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Skeletal System Part II Biology 2121 Bone Surface Markings • Depressions and Openings • Fissures, foramens, fossa’s and a meatus • Processes • Form joints • Condyles, heads, facets • Form attachment points for CT • Epicondyle, crest, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity Fissures, Foramens, Fossas, etc. • Eye Socket – Fissures • Superior and inferior orbital fissures • Optic Canal • Foramens • Foramen Magnum • Mental Foramen • Jugular Foramen • Meatus • Internal and External Acoustic meatus • Fossa • Mandibular Fossa Sinuses Processes That Form Joints • Condyles • Tibial Condyles • Mandibular Condyles • Heads • Humerus, Femur • Facets • Ribs Muscle and Ligament Attachment Sites – Projections • Upper and Lower Limbs • Epicondyles – femur and humerus • Trochanter – femur • Tuberosity – Deltoid (humerus) • Tubercle – humerus Projections- Ligament and Muscle Attachment– Other Locations • Vertebrae • Spinous process • Transverse process • Pelvis • Iliac spine • Iliac crest Muscle and Ligament Attachments • Scapula • Coracoid process • Acromion The Skull • 22 Cranial and Facial Bones • ‘Flat Bones’ formed by intramembranous ossification • Spongy bone in-between compact bone • Cranial bones – held together by sutures • Sutures are immovable joints (synarthrosis) The Vertebral Column • Vertebral Regions • Keeping them together • Longitudinal ligaments • Intervertebral joints • Intervetebral Discs • Nucleus pulposus • Annuls fibrosus • “herniated discs” • Superior and Inferior Articulating processes Vertebral Column • Vertebral ForamenCanal • Spinal Cord • Intervertebral Foramina • Spinal Nerves • Rib Connection • Thoracic – demifacets • Transverse costal facets Sternum Ties it all Together • Anatomical Landmarks • Jugular notch • Sternal Angle • Xiphisternal joint • Clavicular Notch • Sternoclavicular joint • Coastal Cartilage and Ribs Upper Limb Notes • Important Joints • Glenohumeral • Elbow • Capitulum – Radial Head • Trochlea – Coronoid process of Ulna • Radiocarpal • Radius and proximal carpals Pelvic-Hip Girdle Notes • Important Joints • Coxal • Sacroiliac • Hip bones are called ‘ox coxae’ • Three Regions • Ilium • Ischium • Pubis Comparing the Male and Female Pelvis • Female pelvis • • • • • Tilted forward more Cavity Bones are lighter, thinner Acetabula is smaller More rounded • Male Pelvis • Heavier, thicker • More acute angle • Cavity more narrow Lower Limb Notes • Femur articulates with the pelvis • Hip – coxal joint • Femur articulates with the lower leg bones • Femoropatellar joint • Tibiofibular joint • Intertarsal joint • Knee Joint The Foot • Tarsus • Seven bones • Calcaneus • Heel bone • Talus • Articulates with tibia and fibula • Ankle! • Arches of the Foot • Talus – ‘keystone’ bone of medial longitudinal arch • Cuboid – lateral longitudinal arch
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