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Medical Terminology
A LIVING LANGUAGE
Fifth Edition
CHAPTER
12
Nervous System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
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Nervous Anatomy Animation
Absence Seizure Video
Tonic-Clonic Seizure Video
Epilepsy Video
Stroke Video
Parkinson's Disease Video
Multiple Sclerosis Animation
Electroneurodiagnostic Technician Video
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous System at a Glance
• Functions of Nervous System




Coordinates and controls body function
Receives sensory input
Makes decisions
Orders body responses
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous System at a Glance
• Organs of Nervous System
 Brain
 Spinal cord
 Nerves
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous
System
Illustrated
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
alges/o – sense of pain
astr/o – star
cephal/o – head
cerebell/o – cerebellum
cerebr/o – cerebrum
clon/o – rapid contracting and relaxing
dur/o – dura mater
encephal/o – brain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
esthes/o – sensation, feeling
gli/o – glue
medull/o – medulla
mening/o – meninges
meningi/o – meninges
myel/o – spinal cord
neur/o – nerve
poli/o – gray matter
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
pont/o – pons
radicul/o – nerve root
thalam/o – thalamus
thec/o – sheath (meninges)
ventricul/o – ventricle
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous System Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
–paresis
–phasia
–plegia
–taxia
–trophic
weakness
speech
paralysis
muscle coordination
pertaining to development
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomy and Physiology
• Coordinates all activity of body
 Receives information from both external
and internal sensory receptors
 Uses that information to adjust activity
of muscles and glands to match needs
of body
• Nervous system is divided into:
 Central nervous system (CNS)
 Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomy and Physiology
• Central nervous system consists of:
 Brain
 Spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system consists of:
 Cranial nerves
 Spinal nerves
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous Anatomy Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the nervous system.
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous Tissue
• Nervous system composed of two types
of cells
 Neurons
 Neuroglial cells
• Neurons
 Individual nerve cells
 Capable of conducting electrical
impulses
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous Tissue
• Neurons have three basic parts:
 Dendrites – highly branched
projections that receive impulses
 Nerve cell body – contains nucleus &
organelles
 Axon – conducts electrical impulse to
destination
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.1A
The structure of a neuron.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Figure 12.1B
Photomicrograph of typical neuron showing the nerve cell body, nucleus, and dendrites.
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous Tissue
• Synapse
 Point where axon of one neuron meets
dendrite of second neuron
• Synaptic cleft
 Gap between two neurons in a synapse
 Electrical impulse cannot cross
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous Tissue
• Neurotransmitter
 Chemical released by axon
 Crosses gap to stimulate dendrite of
second neuron
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous Tissue
• Neuroglial cells
 Variety of cells found in nervous tissue
 Each has different support function for
neurons
 Some neuroglial cells produce myelin, a
fatty substance that acts as insulation
for many axons
 Neuroglial cells do not conduct electrical
impulses
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.2
Electronmicrograph illustrating an axon (red) wrapped in its myelin sheath (blue).
(Quest/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Central Nervous System
• Combination of the brain and spinal
cord
• Function
 Receives impulses from all over body
 Processes this information
 Responds with action
• Bundles of nerve fibers interconnecting
different parts of CNS are called tracts
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Central Nervous System
• Consists of both gray and white
matter
• Gray matter
 Comprised of unsheathed or uncovered cell
bodies and dendrites
• White matter
 Myelinated nerve fibers
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Brain
• One of the largest organs in body
• Coordinates most body activities
• It is center for:




Thoughts
Memory
Judgment
Emotion
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Brain
• Four sections:




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Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Figure 12.3
The regions of the brain.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cerebrum
• Largest section
• Upper portion
• Processes:





Thoughts
Judgment
Memory
Association skills
Ability to
discriminate
between items
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.3
The regions of the brain.
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cerebrum
• Cerebral cortex
 Outer layer of cerebrum
 Composed of folds of gray matter
• Gyri
 Elevated portions of the cerebrum, or
convolutions
• Sulci
 Fissures, or valleys, between gyri
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Lobes of Cerebrum
• Subdivided into left and right halves
called cerebral hemispheres
• Each hemisphere has four lobes:




Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Lobes of Cerebrum
• Frontal lobe
 Most anterior lobe
 Controls motor
function,
personality, and
speech
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Lobes of Cerebrum
• Parietal lobe
 Most superior
portion
 Receives &
interprets nerve
impulses
 Interprets language
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Lobes of Cerebrum
• Occipital lobe
 Most posterior
 Controls vision
• Temporal lobe
 Left and right
lateral portion
 Controls hearing
and smell
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.4
The functional regions of the cerebrum.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diencephalon
• Located below
cerebrum
• Contains two of
most critical areas
of brain:
 Thalamus
 Hypothalamus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.3
The regions of the brain.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diencephalon
• Thalamus
 Center for relaying impulses from
eyes, ears, and skin to cerebrum
 Controls perception of pain
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diencephalon
• Hypothalamus
 Controls body temperature, appetite,
sleep, sexual desire, and emotions
 Controls autonomic nervous system,
cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal
system, and release of hormones from
pituitary gland
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cerebellum
• Second largest portion of brain
• Located beneath posterior part of
cerebrum
• Aids in:
 Coordinating voluntary body
movements
 Maintaining balance and equilibrium
• Refines muscular movements initiated
in cerebrum
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.3
The regions of the brain.
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Brain Stem
• Has three
components:
 Midbrain
 Pons
 Medulla
oblongata
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.3
The regions of the brain.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Brain Stem
• Midbrain
 Acts as pathway for impulses between
brain and spinal cord
• Pons
 Means bridge
 Connects cerebellum to rest of brain
• Medulla oblongata
 Most inferior portion of brain
 Connects brain to spinal cord
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Brain Ventricles
• Cavities containing cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)
 Watery, clear fluid
 Provides shock protection for CNS
• Locations:
 One in each cerebral hemisphere
 One in thalamus
 One in front of cerebellum
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Spinal Cord
• Extends from
medulla oblongata
to second lumbar
vertebra
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Spinal Cord
• Within vertebral
column
 33 vertebrae of
back bone
 Line up to form
continuous canal
 Called spinal
cavity or
vertebral canal
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.5A
The levels of the spinal cord and spinal nerves.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Spinal Cord
• Protected by cerebrospinal fluid
 Flows through central canal down
through spinal cord
• Outer portion of spinal cord is
myelinated white matter
 Ascending tracts carry sensory
information up to brain
 Descending tracts carry motor
commands down from brain to
peripheral nerve
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.5B
Photograph of the spinal cord as it descends from the brain with spinal nerve roots
visible.
(Video Surgery/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Meninges
• Protective
membrane sac
• Encases entire CNS
• Consists of three
layers:
 Dura mater
 Arachnoid layer
 Pia mater
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.6
The meninges.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Meninges
• Dura mater
 Means tough
mother
 Outermost, tough,
fibrous sac around
CNS
• Subdural space
 Empty space
between dura
mater and
arachnoid layer
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Meninges
• Arachnoid layer
 Means spider-like
 Thin, delicate layer
attached to pia
mater by web-like
filaments
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Meninges
• Subarachnoid
space
 Between arachnoid
layer and pia mater
 Contains
cerebrospinal fluid
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Meninges
• Pia mater
 Means soft mother
 Innermost
membrane layer
 Applied directly to
surface of brain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Consists of:
 12 pairs of cranial nerves
 31 pairs of spinal nerves
• Cranial nerves
 Arise from brain
• Spinal nerves
 Split off from spinal cord
 One pair (left and right) exit between
each pair of vertebrae
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nerves
• A nerve:
 Is a bundle of axon fibers located
outside CNS
 Carries messages between CNS and
various parts of body
• Nerve root
 Point where nerve is attached to CNS
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nerves
• Names of most nerves reflect:
 Organ the nerve serves
 Portion of body the nerve is traveling
through
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.7
The major spinal nerves.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Table 12.1 Cranial Nerves
I
Olfactory
sense of smell
II
Optic
sense of sight
II
Oculomotor
controls eye muscles and pupil
of eye
IV
Trochlear
controls oblique muscles of eye
V
Trigeminal
facial sensation and controls
muscles for chewing
VI
Abducens
controls eyeball muscles to turn
eye to side
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Table 12.1 Cranial Nerves
VII
Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
IX
X
controls facial muscles for
expression, salivation, and
taste on two-thirds of
tongue (anterior)
sense of equilibrium and
hearing
Glossopharyngeal
sensation from pharynx and
taste on one-third of tongue
Vagus
supplies most organs in
abdominal and thoracic
cavities
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Table 12.1 Cranial Nerves
XI
Accessory
controls neck and shoulder
muscles
XII
Hypoglossal
controls tongue muscles
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Neurons
• Each nerve can carry information both
to and from CNS
• But any individual neuron can carry
information in only one direction
• Either an:
 Afferent neuron
 Efferent neuron
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Neurons
• Afferent neurons
 Also called sensory neurons
 Carry sensory information from sensory
receptor to CNS
• Efferent neurons
 Also called motor neurons
 Carry activity instructions from CNS to
muscles or glands
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Figure 12.8
A reflex arc showing afferent and efferent neurons.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Divisions of PNS
• Nerves of PNS are subdivided into two
divisions
 Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
 Somatic nerves
• Each division serves different area of
body
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Control of involuntary or unconscious
bodily functions
• It may increase or decrease the activity
of:
 Smooth muscle found in viscera and
blood vessels
 Cardiac muscle of heart
 Glands
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• ANS divided into 2 branches:
 Sympathetic branch
 Parasympathetic branch
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Sympathetic branch
 Stimulates body in times of stress and
crisis
 Increases heart rate, dilates airways,
increases blood pressure, inhibits
digestion, and stimulates production of
adrenaline
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Parasympathetic branch
 Serves as counterbalance for
sympathetic nerves
 Causes heart rate to slow down, lowers
blood pressure, and stimulates digestion
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Somatic Nerves
• Mainly involved with conscious and
voluntary activities of body
• Serve skin and skeletal muscles
 Carry information from sensory
receptors of skin
• Such as touch, temperature, pressure,
and pain
 Carry motor commands to skeletal
muscles
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
angi/o – vessel
arteri/o – artery
cyt/o – cell
electr/o – electricity
hemat/o – blood
isch/o – to hold back
later/o – side
lumb/o – low back
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
my/o – muscle
scler/o – hard
spin/o – spine
tom/o – to cut
vascul/o – blood vessel
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Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-al
-algia
-ar
-ary
-asthenia
-cele
-eal
-ectomy
pertaining to
pain
pertaining to
pertaining to
weakness
protrusion
pertaining to
surgical removal
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Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-gram
-graphy
-ia
-ic
-ine
-itis
-logy
-nic
record
process of recording
condition, state
pertaining to
pertaining to
inflammation
study of
pertaining to
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Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-oma
-osis
-otomy
-pathy
-plasty
-rrhaphy
-tic
tumor, swelling
abnormal condition
cutting into
disease
surgical repair
suture
pertaining to
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Additional Prefixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
aanantibidysendoepihemi-
without
without
against
two
abnormal, difficult
within
above
half
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Additional Prefixes
•
•
•
•
•
hydrohyperintramonopara-
• poly• quadri-
water
excessive
within
one
abnormal, two like
parts of a pair
many
four
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Additional Prefixes
• semi• sub• un-
partial
below
not
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Anatomical Terms
cerebellar
pertaining to the cerebellum
cerebral
pertaining to the cerebrum
cerebrospinal
pertaining to the cerebrum and spine
encephalic
pertaining to the brain
intrathecal
pertaining to inside the meninges
medullary
pertaining to the medulla oblongata
meningeal
pertaining to the meninges
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Anatomical Terms
myelonic
pertaining to the spinal cord
neural
pertaining to nerves
neuroglial
pertaining to glial cells
pontine
pertaining to the pons
thalamic
pertaining to the thalamus
ventricular
pertaining to the ventricles
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Building Anatomical Terms
• Cerebellar
cerebell/o + -ar
 Pertaining to the cerebellum
• Encephalic
encephal/o + -ic
 Pertaining to the brain
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Building Anatomical Terms
• Cerebrospinal
cerebr/o + spin/o + -al
 Pertaining to the cerebrum and spine
• Intrathecal
intra- + thec/o + -al
 Pertaining to within the meninges
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Medical Specialties
neurology
Branch of medicine concerned with
diagnosis and treatment of diseases
and conditions of the nervous system.
neurosurgery
Branch of medicine concerned with
treating conditions and diseases of the
nervous systems by surgical means.
Physician is a neurosurgeon.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Specialties
anesthesiology
Branch of medicine specializing in all
aspects of anesthesia, including for
surgical procedures, resuscitation
measures, and the management of
acute and chronic pain. Physician is an
anesthesiologist.
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Signs and Symptoms
absence
seizure
epileptic seizure characterized by loss of
awareness and absence of activity;
formerly called petit mal
analgesia
absence of pain
anesthesia
lack of feeling or sensation
aphasia
inability to communicate verbally or in
writing
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination
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Absence Seizure Video
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Signs and Symptoms
aura
sensations occurring prior to epileptic
seizure or migraine; such as seeing colors
cephalalgia
a headache
coma
state of profound unconsciousness
conscious
awake and aware of surroundings
convulsion
alternating between strong involuntary
muscle contractions and relaxations
delirium
confusion, disorientation, and agitation
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Signs and Symptoms
dementia
impaired intellectual function
dysphasia
difficulty communicating verbally or in
writing
focal seizure
seizure in only one limb or body part
hemiparesis
weakness on one side of body
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of body
hyperesthesia
abnormally heightened sense of feeling,
pain or touch
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Signs and Symptoms
monoparesis
muscle weakness in a single limb
monoplegia
paralysis of one limb
neuralgia
nerve pain
palsy
loss of ability to control movements
paralysis
temporary or permanent loss of
voluntary movement
paraplegia
paralysis of lower portion of body
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Signs and Symptoms
paresthesia
abnormal sensations such as burning or
tingling
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four limbs
seizure
sudden, uncontrollable onset of
symptoms; such as in epileptic seizure
semiconscious
aware of surroundings only part of the
time
syncope
fainting
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Signs and Symptoms
tonic-clonic
seizure
epileptic seizure with strong muscle
spasms; formerly called grand mal
tremor
involuntary repetitive alternating
movements
unconscious
unaware of surroundings; unable to
respond to stimuli
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Tonic-Clonic Seizure Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of tonic-clonic seizures.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
• Quadriplegia
quadri- + -plegia
 Paralysis of four (extremities)
• Neuralgia
neur/o + -algia
 Nerve pain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
• Dysphagia
dys- + -phasia
 Difficulty with speech
• Anesthesia
an- + esthes/o + -ia
 Condition of being without feeling or
sensation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Brain Pathology
Alzheimer’s
disease
disorder characterized by progressive
dementia, disorientation, apathy, and
loss of memory
astrocytoma
malignant tumor originating in
astrocytes, a neuroglial cell
brain tumor
intracranial mass; may be malignant or
benign; dangerous because occupies
space
cerebellitis
inflammation of cerebellum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.9
Color enhanced CT-scan showing two malignant tumors in the brain.
(Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Brain Pathology
cerebral
aneurysm
ballooning of cerebral artery; may cause
stroke
cerebral
contusion
bruising of brain from impact; symptoms
last longer than 24 hrs; include
unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting,
unequal pupils
cerebral
palsy (CP)
brain damage results from defect,
trauma, or oxygen deprivation at time of
birth
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.10
Common locations for cerebral artery aneurysms in the Circle of Willis.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Brain Pathology
cerebrovascular
accident (CVA)
infarct due to loss of blood supply to
brain; may be due to hemorrhage,
thrombus, embolus, or compression;
commonly called a stroke
concussion
mild traumatic brain injury from
impact
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
epilepsy
seizures and loss of consciousness
caused by uncontrolled electrical
activity of brain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.11
The four common causes for cerebrovascular accidents.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Epilepsy Video
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Stroke Video
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Brain Pathology
hydrocephalus
accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid
within brain ventricles
migraine
specific type of headache with severe
pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and
nausea
Parkinson’s
disease
chronic disorder of brain with tremors,
weakness, muscle rigidity, and shuffling
gait
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.12
Hydrocephalus.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Parkinson's Disease Video
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Brain Pathology
Reye
syndrome
acute encephalopathy and organ
damage; follows viral infection and
associated with taking aspirin
transient
ischemic
attack (TIA)
temporary interference with blood
supply to brain; may lead to a CVA
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Spinal Cord Pathology
degeneration of motor neurons of
amyotrophic lateral
spinal cord; also called Lou Gehrig’s
sclerosis (ALS)
disease
meningocele
protrusion of meninges sac through
opening left by spina bifida defect
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
myelomeningocele
protrusion of meninges and spinal
cord through opening left by spina
bifida defect
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.13
Spina bifida.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Spinal Cord Pathology
poliomyelitis
spina bifida
spinal cord injury
(SCI)
viral infection affecting spinal cord;
paralysis may be mild and
temporary or severe and
permanent
congenital defect where lamina of
vertebra do not meet or close to
form spinal canal
damage to spinal cord due to
trauma; may be bruised and
recover or severed and permanent
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nerve Pathology
Bell’s palsy
one-sided facial paralysis due to
inflammation of facial nerve caused by
virus
Guillain-Barré
syndrome
(GBS)
temporary loss of myelin sheath; may be
autoimmune; starts in legs and
progresses up nervous system
multiple
loss of myelin sheath; results in
sclerosis (MS) weakness and numbness
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Multiple Sclerosis Animation
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sclerosis.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nerve Pathology
myasthenia
gravis
muscular weakness and fatigue due to
insufficient neurotransmitter at synapses
neuroma
tumor of nerve or sheath around a nerve
neuropathy
general term for disease or damage to a
nerve
polyneuritis
inflammation of two or more nerves
radiculitis
inflammation of a nerve root
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nerve Pathology
radiculopathy
condition caused by herniated disc
putting pressure on a nerve root
shingles
eruption of painful blisters on body along
a nerve path; caused by Herpes zoster
virus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.14
Photograph of the skin eruptions associated with shingles.
(Stephen VanHorn/Shutterstock)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Meninges Pathology
epidural
hematoma
mass of blood in space outside dura
mater
meningioma
tumor in the meninges
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
subdural
hematoma
mass of blood forming inside subdural
space; due to torn meningeal blood
vessel; space occupying lesion
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.15
A subdural hematoma.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
• Polyneuritis
poly- + neur/o + -itis
 Inflammation of many nerves
• Sclerosis
scler/o + -osis
 Abnormal condition of being hardened
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
• Myelomeningocele
myel/o + mening/o + -cele
 Protrusion of spinal cord and meninges
• Subdural
sub-
+ dur/o
+ -al
 Pertaining to under the dura mater
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Clinical Laboratory Tests
cerebrospinal
fluid analysis
examination of CSF; may detect
infections and blood in the fluid
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diagnostic Imaging
brain scan
image of brain after injection of
radioactive isotopes into
bloodstream
cerebral angiography
X-ray of cerebral blood vessels
after injection of radiopaque dye
echoencephalography
ultrasound image of brain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diagnostic Imaging
myelogram
X-ray record of spinal cord
myelography
X-ray of spinal cord after injection of
radiopaque dye into spinal canal
positron
emission
tomography
(PET)
use of positive radionuclides to construct
an image of the brain; image reveals
metabolic activity of brain areas
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Diagnostic Tests
Babinski’s reflex
reflex test that reveals
nervous system lesions;
performed by stroking sole of
foot
electroencephalogram
hardcopy record of brain’s
electrical activity
electroencephalography
(EEG)
records the electrical activity
of brain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Electroneurodiagnostic Technician
Video
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Diagnostic Tests
lumbar puncture
puncture to remove CSF for
examination
nerve conduction
velocity
measures speed at which an
impulse travels along a nerve;
reveals nerve damage
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 12.16
A lumbar puncture.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Diagnostic Terms
• Tomography
tom/o + -graphy
 Process of recording cuts (cross-section
views)
• Angiography
angi/o + -graphy
 Process of recording vessels
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Diagnostic Terms
• Electroencephalogram
electr/o + encephal/o + -gram
 Record of brain’s electricity
• Lumbar
lumb/o + -ar
 Pertaining to the low back
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Treatment
nerve block
anesthetic injection into nerve area to
block nerve impulses on that nerve; used
to treat chronic pain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Treatments
removes blockage of major artery in
carotid
neck that carries blood to brain by
endarterectomy
removing inner lining of the artery
cerebrospinal
fluid shunt
shunt carries CSF from ventricle to
abdominal cavity; treats hydrocephalus
laminectomy
removes part of vertebra; relieves
pressure on spinal nerve
neurectomy
surgical removal of a nerve
neuroplasty
surgical repair of a nerve
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Treatments
neurorrhaphy
suture back together the connective
tissue of a nerve
tractotomy
surgical cut of nerve tract; treats
severe chronic pain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Therapeutic Terms
• Neurectomy
neur/o + -ectomy
 Surgical removal of a nerve
• Neuroplasty
neur/o + -plasty
 Surgical repair of a nerve
• Neurorrhaphy
neur/o + -rrhaphy
 Suture a nerve
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous System Pharmacology
analgesic
treats minor to moderate
pain, non-narcotic
Tylenol,
Aleve
anesthetic
produces loss of sensation
or consciousness
Xylocaine,
Novocain
reduces nerve excitability
anticonvulsant
to prevent seizures
Tegretol,
Nembutal
dopaminergic
drugs
L-dopa,
Sinemet
treats Parkinson’s disease
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous System Pharmacology
hypnotic
promotes sleep
Seconal, Restoril
narcotic
analgesic
treats severe pain
OxyContin,
Demerol
sedative
calming or relaxing
effect
Amytal, Butisol
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous System Abbreviations
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ANS
autonomic nervous system
CNS
central nervous system
CP
cerebral palsy
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
CVD
cerebrovascular disease
EEG
electroencephalography
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous System Abbreviations
HA
headache
ICP
intracranial pressure
LP
lumbar puncture
MS
multiple sclerosis
PET
positron emission tomography
PNS
peripheral nervous system
SCI
spinal cord injury
TBI
traumatic brain injury
TIA
transient ischemic attack
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Combining Forms Match Up
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
cephal/o
encephal/o
gli/o
myel/o
thec/o
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
brain
glue
head
spinal cord
sheath
Classroom Response System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 1
Which is NOT part of the central nervous
system?
A. Cerebellum
B. Spinal nerves
C. Spinal cord
D. Brain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 1
Which is NOT part of the central nervous
system?
A. Cerebellum
B. Spinal nerves
C. Spinal cord
D. Brain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 2
Which part of a neuron receives
impulses?
A. Nerve cell body
B. Axon
C. Dendrite
D. Myelin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 2
Which part of a neuron receives
impulses?
A. Nerve cell body
B. Axon
C. Dendrite
D. Myelin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 3
Which is NOT a lobe of the cerebrum?
A. Frontal
B. Occipital
C. Sagittal
D. Temporal
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 3
Which is NOT a lobe of the cerebrum?
A. Frontal
B. Occipital
C. Sagittal
D. Temporal
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 4
The outer layer of the meninges is the:
A. Pia mater
B. Arachnoid
C. White matter
D. Dura mater
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 4
The outer layer of the meninges is the:
A. Pia mater
B. Arachnoid
C. White matter
D.Dura mater
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 5
Sensory neurons can also be called
__________ neurons.
A. Afferent
B. Ganglionic
C. Motor
D. Efferent
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 5
Sensory neurons can also be called
__________ neurons.
A. Afferent
B. Ganglionic
C. Motor
D. Efferent
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 6
Which term means the surgical repair of
a nerve?
A. Neuropathy
B. Neurectomy
C. Neuroplasty
D. Neurorrhaphy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 6
Which term means the surgical repair of
a nerve?
A. Neuropathy
B. Neurectomy
C. Neuroplasty
D. Neurorrhaphy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 7
Which term means the paralysis of all
four limbs?
A. Hemiplegia
B. Quadriplegia
C. Paraplegia
D. Monoplegia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 7
Which term means the paralysis of all
four limbs?
A. Hemiplegia
B. Quadriplegia
C. Paraplegia
D. Monoplegia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 8
Which term means a mental state
characterized by confusion,
disorientation, and agitation?
A. Delirium
B. Palsy
C. Coma
D. Dementia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 8
Which term means a mental state
characterized by confusion,
disorientation, and agitation?
A. Delirium
B. Palsy
C. Coma
D. Dementia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 9
Which term means fainting?
A. Aura
B. Syncope
C. Tremor
D. Seizure
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 9
Which term means fainting?
A. Aura
B. Syncope
C. Tremor
D. Seizure
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 10
A tonic-clonic seizure is also called a(n)
__________ seizure.
A. Absence
B. Grand mal
C. Focal
D. Petit mal
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 10
A tonic-clonic seizure is also called a(n)
__________ seizure.
A. Absence
B. Grand mal
C. Focal
D. Petit mal
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 11
Which condition is commonly called a
stroke?
A. Cerebrovascular accident
B. Cerebral palsy
C. Cerebral contusion
D. Cerebral aneurysm
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 11
Which condition is commonly called a
stroke?
A. Cerebrovascular accident
B. Cerebral palsy
C. Cerebral contusion
D. Cerebral aneurysm
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 12
Which condition affects the facial
muscles?
A. Parkinson’s disease
B. Reye’s syndrome
C. Meningocele
D. Bell’s palsy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 12
Which condition affects the facial
muscles?
A. Parkinson’s disease
B. Reye’s syndrome
C. Meningocele
D.Bell’s palsy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 13
Which condition includes painful blisters
along a nerve path?
A. Myasthenia gravis
B. Epilepsy
C. Shingles
D. Paresthesia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 13
Which condition includes painful blisters
along a nerve path?
A. Myasthenia gravis
B. Epilepsy
C. Shingles
D. Paresthesia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 14
Which condition is caused by the loss of
myelin insulation from nerves?
A. Guillain-Barré syndrome
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
D. Poliomyelitis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 14
Which condition is caused by the loss of
myelin insulation from nerves?
A. Guillain-Barré syndrome
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
D. Poliomyelitis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 15
Which condition is bruising of the brain
caused by a blow or impact?
A. Cerebral contusion
B. Cerebral concussion
C. Cerebral palsy
D. Astrocytoma
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 15
Which condition is bruising of the brain
caused by a blow or impact?
A. Cerebral contusion
B. Cerebral concussion
C. Cerebral palsy
D. Astrocytoma
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 16
Which diagnostic test uses ultrasound?
A. Cerebral angiography
B. Brain scan
C. Nerve conduction velocity
D. Echoencephalography
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 16
Which diagnostic test uses ultrasound?
A. Cerebral angiography
B. Brain scan
C. Nerve conduction velocity
D.Echoencephalography
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 17
Which diagnostic test measures how
much glucose the brain uses?
A. Positron emission tomography
B. Electroencephalography
C. Brain scan
D. Babinski’s test
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 17
Which diagnostic test measures how
much glucose the brain uses?
A. Positron emission tomography
B. Electroencephalography
C. Brain scan
D. Babinski’s test
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 18
Which of the following therapeutic
procedures is used to treat
hydrocephalus?
A. Nerve block
B. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt
C. Nerve conduction velocity
D. Laminectomy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 18
Which of the following therapeutic
procedures is used to treat
hydrocephalus?
A. Nerve block
B. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt
C. Nerve conduction velocity
D. Laminectomy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 19
Which medication produces a loss of
sensation or consciousness?
A. Analgesic
B. Hypnotic
C. Anesthetic
D. Sedative
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 19
Which medication produces a loss of
sensation or consciousness?
A. Analgesic
B. Hypnotic
C. Anesthetic
D. Sedative
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 20
Which abbreviation is NOT a disease
condition?
A. MS
B. CVA
C. SCI
D. CNS
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 20
Which abbreviation is NOT a disease
condition?
A. MS
B. CVA
C. SCI
D.CNS
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht