Download Chapters 1*2 - The Penn Latin Project

Chapters 1–2
1. Mottos at Penn
2. Nouns
3. Verbs
4. Conjunctions
5. A more sophisticated motto
1. Mottos at Penn
Yours?
1. Mottos at Penn
Mine?
consilium iuvant litterae
1. Mottos at Penn
Harnwell College House
http://www.pennlatinproject.com/campus-andphiladelphia-inscriptions.html
1. Mottos at Penn
Harnwell College House (cont.)
monstrat sol viam
monstrat viam sol
sol viam monstrat
sol monstrat viam
viam sol monstrat
viam monstrat sol
2. Nouns
monstrat sol viam
monstrat viam sol
sol viam monstrat
sol monstrat viam
viam sol monstrat
viam monstrat sol
2. Nouns
Cases
lūna viam monstrat / The moon shows a path
lūnam via monstrat / The path shows the moon
-a = nominative case (subject function)
-am = accusative case (direct object function)
2. Nouns
Cases (cont.)
lūna, ō rēgīna Rōmae, viam nautae nātūrā monstrat
The moon, o queen of Rome, by nature shows a path to the sailor.
-a = nominative case (subject function)
-a = vocative case (used for direct address)
-ae = genitive case (“of” etc.)
-ae = dative case (“to” etc.)
-am = accusative case (direct object function)
–ā = ablative case (“by” etc.)
2. Nouns
1st “declension”
singular
plural
nominative
lūn-a
lūn-ae
genitive
lūn-ae
lūn-ārum
dative
lūn-ae
lūn-īs
accusative
lūn-am
lūn-ās
lūn-ā
lūn-īs
ablative
 Same endings for all nouns with principal parts in -a, -ae regardless
of gender.
 Vocative = same as nominative.
 Some forms are ambiguous (sorry about that …).
2. Nouns
2nd declension masculine
singular
plural
domin-us
domin-ī
genitive
domin-ī
domin-ōrum
dative
domin-ō
domin-īs
domin-um
domin-ōs
domin-ō
domin-īs
nominative
accusative
ablative
 Vocative singular = domin-e
singular
plural
nominative
ager
agr-ī
genitive
agr-ī
agr-ōrum
dative
agr-ō
agr-īs
agr-um
agr-ōs
agr-ō
agr-īs
accusative
ablative
2. Nouns
2nd declension neuter
singular
plural
bell-um
bell-a
genitive
bell-ī
bell-ōrum
dative
bell-ō
bell-īs
bell-um
bell-a
bell-ō
bell-īs
nominative
accusative
ablative
 Note ambiguity for all neuter nouns: nominative and accusative identical!
2. Nouns
Cases
lūna, ō rēgīna Rōmae, viam nautae nātūrā monstrat
The moon, o queen of Rome, by nature shows a path to the sailor.
vir, ō amīce dominī, agrum puerō consiliō monstrat.
Meaning?
2. Nouns
Five declensions
declension
defining characeristic
1
a
rēgīna, -ae f. queen
poēta, -ae m. poet
NO NEUTER
2
u
amīcus, -ī m. friend
FEW FEMININE (humus, -ī f. ground)
consilium, -iī n. advice
(originally o)
cf. Greek phil-os)
examples
3
consonant
4
u
currus, -ūs m. chariot
NO FEMININE
cornū, -ūs n. horn
5
e
speciēs, speciēī f. sight
NO MASCULINE OR NEUTER
sol, sōlis m. sun
vōx, vōcis f. voice
animal, animālis n. animal
3. Verbs
Sentence patterns corresponding to
different verb-types
verb type
example
translation
intransitive verb
lūna lūcet
The moon shines
transitive verb
taking direct
object
lūna viam monstrat
The moon shows a path
transitive verb
taking two
accusatives
lūna nautam fortūnam docet
The moon teaches the
sailor (his) fortune
lūna viam monstrāre dēbet
The moon ought to show a
path
transitive verb
taking
complementary
infinitive
3. Verbs
Inflection by person and number
person
number
example
meaning
lūnam videō
I see the moon
vidēs lunam?
You seen the moon?
3rd
monstrat viam!
It shows a path
1st
viam habēmus
We have a path
2nd
lūnam amātis?
You love the moon?
viam habent.
They have a path
1st
2nd
3rd
singular
plural
3. Verbs
1st and 2nd conjugations: present active indicative
pers
on
1st
conjugation
2nd conjugation
translations
1st
am(a)-ō
habe-ō
I — / am —ing
2nd
amā-s
habē-s
You —/ are —ing
3rd
ama-t
habe-t
He/she/it —s / is —ing
1st
amā-mus
habē-mus
We — / are —ing
amā-tis
habē-tis
You (y’all) — / are —ing
ama-nt
habe-nt
They — / are —ing
2nd
3rd
num
ber
sing.
pl.
 Stem is derived from 2nd principal part: amā-re, habē-re
 Note variation in stem-vowel length: shortened before -ō, -t, -nt
3. Verbs
Identifying a verb form
person
number
tense
voice
mood
1st
2nd
3rd
singular
plural
present
imperfect
future
active
passive
indicative
subjunctive
imperative
infinitive
participle
perfect
pluperfect
future perfect
E.g. monstrat: “3rd person singular present active indicative”
 Note: infinitive forms are “non-finite” and have no person or number
E.g. monstrāre: “present active infinitive”
3. Verbs
Sentence types for indicative and
infinitive
mood
indicative
infinitive
sentence type
example
question
statement
puellae clāmant
The girls are
shouting
question
puellae-ne
clāmant?
Are the girls
shouting?
complementary
construction
puellae clāmāre
audent
The girls dare to
shout
4. Conjunctions
conjunction
structure
example
x et y
puerī et puellae
x y-que
puerī puellaeque
both … and
et x et y
et puerī et puellae
but
(x) sed y
puerī clāmant, sed
puellae tacent
and
5. A more sophisticated motto?
The moon shows a path, but the sailors are doubtful.
The farmers both work and choose war.
Fortune, are you silent? You teach wisdom.