Download The Basic Organization of Living Forms (week 2)

The Basic Organization of
Living Forms
ESC 556 Environmental Biology
Week 2
Fundamentals of Life
 Characteristics of Life
 Living matter vs. Inanimate matter
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Cellular organisation
Nutrition
Growth
Respiration
Responsiveness
Movement
Excretion
Reproduction
 Catabolism vs. Anabolism
The Flame of Life
 Analogies
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Respire
Nutrition
Reproduce
Excrete
Grows
Moves
Responsiveness
Organized
 Differences
 DNA/RNA
 Anabolic Metabolism
The Cell
 Smallest Unit of Life
 prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
 Membrane bound nucleus
 Organelles
 Size differences
 Surface Area / Volume Ratio
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Differences:
 Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound
organelles
 Genetic material transfer
Cell Membrane
 Separate the cell from its environment
 Lipid bilayer w/ proteins
 Attachment
 Movement of water & other bulk items
 Transport of molecules & ions
 Reception of chemical messages
 Passive transport
 Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitative diffusion
 Active transport (pumps)
 Endocytosis
 Phagocytosis, pinocytosis
Endocytosis
Plant Cell Walls
 Cellulose
 Hemicelluloses
 Pectin
 Lignin
 Organic material
 Highest in high latititudes
Plant Cell Wall
Energy Transformations
 Growth, maintenance and replication
 1st & 2nd Laws of Thermodynamic
 Photosynthesis
 Enzymes
 ATP (Adenine triphosphate)
Photosynthesis & Respiration
 3 Bya: Capture photons and synthesize organic
molecules
 2 – 1.5 Bya: Release Oxygen
 Respiration
 Formula:
6CO2 +12H2O + Light  6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O
 Chlorophyll
 Chloroplast
 Inefficient
Photosynthesis
Enzymes
Materials of Life
 97 % N, O, C, H
 90 & H and O  Water
 Macromolecules
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Water
 ¾ of the earth’s surface
 2/3 of all organisms
 Three forms
 Polar molecule
 Universal solvent
 Adhesion – transport systems
 Stable against temperature changes – high heat of
vaporization
 Most dense @ 4oC
Carbohydrates
 Small molecules to long polymers
 Energy storage
 Sugars (CH2O)n
 Short term
 Monosaccharides
 Isomers
 Long Term
 Disaccharides & Polysaccharides
 Polysaccharide Glucose
Carbohydrates
 Structural Elements
 Polysaccharide cellulose
 Polysaccharide chitin
 Cellulases
Lipids
 Non-polar
 Many different kinds
 Fats
 Storage of energy
 Phospholipids
 Cell membrane
 Polar + non-polar groups : Lipid bilayer
 Terpenes
 Steroids
Proteins
 Various functions
 Fibres, enzymes, hormones, transport, ion-binding, toxins
 Chain of amino acid subunits (polypeptide)
 20 amino acids
Nucleic Acids
 Information storage
 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
 DNA
 Replicate itself
 Pass on hereditary material
 Nucleotides
 DNA structure
 Sugar-phosphate backbone
 Four bases
Nucleic Acids
 DNA structure
Nucleic Acids/DNA
Nucleic Acids
 RNA
 Read the DNA & produce proteins
 Structure
 Ribose
 Uracil instead of thymine
From DNA - Proteins
Genetic Code
The Diversity of Life
 At least 10 million species
 1.5 million described
Levels of Organization
 Individual
 Unitary vs. Modular
 Population
 Defined area
 Community
 Physical feature of the habitat or dominant species
 Ecosystem
 Interaction between communities & their environment
 Material recycling
Species concept
 Species
 Morphological species concept
 identical by morphological (anatomical) criteria
 Biological species concept
 groups of potentially or actually interbreeding natural
populations that are reproductively isolated from other such
groups
 Isolating mechanisms
 Habitat, seasonal, behavioral, mechanical, gamete, hybrid
failure
 Problems with fossil & asexual species
 Hybrid problem
 Evolutionary/Phylogenetic species concept
 All those individuals that share a common evolutionary
history
Phylogenetic relationships
Evolutionary/Phylogenetic species
Classification & the Binomial
System
 Linnaeus
 Felis catus
 Ranks
Ranks / Taxonomic Hierarchy
Domain
Eukarya
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Felidae
Genus
Felis
Species
catus
Three Domains
 Bacteria
 Archaea
prokaryotes
 Eukarya
eukaryotes
Bacteria vs. Archaea
 Peptidoglycan layer
Six Kingdoms
 Eubacteria
 Archaeabacteria
prokaryotes
 Animalia
 Plantae
 Fungi
 Protista
eukaryotes
Six Kingdoms
 Eubacteria
Bacteria
 Archaeabacteria
Archaea
 Animalia
 Plantae
 Fungi
 Protista
Eukarya
Protists
 Multicellularity evolved multiple times independently
Animalia
 Blastula
 Multicellular heterotrophs
 Tripoblasty
 Ectoderm
 Endoterm
 Mesoderm
 Movement
 Tube-within-tube
 Complex nervous systems
Plantae
 Photosynthesis
 Cell wall
 Sessile
 350,000 species
 Land plants
Land Plants
Vascular
Gymnosperms
Nonvascular
Angiosperms
Fungi
 Heterotrophs
 Absorb their food
 Cell walls
 Spores
 Decomposition
Evolution of Kingdoms