Download د.ضرغام حمزة يوسف فرع الصحة العامة البيطرية Classes of D

‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫فرع الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
‫تصنيف المطهرات‬
Classes of Disinfectants and their uses
The are literally hundreds of disinfectants out on the market now .So which
disinfectant do you pick? I will offer an overview of the different classes of
disinfectants , their uses , drawbacks and strong points and an idea of approximate
costs for each class .
It is not uncommon to need more than one kind of disinfectant to combat
different types of pathogens in the field , on the average , have over 14 different
types of disinfectants in use at any given time .
Definitions used to describe control of microorganisms .
Antiseptic: An agent that can be used as directed to reduce the microbial
population found on skin , The maximum useable concentration of antiseptic is
limited by risk of skin and mucous membrane irritation .
Disinfectant :An agent that will destroy many of the disease – causing
microorganisms present on the surface of an inanimate object . A disinfectant
claim is granted by the (EPA) to any solution which will destroy the following
three microorganisms using an official (AOAC) (Association of official Analytical
chemists ) :Staph aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella choleraesuis ,
A disinfectant label does not imply or include effecincy against viruses ,
mycobacterium , protozoa , or heat - resistant bacterial spores .
Germicidal (Bactericidal):An agent that kills certain specified types of
pathogenic microorganisms when used as directed .A germicide does not
automatically kill spores , viruses , tuberculosis or fungi .
Sanitizer : An agent that reduce microbial contamination on the surface of an
object to an acceptable level . Senitizers must not leave a harmful residue .
Sterilant :An agent that destroys all microbial organisms including heat – resistant
bacterial spores .Sterilization can be achieved by boiling , autoclaving or exposure
to toxic chemical .Solutions that contain chlorine or glutaraldehyde are frequently
labeled as chemical sterilants .
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫فرع الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
Sporicide : An agent that killes two specific types of vaccum dried bacterial spores
, according to specific AOAC test requirements .
Tuberculocidal : An agent that kill mycobacteria and especially M. tuberculosis
according to procedures recently defined by the EPA (Envirnomental Protection
Agency)A disinfectant or germicide are not automatically considered to be
tuberculocidal.
Virucide: An agent that kills certain specified types of viruses when used as
directed .
Fungicide :An agent that kills certain specified types of fungs.
Deodorant: An agent that has ability to absorption un objectionable odor and that
has hard odor which prevent or work against the bad odor .
Sanitation , cleaning and Disinfectants :
Disease and infections have always been a major concern to the poultry / animals
industry . especially in the hatchery .
Fortunately , microbial contamination can be prevented and controlled by using
proper management practices and modern sanitation products .
Understanding the terms used to describe microbial control is important when
selecting the appropriate action for eliminating disease causing organisms.
Three terms commonly used but often misunderstood are sterilization ,
Disinfection , Sanitation .
Sterilization : The destruction of all infective and reproductive forms of all
microorganisms (Bacteria , Fungi , virus , etc.) .
Disinfection :The destruction of all vegetative forms of microorganisms , spores
are not destroyed .
Sanitation:The reduction of pathogenic organism numbers to a level at which they
no longer pose a disease threat to their host .
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫فرع الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
Sanitation program:
1-All poultry / animals farms and hatcheries must be kept clean .
2-Not only does this mean debris should be removed on a continuing basis , but
certain disinfectants must be used regularly to lower the incidence of pathogenic
Microorganisms .
3-Hatcheries must be cleaned and disinfected , either by chemicals or fumigation ,
or both .
4-Drinking fountains must be cleaned daily .
5-Nests should be cleaned and new nest litter added on a weekly basis .
6-Chick ricks must be fumigated prior to each chick delivery .
7-Hatching eggs must be fumigated immediately after they are laid.
8-Employes must shower and change to clean clothing before entering the poultry
premises .
9-These are but a few of the program which must be regularly followed to keep the
operation clean and sanitary.
* Most poultry / animals producers have the impression that they are approaching a
sterile condition because they use disinfectants , when they may only achieve a
sanitized condition at the very best .
*The most important consideration to remember when striving for disease
management is that cleanliness is essential .
*Proper cleaning removes the vast majority of all microbial organisms and is
absolutely necessary before applying disinfectants
*This applies to all areas of poultry /animals production including hatchery ,
brooding facilities poultry / animals house , storage facilities or processing plants .
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫فرع الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
Cleaning and Disinfection :
1-It is extremely important to remove as much organic matter as practicable from
surfaces to be disinfected . All debris , manure , broken eggs , etc .Must be
removed from the facility .
2-This is followed by thorough cleaning using warm water and appropriate
cleaning aides .Focus atention on selecting the proper detergent and thus producing
the cleanest environment possible.
3-A thorough rising with abundant quantities of potable water completes the
cleaning process and removes most lingering residues of detergents , organic
matter or microbial organisms .
4-Only after the facilities have been thoroughly cleaned , with the surfaces be
suitable for treatment with an appropriate disinfectant solution .
Selection of disinfectant :
Not all disinfectants are suited for every situation when selecting the disinfectant ,
carefully consider :
1-The type of surface being treated .
2-The cleanliness of the surface .
3-The type of organisms being treated .
4-The durability of the equipment /surface material .
5-Time limitations on treatment duration .
6-Residual activity requirements .
In general , disinfectants can be divided into many categories the various classes of
disinfectants are:
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫فرع الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
Classes of Disinfectants :
1-Fire and freezing:
Freezing temperatures will deactivate some infectious organism , but many
including viruses will survive .The longer the freezing time , the lower , the
survival rate for most organisms , but it wont kill everything .Flame is an excellent
cleaner .Gas torches will kill any known living organism , remember , the solution
to cleaning up after epidemics has been to burn down anything that was
contaminated , but flame is obviously limited in its uses .It’s hard to disinfect wood
nest boxes and plastic objects with flame , and it will often discolor metal surfaces.
2-Steam :
Pressurized steam directed into cracks and corners is an excellent sterilant .It is ,
however , quite disruptive to birds especially during breeding , and it can be costly
due to equipment rental / purchase charges .It is best to thoroughly wash all
equipment prior to steaming it .
3-Alcohols :Ethanol (Isopropanol), Lysol , ethyl alcohol
Alcohols , usually ethanol or isopropanol , are sometimes used as a disinfectant ,
but more often as an antiseptic (The distinction being that alcohol tends to be used
on living tissue rather than nonliving surfaces).they are non-corrosive , but can be a
fire hazard .They also have limited residual activity due to evaporation , which
results in brief contact times anless
(Hurdle) D h =
C
x t ---- contact time
Concentration
the surface is submerged , and have a limited activity in the presence of organic
material , Alcohols are most effective when combined with purified water to
facilitate diffusion through the cell membrane , 100 % alcohol typically denatures
only external membrane proteins , A mixture of 70 % ethanol or isopropanol
diluted in water is effective against a wide spectrum of bacteria , though higher
concentrations are often needed to disinfect wet surfaces .Additionally high –
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫فرع الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
concentration mixtures (such as 80 % ethanol + 5 % isopropanol) are required to
effectively inactivate lipid – enveloped viruses ( such as HIV, hepatitis B and
hepatitis C) Alcohol is , at best , only partly effective against most non – enveloped
viruses (such as hepatitis A) , and is not effective against fungal and bacterial
spores .
1-Wide germicidal activity , non corrosive , but poses a fire hazard .
2-Limited residual activity due to evaporation .
3-alcohols provide limited activity in the presence of organic matter .
4-Not considered effective against bacterial or fungal spores .
5-Excellent for disinfecting instruments or other small objects .
6-Too expensive for general use.
7-Must use as a 70-95 % concentration for effectiveness.
4-Halogens (Iodines or hypochlorites) (Iodophom’s):
1-Provide wide germicidal activity but are corrosive .
2-Limited activity when in the presence of organic matter .
3-Poor residual activity , Low toxicity , but may stain surfaces .
4-Not recommended as sporocidal agents .
5-Effective at low concentrations for disinfecting clean , small object.
6-low cost but requires frequent applications.
5-Quaternary ammonium compounds(cetavlon).
1-Limited germicidal range .
2-Not sporocidal , effective against vegetative bacteria, fungi and viruses .
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫فرع الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
3-Reduced efficiency in the presence of organic matter .
4-Limited effectiveness in soaps , detergents , and hard water salt .
5-non-irritating , non-corrosive and low toxicity .
6-Residual activity is limited by the amount of recontamination .
7-Good disinfectant for use on cleaned surfaces .
8-Low cost.
6-Phenolics(Single or multiple). (Cresolic acid )C6H4
1-Wide germicidal range , not sporocidal(Carbolic Acid)C6H5.
2-Low toxicity and low corrosiveness .
3-Very effective in the presence of organic matter .
4-Good residual activity and deodorizer .
5-Low to moderate cost .
Phenolics ae active ingredients in some household disinfactants , they are also
found in some mouthwashes and in disinfectant soap and handwahes .
7-Coal Tar Distillates (Cresol and Cresylic Acid ).
1-Wide germicidal activity , not sporocidal .
2-Corrosive and toxic at high concentrations .
3-Excellent residual activity with heavy odor .
4-Highly efficient in presence of organic matter .
5-Not all suited for use near eggs or chicks due to noxious gases .
6-Moderately expensive .
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‫ضرغام حمزة يوسف‬.‫د‬
‫فرع الصحة العامة البيطرية‬
8-ALDEHYDES ( Glutaraldehyde ) (ortho-Phythalaldehyde)
1-Wide germicidal activity , sporocidal and fungicidal .
2-Slight to moderate efficiency in presence of organic matter .
3-Slight residual activity .
4-moderately toxic.
5-moderate cost.
9-oxidizing agents (hydrogen peroxide H2O2, Pottassium permanganate
KMnO4) :
1-Moderate to wide germicidal activity , not sporocidal .
2-Rendered ineffective in the presence of organic matter .
3-Moderately corrosive limited toxicity .
4-Poor to limited residual activity .
5-More valuable as a cleansing and deodorizing agent .
6-moderate cost .
Chlorine , Oxygen , Sodium hypochloride , calcium hypochloride hypochlorous
acid , chloramine , chlorine dioxide , Sodium chlorite , Sodium Chlorate ,
potassium Chlorate .
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