Download C5.3 PPT - Destiny High School

5
The Muscular
System
Lesson 5.1: Muscle Tissue Categories
and Functions
Lesson 5.2: Skeletal Muscle Actions
Lesson 5.3: The Major Skeletal Muscles
Lesson 5.4: Common Injuries and
Disorders of Muscles
Chapter 5: The Muscular System
Lesson 5.1
Muscle Tissue Categories
and Functions
Do Now
• Work on the “Learning the Key Terms”
Worksheet.
• Chapter 5 Lesson 1 begins on page 155.
• You have 10 minutes to complete the worksheet.
• Turn the worksheet in to Mr. B when you are
finished.
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Today’s Objectives
1. Discuss the structural and functional
characteristics of each of the three categories of
muscle.
2. Describe the four behavioral characteristics of all
muscle tissue.
3. Explain the roles of agonist and antagonist
muscles.
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Muscle Tissue
• Muscle is the only tissue capable of shortening, or
contracting.
• Muscles control movements of our body, move our
eyes, move our food through our digestive system
and beats our heart.
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Muscle Tissue
• categories
– skeletal
– smooth
– cardiac
• functions
– behavioral properties
– tension and types of skeletal muscle contractions
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Muscle Tissue Categories
• Skeletal
– Skeletal muscles attach to bones and are largely responsible for body
movements.
– Skeletal muscles are also known as striated muscles because of their crossstripes.
– Skeletal muscle is also known as voluntary muscle because these muscles
are stimulated consciously through nerve activity.
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Skeletal Muscle Organization
• The cell membrane of the muscle fiber is called
the sarcolemma.
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• perimysium bundles groups of
muscle fibers to make up a
fascicle
• epimysium encloses several
fascicles to make up a muscle
• aponeurosis connects muscle
to other tissues
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Skeletal Muscle Organization
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• Smooth Muscle
– Smooth muscle fibers are small, spindle shaped, and non-striated.
– Involuntary – not under conscious control.
– Found on the walls of many internal organs like the stomach,
intestines, bladder, and respiratory passages.
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• Cardiac
– Located solely in the walls of the heart.
– Cardiac cells are, involuntary and striated.
– Arranged in an interconnected network of figure-eight or spiralshaped bundles that join at the intercalated disks.
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Smooth muscle is voluntary.
2. Cardiac muscle has branching fibers.
3. Smooth muscle is multinucleate.
4. Perimysium wraps fascicles to make a muscle.
5. Endomysium surrounds the muscle fibers.
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Behavioral Properties of Muscle
• All muscles have four behavioral characteristics in common:
– extensibility– the ability to be stretched.
– elasticity– the ability to return to normal length after a stretch.
– irritability– the ability to respond to a stimulus.
– contractility– the ability to contract or shorten.
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Muscle Tissue Functions
• tension and types of skeletal muscle contraction
– agonist– the prime mover, moves bone
– antagonist–opposes the movement of the agonist
• Example: Bicep Curls. The bicep acts as the agonist and
triceps acts as the antagonist.
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Concentric Contraction
• agonist contracts,
antagonist relaxes
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Eccentric Contraction
• agonist contracts while
lengthening, antagonist
relaxes
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Isometric Contraction
• both agonist and
antagonist contract
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–5 below: extensibility,
elasticity, irritability, contractility, agonist, antagonist.
1. respond
2. opposes movement
3. stretch
4. shorten
5. causes movement
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END
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Exit Ticket
1) Which is not a category of muscle?
a. skeletal
b. smooth
d. rough
e. cardiac
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2) What is the only type of muscle found in the
heart?
a. smooth muscle
b. eccentric
c. cardiac
d. sarcolemma
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3) When you perform a bicep curl, there are two
muscles involved, the bicep and the tricep. Which of
muscle is the agonist and which is the antagonist?
Agonist = ________________
Antagonist = ________________
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Chapter 5: The Muscular System
Lesson 5.2
Skeletal Muscle Actions
Do Now
• Work on the “Learning the Key Terms”
Worksheet.
• Chapter 5 Lesson 2 begins on page 162.
• You have 10 minutes to complete the worksheet.
• Turn the worksheet in to Mr. B when you are
finished.
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Today’s Objectives
1. Describe a motor unit and explain the functional differences
between motor units that contain large and small numbers of
muscle fibers.
2. Explain how a nerve impulse generates an action potential in a
muscle fiber.
3. Explain how muscle contraction occurs at the level of the
sarcomere.
4. Describe the differences between slow-twitch and fast-twitch
skeletal muscle fibers.
5. Discuss the concepts of muscular strength, power, and
endurance.
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Skeletal Muscle
• Development of tension in a skeletal muscle is
influenced by a number of variables.
– Signals from the nervous system
– The properties of the muscle fibers
– The arrangement of fibers within the muscle
• the motor unit
• skeletal fiber types
• muscular strength, power, and endurance
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The Motor Unit
• group of muscle fibers under the control of one
motor neuron
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The Motor Unit
• Muscle tissue is not able to develop tension unless
stimulated by one or more nerves.
– A nerve that stimulates skeletal muscle, which is under
voluntary control is called a motor neuron.
– A single motor neuron and all of the muscle cells that it
stimulates is known as a motor unit.
– One motor neuron supplying impulses to a muscle may
connect anywhere between 100 to nearly 2000 skeletal
muscle fibers.
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Generating Action Potentials
• How does the motor neuron communicate with the
muscle cells in the motor unit to stimulate them?
– acetylcholine crosses the synaptic cleft at the
neuromuscular junction
• Acetylcholine causes an influx of sodium ions into the cell
and potassium ions out of the cell.
– depolarization takes place on muscle fiber
– action potential begins as a result of positive sodium
ions.
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Contraction of the Sarcomeres
• sarcomeres shorten by actin filaments sliding
along myosin filaments
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Maximum Tension and Return to
Relaxation
• All-or-None Law
– An action potential always causes entire motor unit
muscle fibers to contract.
• Skeletal motor units develop tension in a twitchlike manner.
• The muscles will generate maximum tension very
briefly, then immediately go into a resting state.
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. An action potential causes one half of the fibers in
the motor unit to contract.
2. Acetylcholine crosses the synaptic cleft at the
neuromuscular junction.
3. The sarcomeres lengthen by myosin filaments
sliding over actin filaments.
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Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
• Why are some athletes especially good at events
or tasks like running marathons or dunking a
basketball.
• Skeletal muscles are divided into two categories:
– slow-twitch
– fast-twitch
• type IIa
• type IIb
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• Slow-Twitch Fibers
– Muscle fibers that are found in people that are better
suited for endurance type activities.
• Fast-Twitch Fibers
– Contract much faster compared to slow-twitch.
– Type IIa
• Intermediate speed
– Type Iib
• Contract very rapidly
• About 1/7 the time required for slow-twitch fibers to
contract.
• Fatigue rapidly
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Skeletal Muscle Fiber Architecture
• Fiber architecture refers to the ways
in which muscle fibers are arranged.
• 2 Major Categories
– parallel fiber arrangements
• fusiform
• bundled
• triangular
– pennate fiber arrangements
• Unipennate – fibers aligned in
one direction to a central tendon
• Bipennate – fibers that are
attached to a central tendon.
• Multipennate – fibers that attach
to a central tendon in more than
two directions.
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Muscular Strength
• Muscular strength can be difficult to assess.
• More precise assessment of muscular strength is
torque.
– Torque is a rotary force that muscles can produce at a
joint
• the maximum weight you can lift is a measurement of
muscular strength
• The more toque a muscle generates at a joint, the greater
the tendency for movement of the bones.
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Muscle Power
• Muscular power is defined as muscle force
multiplied by muscle shortening velocity.
• Muscular power generated by several different
muscles working collectively.
• force x velocity
– how fast you can sprint is a measurement of muscle
power
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Muscle Endurance
• The ability of a muscle to produce tension over a
period of time.
• The longer the physical activity is maintained, the
greater the required muscular endurance.
• muscle tension/time
– how far you can run is a measurement of muscle
endurance
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END
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Exit Ticket
1) A nerve that stimulates muscle is call a(n) ____.
a. Motor Unit
b. Motor Neuron
c. Motor Home
d. Motor Muscle
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2) A(n) ___ is an electrical charge that creates
tension within a muscle fiber.
a. action mark
b. action speed
c. action potential
d. action spark
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• 3)
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–5 below: muscle
endurance, muscular strength, muscle power,
Type I, Type IIb.
1. force x velocity
2. muscle tension/time
3. rotary force that muscles can produce at a joint
4. slow twitch, slow fatigue
5. fast twitch, fast fatigue
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Chapter 5: The Muscular System
Lesson 5.3
The Major Skeletal
Muscles
Do Now
• Begin working on the “Learning the Key Terms”
Worksheet.
• Chapter 5 Lesson 3 Begins on Page 171.
• You have 10 minutes to complete this worksheet.
• When you are finished, please turn the worksheet
in to Mr. B.
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Today’s Objectives
• Describe and give examples of the types of body motions that occur in
the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes.
• Identify the locations and functions of the muscles of the head and
neck.
• Identify the locations and functions of the trunk muscles.
• Identify the locations and functions of the muscles of the upper limb.
• Identify the locations and functions of the muscles of the lower limb.
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What We’re Covering Today:
•
•
•
•
•
directional motions
head and neck muscles
trunk muscles
upper limb muscles
lower limb muscles
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• Major Skeletal Muscles
– There are more than 650 skeletal muscles in the human
body.
– Most of the muscles we will look at are arranged in
agonist-antagonist pairs.
• Remember: The agonist-antagonist muscle pairs oppose
each other’s movements.
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Skeletal Muscle Attachments
Directional Motions
• Skeletal muscles attach at either end of the
muscle; the most common attachments are tendon
connections to the bone.
• origin
– The end of a muscle that attaches to a relatively fixed
structure.
• insertion
– The end of a muscle that attaches to a bone that
typically moves when the muscle contracts.
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– Example:
• Brachialis
– Origin of the brachialis begins on the humerus, while the
insertion point is on the ulna.
– When the brachialis contracts, the forearm (ulna) is pulled
toward the upper arm, while the upper arm remains
stationary.
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Quick Review
What are the names of these three planes?
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– Sagittal Plane
• In line with forward and backward motions.
– Frontal Plane
• In line with sideways movement
– Transverse Plane
• Rotational movements
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Sagittal Plane Movements
• Flexion
– Forward bending motion of the head, trunk, upper arm,
forearm, hand, and hip
– Backward motion of the lower leg at the knee.
– Body surfaces come together.
• Extension
– Returns body segments from a position of flexion to
anatomical position.
• Hyperextension
– Continues extension beyond anatomical position.
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Sagittal Plan Movements
Two movements of the foot:
• Dorsiflexion
– Bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg.
• plantar flexion
– Moving the foot in the opposite direction away from the
lower leg.
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Frontal Plane Movements
• Abduction
– Movements at the shoulder and hip that take the arm and leg away from
the midline of the body.
• Adduction
– Movements that bring the arm and leg closer to the midline of the body.
• Inversion
– Rolling the sole of the foot inward.
• Eversion
– Rolling the sole of the foot outward.
• radial deviation
– Abduction of the hand toward the thumb
• ulnar deviation
– Adduction of the hand toward the little finger.
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Transverse Plane Movements
• Transverse plane movements mostly involve
rotation around the long axis of a body segment.
• medial rotation
– Rotation of an arm of a leg directed medially or inward.
• lateral rotation
– Movement directed laterally or outward.
• Pronation
– Rotation of the forearm medially (palm down)
• supination
– Rotation of the forearm laterally (palm up)
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Multiplanar Movements
• Movements that do not fall into a single plan are
called multiplanar movements.
• Circumduction
– Rotational movement of a body segment such that the
end of the segment traces a circle.
• Opposition
– Touching any of your four fingers to the thumb.
– This movement allows you to grasp objects.
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Circumduction is a multiple plane movement.
2. Supination is a multiple plane movement.
3. The insertion is the fixed end of a muscle.
4. Extension is a sagittal plane movement.
5. Adduction is a frontal plane movement.
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Head and Neck Muscles
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Head and Neck Muscles
• Head and Neck muscles can be divided into 3
groups:
– Facial muscles
• Muscle insertions connect to other muscles or skin
resulting in our ability to create facial expressions.
– Chewing muscles
– Neck muscles
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Trunk Muscles
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Trunk Muscles
• Provide stability for the vertebral column.
• Responsible for helping to maintain an upright
posture.
• Trunk muscles enable flexion, extension,
hyperextension, lateral flexion, and rotation of the
head and trunk.
• Diaphragm muscle regulates our breathing.
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Upper Limb Muscles
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Upper Limb Muscles
• Remember: The shoulder is a ball and socket
joint…meaning it is freely movable.
• Shoulder joint is susceptible to dislocation.
• The large muscles of the shoulder maintain
stability.
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Lower Limb Muscles
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Lower Limb Muscles
• Lower limb muscles are designed for standing and
walking.
• Lower limb muscles have strong, stringlike
tendons.
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: head, trunk,
upper limb, lower limb.
1. temporalis
2. brachioradialis
3. external oblique
4. biceps femoris
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END
1)
Look at the muscle movements below. All of these actions take place
in which plane?
a. Frontal Plane
b. Sagittal Plane
c. Transverse Plane
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2) Look at the muscle movements below. All of these actions take place
in which plane?
a. Frontal Plane
b. Sagittal Plane
c. Transverse Plane
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3) T or F: Circumduction is a multiple plane
movement.
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Exit Ticket
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Chapter 5: The Muscular System
Lesson 5.4
Common Injuries and
Disorders of Muscles
Do Now
• Work on the “Learning the Key Terms” Worksheet.
• Lesson 5.4 Pg. 182
• You have 10 minutes to complete the worksheet.
• Turn in your worksheet to Mr. B when you are
finished.
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Today’s Objectives
1. Explain the differences between a muscle sprain,
a contusion, and a cramp.
2. Discuss the differences between tendinitis and
tendinosis.
3. Explain the causes of common muscular injuries
that occur during participation in different sports.
4. Describe the causes and symptoms of whiplash
injuries and hernias.
5. Describe the risk factors for low back pain and
explain what strategies can be used to avoid it.
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Intro
• Muscle injuries are common.
• Most of our muscle injuries are minor.
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Muscle Injuries
• Strains
– A muscle strain happens when a muscle is stretched
beyond its usual limits.
– People with greater flexibility at a joint, have a much
lower risk of straining those muscles compared to
someone who has “tight” muscles.
– The speed at which muscles are stretched can also
factor in strains.
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• 3 Types of Strains
– Grade I (Mild)
• Feelings of tightness in the muscle the day after the injury.
– Grade II (Moderate)
• Strains produce pain caused by a partial tear in the muscle.
Associated weakness and temporary loss of function may also
occur.
– Grade III (Severe)
• The damage and symptoms are significantly greater than those
of grade I and II.
• Grade III involve tearing of the muscle, loss of function,
internal bleeding, and swelling.
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• Contusion – Bruised muscle
– A contusion is a bruise or bleeding within a muscle,
resulting from an impact.
– If an already injured area is repeatedly struck, a more
serious condition can result:
• Myositis Ossificans – forms a calcium mass within the
muscle, but usually dissolves at six or seven weeks.
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• cramps–spasming muscle
– Involve moderate to severe muscle spasms.
– The cause of cramps is unknown.
• Electrolyte imbalance (Calcium, magnesium, or
potassium)
• Dehydration
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• delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) – tear
– Muscle soreness is common and typically arises shortly
after activity.
– (DOMS) follows participation in a particularly long or
strenuous activity.
– Involves multiple microscopic tears in the muscle and
causes inflammation, pain, swelling, and stiffness.
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Tendon Injuries
• Tendons are the bands of tough, fibrous
connective tissue that connect muscles to bones.
• Tendinitis
– inflamed tendon usually accompanied by pain and
swelling.
– Acute and overuse injuries can cause tendonitis
– Can occur with aging
– Most commonly found in the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and
wrist, and Achilles tendon of the heel.
– Treatment includes rest and heat or cold in addition to
pain relievers like ibuprofen and aspirin.
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• tendinosis–degeneration of a tendon
– If untreated, chronic tendinitis can progress to
tendinosis.
– Tendinosis is a degeneration of a tendon caused by
microtears in the tendon connective tissue.
– The weakened condition increases the likelihood that
the tendon will rupture.
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Joint Injuries
• rotational injury at shoulder
– Repetition of forceful overhead motions at the shoulder.
– Due to improper mechanics.
– The symptoms are pain and stiffness with overhead or
rapid movements.
• overuse of elbow
– Epicondylitis involves inflammation and sometimes
microtearing of the muscle tendons.
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• shin splints
– Term used to describe pain localized to the medial lower
leg.
– Commonly caused by overuse from running or dancing
– particularly on hard surfaces.
– Damage to the muscle tendons that attach to the tibia.
• whiplash
– Injury to the neck.
– Fairly common is automobile accidents when a car is
rear-ended.
– Can cause pain or numbness extending down the
shoulders, arms, and even the hands or headaches.
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Muscle Disorders
• muscular dystrophy (MD)
– Inherited disorder characterized by progressively
worsening muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue.
– May occur during childhood or adulthood.
– MD may affect only certain muscle groups whereas
other forms of MD affect all of the muscles.
– No known cures at this time.
– Treatment is to try and manage symptoms.
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• Hernia
– A balloon-like section of the abdominal cavity lining that
protrudes through a hole or weakened section of the
muscles in the abdomen.
– Caused by heavy lifting or any activity that increases
pressure inside the abdominal cavity.
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Tendinitis is muscle strain.
2. A contusion is a bruise.
3. Whiplash is a joint injury.
4. A hernia is a tendon injury.
5. A strain is an over stretch of a tendon.
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END
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Exit Ticket
1) Which of the following may be a cause of muscle
cramps?
a. Electrolyte Imbalance
b. Dehydration
c. Deficiency in minerals such as calcium or potassium.
d. All of the Above.
e. None of the above are correct.
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2) A(n) ______ is a bruise or bleeding within a
muscle.
a. Muscle Strain
b. Muscle Contusion
c. Muscle Cramp
d. Muscle Tear
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3)T or F: Delayed onset muscle soreness follows
participation from a long or strenuous activity.
4)T or F: Whiplash injuries to the neck are often
caused by abnormal motion to the cervical
vertebrae.
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5) T or F: When classifying muscle strains, a grade I
muscle strain is more severe than a grade III strain.
END
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