenom II, and FX quad-core CPUs but Intel has dual-core CPUs in the same price ranges as AMD's cheaper quad core CPUs. In an application that uses one or two threads, the Intel dual cores outperform AMD's similarly priced quadcore CPUs—and if a program supports 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Multicore designs Historically, AMD and Intel have switched places as the company with the fastest CPU several times. Intel currently leads on the desktop side of the computer CPU market, with their Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge series. In servers, AMD's new Opterons seem to have superior performance for their price point. This means that AMD are currently more competitive in low- to mid-end servers and workstations that more effectively use fewer cores and 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - RISC 1 In the mid-1980s to early 1990s, a crop of new high-performance reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessors appeared, influenced by discrete RISC-like CPU designs such as the IBM 801 and others. RISC microprocessors were initially used in special-purpose machines and Unix workstations, but then gained wide acceptance in other https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - RISC The R3000 made the design truly practical, and the R4000 introduced the world's first commercially available 64-bit RISC microprocessor 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - RISC 1 In the late 1990s, only two 64-bit RISC architectures were still produced in volume for non-embedded applications: SPARC and Power ISA, but as ARM has become increasingly powerful, in the early 2010s, it became the third RISC architecture in the general computing segment. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Special-purpose designs 1 Microcontrollers integrate a microprocessor with peripheral devices in embedded systems https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Market statistics 1 In 2003, about US$44 billion worth of microprocessors were manufactured and sold. Although about half of that money was spent on CPUs used in desktop or laptop personal computers, those count for only about 2% of all CPUs sold. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Market statistics 1 About 55% of all CPUs sold in the world are 8-bit microcontrollers, over two billion of which were sold in 1997. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Market statistics 1 As of 2002, less than 10% of all the CPUs sold in the world are 32-bit or more. Of all the 32-bit CPUs sold, about 2% are used in desktop or laptop personal computers. Most microprocessors are used in embedded control applications such as household appliances, automobiles, and computer peripherals. Taken as a whole, the average price for a microprocessor, microcontroller, or DSP is just over $6. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Microprocessor - Market statistics About ten billion CPUs were manufactured in 2008. About 98% of new CPUs produced each year are embedded. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Intel - SRAMS and the microprocessor (Note: Intel is usually given credit with Texas Instruments for the almostsimultaneous invention of the microprocessor) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Intel - From DRAM to microprocessors In 1983, at the dawn of the personal computer era, Intel's profits came under increased pressure from Japanese memory-chip manufacturers, and then-president Andy Grove focused the company on microprocessors. Grove described this transition in the book Only the Paranoid Survive. A key element of his plan was the notion, then considered 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Intel - From DRAM to microprocessors 1 Until then, the manufacture of complex integrated circuits was not reliable enough for customers to depend on a single supplier, but Grove began producing processors in three geographically distinct factories,[which?] and ceased licensing the chip designs to competitors such as Zilog and AMD. When the PC industry boomed in the late 1980s and https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Intel - 386 microprocessor 1 The 8080 and 8086-series microprocessors were produced by several companies, notably AMD https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Fujitsu - Microprocessors 1 Fujitsu produce SPARC compatible CPU (SPARClite), the "Venus" 128 GFLOP SPARC64 VIIIfx model is included in the K computer, the world's fastest supercomputer in June 2011 with a rating of over 8 petaflops, and in November 2011, K became the first computer to top 10 petaflops in September 2011. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Fujitsu - Microprocessors 1 The Fujitsu FR, FR-V and ARM architecture microprocessors were acquierd by Spansion in 2013. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Heat sink - Microprocessor cooling 1 Heat dissipation is an unavoidable by-product of electronic devices and circuits https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Heat sink - Microprocessor cooling 1 Two additional design factors also influence the thermal/mechanical performance of the thermal design: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Heat sink - Microprocessor cooling 1 The method by which the heat sink is mounted on a component or processor. This will be discussed under the section attachment methods. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Heat sink - Microprocessor cooling 1 For each interface between two objects in contact with each other, there will be a temperature drop across the interface. For such composite systems, the temperature drop across the interface may be appreciable. This temperature change may be attributed to what is known as the thermal contact resistance. Thermal interface materials (TIM) decrease the thermal https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Computer & Video Games - Semiconductors and microprocessors In the 1970s, integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such as the Intel 4004, further decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of computers 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Computer & Video Games - Semiconductors and microprocessors Modern smartphones are fully programmable computers in their own right, and as of 2009 may well be the most common form of such computers in existence. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html CPU - Microprocessors 1 to microprocessors https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html CPU - Microprocessors This has allowed synchronous microprocessors to have clock rates ranging from tens of megahertz to several gigahertz 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html CPU - Microprocessors 1 While the complexity, size, construction, and general form of CPUs have changed enormously since 1950, it is notable that the basic design and function has not changed much at all https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Prosthetics - Microprocessor Controlled 1 To mimic the knees functionality during gait microprocessor controlled knee joint have been developed that control the flexion of the knee. Some examples are Otto Bock’s C-leg , introduced in 1997, Ossur's Rheo Knee, released in 2005, the Power Knee by Ossur, introduced in 2006, the Plié Knee from Freedom Innovations and DAW Industries’ Self Learning Knee (SLK).[http://www.dawusa.com/Pages/SLK3.html “The SLK, The Self-Learning Knee”], DAW Industries. Retrieved 16 March 2008. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Prosthetics - Microprocessor Controlled 1 The idea was originally developed by Kelly James, a Canadian engineer, at the University of Alberta. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Prosthetics - Microprocessor Controlled 1 A microprocessor is used to interpret and analyse signals from knee-angle sensors and moment sensors. The microprocessor receives signals from its sensors to determine the type of motion being employed by the amputee. Most microprocessor controlled knee-joints are powered by a battery housed inside the prosthesis. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Prosthetics - Microprocessor Controlled 1 The sensory signals are computed by the microprocessor are used to control the resistance generated by hydraulic cylinders in the knee-joint. Small valves control the amount of hydraulic fluid that can pass into and out of the cylinder, thus regulating the extension and compression of a piston connected to the upper section of the knee.Pike, Alvin (May/June 1999). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Prosthetics - Microprocessor Controlled 1 Variations in speed are also possible and are taken into account by sensors and communicated to the microprocessor, which adjusts to these changes accordingly https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Prosthetics - Microprocessor Controlled However, some have some significant drawbacks that impair its use. They can be susceptible to water damage and thus great care must be taken to ensure that the prosthesis remains dry. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 64-bit computing - Current 64-bit microprocessor architectures 64-bit processor architecture|microprocessor architectures for which processors are currently being manufactured () include: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 64-bit computing - Current 64-bit microprocessor architectures * The 64-bit extension created by Advanced Micro Devices|AMD to Intel's x86 architecture (later licensed by Intel); commonly known as x86-64, AMD64, or x64: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 64-bit computing - Current 64-bit microprocessor architectures 1 ** AMD's AMD64 extensions (used in Athlon 64, Opteron, Sempron, Turion 64, Phenom (processor)|Phenom, Athlon II and Phenom II processors) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 64-bit computing - Current 64-bit microprocessor architectures 1 ** Intel's Intel 64 extensions (used in newer Celeron, Pentium, and Xeon processors, in Intel Core 2/i3/i5/i7 processors, and in some Intel Atom|Atom processors) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 64-bit computing - Current 64-bit microprocessor architectures 1 ** VIA Technologies' 64-bit extensions, used in the VIA Nano processors https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 64-bit computing - Current 64-bit microprocessor architectures 1 * The 64-bit version of the Power Architecture: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 64-bit computing - Current 64-bit microprocessor architectures 1 ** The Cell Broadband Engine used in the PlayStation 3, designed by IBM, Toshiba and Sony, combines a 64-bit Power architecture processor with seven or eight Synergistic Processing Elements. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 64-bit computing - Current 64-bit microprocessor architectures ** Sun Microsystems|Sun's UltraSPARC processors 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 64-bit computing - Current 64-bit microprocessor architectures 1 ** Fujitsu's SPARC64 processors https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 64-bit computing - Current 64-bit microprocessor architectures 1 * IBM's z/Architecture, a 64-bit version of the ESA/390 architecture, used in IBM's IBM System z|eServer zSeries and System z IBM mainframes|mainframes https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 64-bit computing - Current 64-bit microprocessor architectures * Intel's IA-64 architecture (used in Itanium processors) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 64-bit computing - Current 64-bit microprocessor architectures * MIPS Technologies' MIPS architecture|MIPS64 architecture 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 64-bit computing - Current 64-bit microprocessor architectures 1 * ARM Holdings' AArch64|AArch64 architecture https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 64-bit computing - Current 64-bit microprocessor architectures 1 Most 64-bit processor architectures that are derived from 32-bit processor architectures can execute code for the 32bit version of the architecture natively without any performance penalty. This kind of support is commonly called bi-arch support or more generally multi-arch support. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html CPU cache - In x86 microprocessors 1 As the x86 microprocessors reached clock rates of 20MHz and above in the Intel 80386|386, small amounts of fast cache memory began to be featured in systems to improve performance https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html CPU cache - In x86 microprocessors 1 Some versions of the Intel 386 processor could support 16 to 64KB of external cache. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html CPU cache - In x86 microprocessors 1 With the Intel 80486|486 processor, an 8KB cache was integrated directly into the CPU die https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html CPU cache - In x86 microprocessors The next development in cache implementation in the x86 microprocessors began with the Pentium Pro, which brought the secondary cache onto the same package as the microprocessor, clocked at the same frequency as the microprocessor. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html CPU cache - In x86 microprocessors On-motherboard caches enjoyed prolonged popularity thanks to the AMD K6-2 and AMD K6-III processors that still used the venerable Socket 7, which was previously used by Intel with on-motherboard caches. K6-III included 256KB on-die L2 cache and took advantage of the on-board cache as a third level cache, named L3 (motherboards with up to 2MB of on1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html CPU cache - In x86 microprocessors 1 The three-level caches were used again first with the introduction of multiple processor cores, where the L3 cache was added to the CPU die. It became common for the total cache sizes to be increasingly larger in newer processor generations, and recently (as of 2011) it is not uncommon to find Level 3 cache sizes of tens of megabytes. This trend appears to continue for the foreseeable future. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html CPU cache - In x86 microprocessors 1 Intel introduced a Level 4 on-package cache with the Haswell (microarchitecture)|Haswell microarchitecture. Crystal Well Haswell CPUs, equipped with the GT3e variant of Intel's integrated Iris Pro graphics, effectively feature 128MB of embedded DRAM (eDRAM) on the same package. This L4 cache is shared dynamically between the on-die GPU https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Intel Corporation - SRAMS and the microprocessor 1 (Note: Intel is usually given credit with Texas Instruments for the almostsimultaneous invention of the microprocessor) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Intel Corporation - 386 microprocessor 1 The 8080 and 8086-series microprocessors were produced by several companies, notably AMD https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Texas Instruments - Microprocessor 1 This was over-turned on June 19, 1996 in favor of TI.[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.ht ml?res=9E02E2D61439F933A15755C0A9 60958260sec=spon=pagewanted=all For Texas Instruments, Some Bragging Rights] New York Times, June 20, 1996 (Note: Intel is usually given credit with Texas Instruments for the almost-simultaneous invention of the microprocessor.) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Covington (microprocessor)|Covington (250 nm) 1 * All models support: MMX (instruction set)|MMX https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Mendocino (microprocessor)|Mendocino (250 nm) 1 * L2 cache is on-die, running at full CPU speed https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Conroe (microprocessor)#Conroe-L|Conroe-L (65 nm) * All models support: MMX (instruction set)|MMX, Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, Intel 64, XD bit (an NX bit implementation) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Conroe (microprocessor)#Conroe-L|Conroe-L (65 nm) * Steppings: Core (microarchitecture)#Steppings using 65nm process|A1 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Conroe (microprocessor)#Allendale|Allendale (65 nm) 1 *All models support: MMX (instruction set)|MMX, Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST), Intel 64, XD bit (an NX bit implementation) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Conroe (microprocessor)#Allendale|Allendale (65 nm) 1 * Stepping (version numbers)|Steppings: Core (microarchitecture)#Steppings using 65nm process|M0 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Wolfdale (microprocessor)#Wolfdale-3M|Wolfdale-3M (45 nm) * Based on Core (microarchitecture)| Core microarchitecture 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Clarkdale (microprocessor)|Clarkdale (Multi-chip package|MCP, 32 nm) 1 * Based on Westmere (Microarchitecture)|We stmere microarchitecture https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Clarkdale (microprocessor)|Clarkdale (Multi-chip package|MCP, 32 nm) * All models support: MMX (instruction set)|MMX, Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST), Intel 64, XD bit (an NX bit implementation), Intel VT-x, Smart Cache. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Clarkdale (microprocessor)|Clarkdale (Multi-chip package|MCP, 32 nm) * Contains 45 nm Ironlake graphics processing unit|GPU. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Dothan (microprocessor)|Dothan-1024 (90 nm) * XD bit (an NX bit implementation): supported by 360J, 370, 380, 390, 383 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Penryn (microprocessor)#Penryn-3M|Penryn-3M (45 nm) 1 * Note that the List of Intel Pentium DualCore microprocessors#Merom-2M (65 nm)|Pentium T3x00 processors have a similar number but are based on the older Merom-2M chips. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Penryn (microprocessor)#Penryn-3M|Penryn-3M (45 nm) * Note that the List of Intel Pentium microprocessors#Penryn-L (ultra-low voltage, 45 nm)|Pentium SU2xxx processors have a similar number but are single-core processors. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Merom (microprocessor)#Merom-2M|Merom-2M (65 nm) 1 * Note that Intel has also released Core Solo microproccessors with the model numbers T1400, T1500, and T1600. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Merom (microprocessor)#Merom-2M|Merom-2M (65 nm) 1 * T1700 possibly supports EIST, but Intel's web site is inconsistent about this. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Celeron 743 - Arrandale (microprocessor)|Arrandale (Multi-chip package|MCP, 32 nm) 1 * P4505 and U3405 support memory ECC RAM and PCIe bifurcation. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Pineview (microprocessor)|Pineview (45 nm) * These models do not support SSE4 and Intel VTx![http://ark.intel.com/products/55637/In tel-Atom-Processor-N570-1M-Cache1_66-GHz ARK | Intel® Atom™ Processor N570 (1M Cache, 1.66 GHz)][http://ark.intel.com/products/501 54/Intel-Atom-Processor-N550-1MCache-1_50-GHz ARK | Intel® Atom™ Processor N550 (1M Cache, 1.50 GHz)] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Pineview (microprocessor)|Pineview (45 nm) * GMA 3150 GPU and memory controller are integrated into the processor die 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Cedarview (microprocessor)|Cedarview (32 nm) * Intel GMA 3600/GMA 3650 graphics processor|GPU and memory controller are integrated into the processor. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Pineview (microprocessor)#Pineview_microprocessor|Pineview (45 nm) 1 * These models do not support Intel VT-x or SSE4 and are limited to 2Gigabyte|GB of memory. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Pineview (microprocessor)#Pineview_microprocessor|Pineview (45 nm) 1 * Graphics GMA 3150 and memory controller are integrated into the processor, but graphics sometimes disabled in favor of discrete video chip. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Pineview (microprocessor)#Pineview_microprocessor|Pineview (45 nm) 1 * Transistors: 123 million (a significant number of these are from the memory controller and GMA 3150) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Silverthorne (microprocessor)|Silverthorne (45 nm) 1 * Models Z520, Z520PT, Z530, Z530P, Z540 and Z550 support Hyper-Threading and Intel VT-x https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Silverthorne (microprocessor)|Silverthorne (45 nm) 1 * Models Z500, Z510P, Z510PT, and Z515 support HyperThreading only https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Silverthorne (microprocessor)|Silverthorne (45 nm) 1 * Model Z515 supports Intel Burst Performance Technology https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Silverthorne (microprocessor)|Silverthorne (45 nm) 1 * Package size: 13mm × 14mm / 22mm × 22mm(Processors ending with the P or PT sSpec number) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Lincroft (microprocessor)|Lincroft (45 nm) * GMA 600 GPU and memory controller are integrated onto the processor die 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Tunnel Creek (microprocessor)|Tunnel Creek (45 nm) 1 * CPU core supports IA-32 architecture, MMX (instruction set)|MMX, Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST), hyper-threading, Intel VT-x. It has 32K L1 Instruction Cache, 24K L1 Data Cache, 512K L2 Cache. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Tunnel Creek (microprocessor)|Tunnel Creek (45 nm) 1 * Peripherals include GMA 600 graphics processing unit|GPU (two video outputs), memory controller (2GB max), HD Audio controller, Serial Peripheral Interface Bus|SPI controller, 4 channels of PCI Express ×1, and various legacy devices.[http://download.intel.com/embedd ed/processor/datasheet/324208.pdf Intel Atom Processor E6xx Series - Advance Information Datasheet; Rev 001US; https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Stellarton (microprocessor)|Stellarton (45 nm) * Tunnel Creek (microprocessor)|Tunnel Creek CPU with an Altera Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Stellarton (microprocessor)|Stellarton (45 nm) 1 * Peripherals include graphics controller (two video outputs), memory controller (2GB max), HD Audio controller, Serial Peripheral Interface Bus|SPI controller, 4 channels of PCI Express ×1, and various legacy devices.[http://download.intel.com/embedd ed/processor/datasheet/324208.pdf Intel Atom Processor E6xx Series - Advance Information Datasheet; Rev 001US; https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N455 - Stellarton (microprocessor)|Stellarton (45 nm) 1 * TDP without FPGA. Total package TDP depends on functions included in FPGA. Max. TDP 7 W. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Core i5-2467M - Lynnfield (microprocessor)|Lynnfield (45 nm) 1 * All models support: MMX (instruction set)|MMX, Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST), Intel 64, XD bit (an NX bit implementation), Intel VT-x, Turbo Boost, Smart Cache. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Core i5-2467M - Lynnfield (microprocessor)|Lynnfield (45 nm) 1 * Front-side bus|FSB has been replaced with Direct Media Interface|DMI. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Core i5-2467M - Clarkdale (microprocessor)|Clarkdale (Multi-chip package|MCP, 32 nm dual-core) * Core i5-655K, Core i5-661 does not support Intel TXT and Intel VTd.[http://ark.intel.com/Compare.aspx?ids= 43546,48750,43550,43553, Core i5-655K, Core i5-661 does not support Intel TXT and Intel VT-d] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Core i5-2467M - Clarkdale (microprocessor)|Clarkdale (Multi-chip package|MCP, 32 nm dual-core) 1 * Core i5-655K features an unlocked multiplier. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Core i5-2467M - Arrandale (microprocessor)|Arrandale (Multi-chip package|MCP, 32 nm) 1 * i5-5xx series (i5-520M, i5-520E, i5-540M, i5-560M, i5-580M, i5-520UM, i5-540UM, i5-560UM) supports AES-NI, Trusted Execution Technology|TXT and Intel VT-d. http://ark.intel.com/ProductCollection.aspx ?familyId=43483 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Core i5-2467M - Arrandale (microprocessor)|Arrandale (Multi-chip package|MCP, 32 nm) 1 * Core i5-520E has support for ECC memory and PCI express port bifurcation. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Silverthorne microprocessor 1 On 2 March 2008, Intel announced a new single-core Atom Z5xx series processor (code-named Silverthorne), to be used in ultra-mobile PCs and mobile Internet devices (MIDs), which will supersede Stealey (microprocessor)|Stealey (A100 and A110). The processor has 47 million transistors on a 25mm2 die, allowing for extremely economical production (~2500 chips on a single 300mm diameter wafer). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Silverthorne microprocessor 1 An Atom Z500 processor's dual-thread performance is equivalent to its predecessor Stealey, but should outperform it on applications that can use simultaneous multithreading and SSE3. They run from 0.8 to 2.0GHz and have a Thermal Design Power|TDP rating between 0.65 and 2.4W that can dip down to 0.01W when idle. They feature 32KB instruction L1 and 24KB https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Diamondville microprocessor On 2 March 2008, Intel announced lower-power variants of the Diamondville CPU named Atom N2xx. It was intended for use in nettops and the Classmate PC. Like their predecessors, these are single-core CPUs with Hyper-Threading. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Diamondville microprocessor 1 The N270 has a TDP rating of 2.5W, runs at 1.6GHz and has a 533MHz FSB. The N280 has a clock speed of 1.66GHz and a 667MHz FSB. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Diamondville microprocessor 1 On 22 September 2008, Intel announced a new 64-bit dual-core processor (unofficially code-named Dual Diamondville) branded Atom 330, to be used in desktop computers. It runs at 1.6GHz and has a FSB speed of 533MHz and a TDP rating of 8W. Its dual core consists of two Diamondville dies on a single substrate. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Diamondville microprocessor 1 During 2009, Nvidia used the Atom 300 and their GeForce 9400M chipset on a mini-ITX form factor motherboard for their Nvidia Ion|Ion platform. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Pineview microprocessor 1 On 21 December 2009, Intel announced the N450, D510 and D410 CPUs with integrated graphics. The new manufacturing process resulted in a 20% reduction in power consumption and a 60% smaller die size. The Intel GMA 3150, a 45nm shrink of the GMA 3100 with no HD capabilities, is included as the on-die GPU. Netbooks using this new processor were released on 11 January 2010. The https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Pineview microprocessor This generation of the Atom was codenamed Pineview, which is used in the Pine Trail platform. Intel's Pine Trail-M platform utilizes an Atom processor (codenamed Pineview-M) and Platform Controller Hub (codenamed Tiger Point). The graphics and memory controller have moved into the processor, which is paired with the Tiger Point PCH. This creates a more power-efficient 2-chip platform rather 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Pineview microprocessor On 1 March 2010 Intel introduced the N470 processor, running at 1.83GHz with a 667MHz FSB and a TDP rating of 6.5W. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Pineview microprocessor The new Atom N4xx chips became available on 11 January 2010. It is used in netbook and nettop systems and includes an integrated single-channel DDR2 SDRAM|DDR2 memory controller and an integrated GPU|graphics core. It also features Hyper-Threading and is manufactured on a 45nm process. The new design uses half the power of the older Menlow platform. This reduced 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Pineview microprocessor The D4xx and D5xx series support the x86-64 bit instruction set and DDR2-800 memory. They are rated for embedded use. The series has an integrated graphics processor built directly into the CPU to help improve performance. The models are targeted at nettops and low-end desktops. They do not support SpeedStep. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Pineview microprocessor 1 The Atom D510 dual-core processor runs at 1.66GHz, with 1MB of L2 cache and a TDP rating of 13W. The single-core Atom D410 runs at 1.66GHz, with 512KB of L2 cache and a TDP rating of 10W. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Tunnel Creek microprocessor 1 Tunnel Creek is an embedded Atom processor used in the Queens Bay platform with the Platform Controller Hub#Topcliff|Topcliff PCH. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Lincroft microprocessor Both platforms include a Lincroft microprocessor, but use two distinct input/output Platform Controller Hubs (I/OPCH), codenamed Platform Controller Hub#Langwell|Langwell and Whitney Point respectively 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Stellarton microprocessor Stellarton is a Tunnel Creek (microprocessor)|Tunnel Creek CPU with an Altera Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Cedarview microprocessor 1 Intel released their third-generation Cedar Trail platform (consisting of a range of Cedarview processors and the NM10 southbridge chip) based on 32nm process technology in the fourth quarter of 2011. Intel stated that improvements in graphics capabilities, including support for 1080p video, additional display options including HDMI and DisplayPort, and enhancements in power consumption are to enable https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Cedarview microprocessor 1 The Cedar Trail platform includes two new CPUs, 32nm-based N2800 (1.86GHz) and N2600 (1.6GHz), which replace the previous generation Pineview N4xx and N5xx processors. The CPUs also feature an integrated GPU that supports DirectX 9. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Cedarview microprocessor 1 In addition to the netbook platform, two new Cedarview CPUs for nettops, D2700 and D3200, were released on 25 September 2011. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Bonnell (microarchitecture) - Cedarview microprocessor 1 In early March 2012 the N2800-based Intel DN2800MT motherboard started to become available. Due to the use of a netbook processor, this Mini-ITX motherboard can reach idle power consumption as low as 7.1W. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N570 - Pineview (microprocessor)|Pineview (45 nm) 1 * GMA 3150 graphics processor|GPU and memory controller are integrated into the processor. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Atom N570 - Cedarview (microprocessor)|Cedarview (32 nm) * [PowerVR-based Intel GMA 3600/GMA 3650 graphics processor|GPU and memory controller are integrated into the processor. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Sandy Bridge (dual-core, 32 nm) * All models support: MMX (instruction set)|MMX, Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, Advanced Vector Extensions|AVX, Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST), Intel 64, XD bit (an NX bit implementation), Trusted Execution Technology|TXT, Intel VT-x, Intel VT-d, Hyper-threading, Turbo Boost, AES instruction set|AES-NI, Smart Cache, Intel Insider, Intel vPro|vPro. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Sandy Bridge (quad-core, 32 nm) * Core i5-2300, Core i5-2310, Core i52320, Core i5-2380P, Core i5-2405S, Core i5-2450P, Core i5-2500K and Core i52550K does not support Intel TXT, Intel VT-d, and Intel vPro.[http://ark.intel.com/compare/52206,5 3445,53446,52207,52208,55446,52209,52 210,52211,52212,64843,64844,65647 Core i5-2300, Core i5-2310, Core i5-2320, Core i5-2380P, Core i5-2405S, Core i51 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Sandy Bridge (quad-core, 32 nm) *K processors are unlockable and designed for overclocking. Other processors will have limited overclocking due to chipset limitations.[http://www.bjorn3d.com/read.p hp?cID=1979pageID=9990 Fully unlocked versus limited unlocked core] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Sandy Bridge (quad-core, 32 nm) * Transistors: 1.16 billion[http://www.anandtech.com/sh ow/4818/counting-transistors-why116b-and-995m-are-both-correct Counting Transistors: Why 1.16B and 995M Are Both Correct], by Anand Lal Shimpi on 14 September 2011, www.anandtech.com 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture)|Ivy Bridge (dual-core, 22 nm) 1 * Die (integrated circuit)|Die size: 93.6mm² or 118mm² http://www.anandtech.com/show/5876/therest-of-the-ivy-bridge-die-sizeshttp://vrzone.com/articles/intel-s-broken-ivybridge-sku-s-last-to-arrive/15449.html https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Ivy Bridge (quad-core, 22 nm) *K processors have unlocked turbo multiplier 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Ivy Bridge (quad-core, 22 nm) 1 * i5-3470, i5-3470S, i5-3475S, i5-3550, i5-3550S, i5 3570 and i5-3570T support Trusted Execution Technology|Intel TXT, Intel VT-d and Intel vPro|vPro. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Ivy Bridge (quad-core, 22 nm) 1 * i5-3330, i5-3330S, and i53350P support Intel VT-d. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Ivy Bridge (quad-core, 22 nm) 1 *Non-K processors will have limited turbo overclocking. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Haswell-DT (dual-core, 22 nm) * All models support: MMX (instruction set)|MMX, Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, Advanced Vector Extensions|AVX, Advanced Vector Extensions 2|AVX2, FMA3, Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST), Intel 64, XD bit (an NX bit implementation), Intel VT-x, Intel VT-d, Hyper-threading, Turbo Boost, AES instruction set|AES-NI, Smart 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Haswell-H (Multi-chip package|MCP, quad-core, 22 nm) 1 * Core i5-4570R and Core i5-4670R also contain Crystalwell: 128 MiB eDRAM built at (22 nm) acting as CPU cache#Multilevel caches|L4 cache https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Sandy Bridge (32 nm) 1 * All models except Core i5-24xxM support Trusted Execution Technology|TXT and Intel VT-d. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Sandy Bridge (32 nm) * Core i5-2430M/i5-2435M and i52410M/i5-2415M can support AES-NI with laptop OEM-supplied BIOS processor configuration update. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Sandy Bridge (32 nm) 1 * Core i5-2515E has support for ECC memory. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Ivy Bridge (22 nm) * i5-3320M, i5-3360M, i5-3427U, i53437U, i5-3439Y, and i5-3610ME support Trusted Execution Technology|TXT and Intel vPro|vPro. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Haswell-MB (dual-core, 22 nm) * Core i5-4300M and higher also support Intel VT-d, Intel vPro, Intel TXT 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Haswell-ULT (system in package|SiP, dual-core, 22 nm) 1 * All models except i54200U support Intel VT-d https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Haswell-ULT (system in package|SiP, dual-core, 22 nm) 1 * Core i5-4300U and i5-4350U also support Intel vPro, Intel TXT https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors - Haswell-ULX (system in package|SiP, dual-core, 22 nm) 1 * Core i5-4300Y and higher also support Intel VT-d, Transactional Synchronization Extensions|Intel TSX-NI, Intel vPro, Intel TXT https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html SPARC - SPARC microprocessor specifications This table contains specifications for certain SPARC processors: frequency (megahertz), architecture version, release year, number of threads (threads per core multiplied by the number of cores), fabrication process (nanometers), number of transistors (millions), die size (square millimetres), number of input/output|I/O pins, dissipated power (watts), voltage, and cache sizes—data, instruction, L2 and 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors IBM has a series of high performance microprocessors called 'POWER' followed by a number designating generation, i.e. POWER1, POWER2, POWER3 and so forth up to the latest POWER7+. These processor have been used by IBM in their RS/6000, AS/400, pSeries, iSeries, System p, System i and IBM Power Systems|Power Systems line of Server (computing)|servers and supercomputers. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors The POWERn family of processors were developed in the late 1980s and are still in active development nearly 25 years later. In the beginning, they utilized the IBM POWER Instruction Set Architecture|POWER instruction set architecture (ISA), but that evolved into PowerPC in later generations and then to Power Architecture. Today, only the naming scheme remains the same; modern POWER processors do not use the POWER ISA. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - The 801 research project 1 In 1974 IBM started a project to build a telephone switching computer with for the time immense computational power https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - The Cheetah project 1 By 1982 IBM continued to explore the superscalar limits of the 801 design by using multiple execution units to improve performance to determine if a RISC machine could maintain multiple instructions per cycle https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - The America project 1 In 1985, research on a second-generation RISC architecture started at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, producing the AMERICA architecture; in 1986, IBM Austin Research Laboratory|IBM Austin started developing the RS/6000 series computers based on that architecture. This was to become the first POWER processors using the first POWER ISA. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER 1 In February 1990, the first computers from IBM to incorporate the POWER ISA were called the RISC System/6000 or RS/6000 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER 1 The POWER1 is the first microprocessor that used register renaming and out-oforder execution. A simplified and less powerful version of the 10 chip RIOS-1 was made in 1992 was developed for lower-end RS/6000s. It used only one chip and was called RISC Single Chip or RSC. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER1 processors 1 * 'RIOS.9'– A less powerful version of RIOS-1. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER1 processors 1 * 'POWER1+'– A faster version of RIOS-1 made on a reduced fabrication process. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER1 processors 1 * 'RAD6000'– A radiation-hardened version of the RSC was made available for primarily use in space. It was a very popular design and was used extensively on many high-profile missions. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER2 IBM started the POWER2 processor effort as a successor to the POWER1 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER2 processors * 'POWER2'– The 6–8 chips was mounted on a High temperature cofired ceramic|ceramic Multi-chip module|multi chip module. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER2 processors * 'POWER2+'– A cheaper 6 chip version of POWER2 with support for external L2 caches. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER2 processors 1 * 'P2SC+'– An even faster version or P2SC due to reduced fabrication process. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - PowerPC 1 In 1991, Apple Inc.|Apple looked for a future alternative to Motorola's 68000based Complex instruction set computing|CISC platform, and Motorola experimented with a RISC platform of its own, the 88000 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - PowerPC After two years of development, the resulting PowerPC ISA was introduced in 1993. A modified version of the RSC architecture, PowerPC added Singleprecision floating-point format|single-precision floating point instructions and general register-toregister multiply and divide instructions, and removed some POWER features. It also added a 64-bit 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - The Amazon project 1 In 1990, IBM wanted to merge the low end server and mid range server architectures, the RS/6000 RISC ISA and AS/400 CISC ISA into one common RISC ISA that could host both IBM's AIX and OS/400 operating systems https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER3 1 The POWER3 began its life as PowerPC 630 as a successor of the commercially unsuccessful PowerPC 620 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER3 processors 1 * 'POWER3'– Introduced in 1998, it combined the POWER and PowerPC instruction sets. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER3 processors 1 * 'POWER3-II'– A faster POWER3 fabricated on a reduced size, copper based process. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER4 The POWER4 merged the 32/64 bit PowerPC instruction set and the 64-bit PowerPC AS instruction set from the Amazon project to the new PowerPC v.2.0 specification, unifying IBM's RS/6000 and AS/400 families of computers 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER4 processors * 'POWER4'– The first dual core microprocessor and the first PowerPC processor to reach beyond 1GHz. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER4 processors * 'POWER4+'– A faster POWER4 fabricated on a reduced process. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER5 The POWER5 processors built on the popular POWER4 and incorporated simultaneous multithreading into the design, a technology pioneered in the PowerPC AS based RS64#RS64-III|RS64III processor, and on-die memory controllers. It was designed for multi processing on a massive scale and came in multi-chip modules with onboard large L3 cache chips. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER5 processors * 'POWER5'– The iconic setup with four POWER5 chips and four L3 cache chips on a large multi-chip module. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER5 processors 1 * 'POWER5+'– A faster POWER5 fabricated on a reduced process mainly to reduce power consumption. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - Power Architecture A joint organization was founded in 2004 called Power.org with the mission to unify and coordinate future development of the PowerPC specifications 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - Power Architecture 1 The new instruction set architecture was called Power Architecture and merged the PowerPC v.2.02 from the POWER5 with the PowerPC Book E specification from Freescale as well as some related technologies like AltiVec (called 'VMX' by IBM) and hardware virtualization https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER6 1 POWER6 was the fruit of the ambitions eCLipz Project, joining the I (AS/400), P (RS/6000) and IBM mainframe|Z (Mainframe) instruction sets under one common platform. I and P was already joined with the POWER4, but the eCLipz effort failed to include the CISC based z/Architecture and where the IBM z10 (microprocessor)|z10 processor became POWER6's eCLipz sibling. z/Architecture https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER6 Because of eCLipz, the POWER6 is an unusual design as it aimed for very high frequencies and sacrificed out-of-order execution, something that has been a feature for POWER and PowerPC processors since their inception. POWER6 also introduced the decimal floating point unit to the Power ISA, something it shares with z/Architecture. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER6 1 With the POWER6, in 2008 IBM merged the former System p and System i server and workstation families into one family calling it IBM Power Systems|Power Systems. Power Systems machines can run different Operating Systems like AIX, Linux and IBM i. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER6 processors 1 * 'POWER6'– Reached 5GHz comes in modules with a singe chip on it, and in MCM with two L3 cache chips. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER6 processors 1 * 'POWER6+'– A minor update, and fabricated on the same process as POWER6. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER7 The POWER7 Symmetric multiprocessing|symmetric multiprocessor design was a substantial evolution from the POWER6 design, focusing more on power efficiency through multiple cores, simultaneous multithreading (SMT), out-of-order execution and large on-die eDRAM L3 caches 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER7 processors 1 * 'POWER7'– Comes in single-chip modules or in quad-chip MCMconfigurations for supercomputer applications. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER7 processors 1 * 'POWER7+'– Scaled down fabrication process, and increased L3 cache and frequency. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER8 1 POWER8 is a 4GHz, 12 core processor with 8 hardware threads per core for a total of 96 threads of parallel execution. It uses 96MiB|MB of eDRAM L3 cache on chip and 128MB off-chip L4 cache and a new extension bus called CAPI that runs on top of PCIe, replacing the older PowerPC 600#6XX and GX buses|GX bus. The CAPI bus can be used to attach dedicated off-chip https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER8 It will be built on a 22 nanometer process at the end of 2013 or early 2014.[ http://www.itjungle.com/tfh/tfh07091 2-story01.html The Four HundredSome Insight Into Those Future Power7+ Processors][ http://www.profiag.de/wps/wcm/connect/0750ad004e 9016be9fdc9f7e9d9936e7/Praesentatio 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html IBM POWER microprocessors - POWER9 IBM has been designing the future POWER9 processor for quite a while according to William Starke, a systems architect for the POWER8 processor.[http://www.theregister.co.uk /2013/08/27/ibm_power8_server_chip/ You won't find this in your phone: A 4GHz 12-core Power8 for badass boxes] No other information was available in August 2013. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Fujitsu Services - Microprocessors Fujitsu produce SPARC compatible CPU (SPARClite),[http://www.fujitsu.com/global/ services/computing/server/sparcenterprise /technology/performance/processor.html Multi-core multi-thread processor SPARC64™ Series] the Venus 128 GFLOP SPARC64 VIIIfx model is included in the K computer, the world's fastest supercomputer in June 2011 with a rating of over 8 petaflops, and in November 2011, K became the first computer to top 10 petaflops in September 2011.[http://www.top500.org/lists/2011/06/p ress-release Japan Reclaims Top Ranking on Latest TOP500 List of World’s Supercomputers] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html 1 Motorola 6800 - MC6800 microprocessor design 1 This was Electronics magazine annual microprocessor special edition The 6800 has a three-state control that will disable the address bus to allow another device direct memory access https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Motorola 6800 - MC6800 microprocessor design Other divisions in Motorola developed components for the M6800 family. The Components Products Department designed the MC6870 two-phase clock IC; the Memory Products group provided a full line of ROMs and RAMs. The CMOS group's MC14411 Bit Rate Generator provided a 75 to 9600 baud clock for the MC6850 serial interface. The buffers for address and data buses were standard Motorola products. Motorola could supply every IC, transistor and diode necessary to build a MC6800 based computer. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of IBM products - Microprocessors *IBM APC — RISC Processor, successor to the 032 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of IBM products - Microprocessors *IBM POWER microprocessors|IBM POWER — Processors for some RS/6000 and successors, later iSeries, and IBM Power Systems 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of IBM products - Microprocessors 1 *PowerPC — Processors for some RS/6000 and successors and earlier iSeries, some also used in non-IBM systems https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html List of IBM products - Microprocessors 1 *IBM z/Architecture processors — for z/Architecture mainframes https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Broadway (microprocessor) 1 'Broadway' is the codename of the 32bit CPU|Central Processing Unit (CPU) used in Nintendo's Wii video game console. It was designed by IBM, and is currently being produced using a 65 nm Silicon on insulator|SOI process. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Broadway (microprocessor) According to IBM, the processor consumes 20% less power than its predecessor, the 180 nm Gekko (microprocessor)|Gekko used in the Nintendo GameCube video game console. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Broadway (microprocessor) 1 Unofficial reports claim it is derived from the 486 Hertz|MHz Gekko (microprocessor)|Gekko architecture used in the GameCube and runs 50% faster at 729 MHz.[http://www.hyrule.net/forum/i ndex.php?showtopic=333 Wii Technical Specification, Wii] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html Broadway (microprocessor) 1 The only difference is that the 750CL comes in variants, ranging from 400 MHz up to 1000 MHz.[http://raidenii.net/files/datasheets/cp u/ppc_broadway.pdf IBM Broadway RISC Microprocessor User’s Manual, v0.6] (page 361)[https://www01.ibm.com/chips/techlib/techlib.nsf/techd ocs/2F33B5691BBB8769872571D10065F7D5/$ file/750cldd2x_ds_v2.6_16Oct2009dft.pdf IBM PowerPC 750CL Microprocessor Revision Level DD2.x][http://www.raidenii.net/files/datash eets/cpu/ppc_750cl.pdf IBM PowerPC 750CL RISC Microprocessor User’s Manual] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-microprocessor-toolkit.html For More Information, Visit: • https://store.theartofservice.co m/the-microprocessortoolkit.html The Art of Service https://store.theartofservice.com
