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PY212
Electricity and Magnetism
I. Electrostatics
15. 8. 2003
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I-1 Electric Charge
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Why Electrostatics?
Demonstration of Electrostatic Effects.
The Electric Charge and its Properties.
The Coulomb’s Law.
Some Applications of the C. L.
Electric Field and Electric Intensity
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I-2 Gauss’ Law
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The Electric Flux.
The Gauss’ Law.
The Charge Density.
Use the G. L. to calculate the field of a
• A Point Charge
• An Infinite Uniformly Charged Wire
• An Infinite Uniformly Charged Plane
• Two Infinite Charged Planes
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I-3 Electric Potential
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Conservative Fields.
The Existence of the Electric Potential.
Work done on Charge in Electrostatic Field.
Relations of the Potential and Intensity.
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I-4 Electric Fields
• Relation of the Potential and Intensity
• The Gradient
• Electric Field Lines and Equipotential
Surfaces.
• Motion of Charged Particles in Electrostatic
Fields.
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I-5 Special Electrostatic Fields
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Electric Charge and Field in Conductors.
The Field of the Electric Dipole.
Behavior of E. D. in External Electric Field.
Examples of Some Important Fields.
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I-6 Capacitance and Capacitors
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An Example of Storing a Charge.
Capacity x Voltage = Charge.
Various Types of Capacitors.
Capacitors in Series.
Capacitors in Parallel.
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I-7 Electric Energy Storage and
Dielectrics
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Electric Energy Storage.
Inserting a Conductor into a Capacitor.
Inserting a Dielectric into a Capacitor.
Microscopic Description of Dielectrics
Concluding Remarks to Electrostatics.
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II. Electro-kinetics
Stationary Electric
Currents
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II–1 Ohm’s Law
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Charges Move - Electric Currents
Power Sources
The Ohm’s Law
Resistance and Resistors
Transfer of Charge, Energy and Power
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II–2 Microscopic View of
Electric Currents
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The Resistivity and Conductivity.
Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators.
The Speed of Moving Charges.
The Ohm’s Law in Differential Form.
The Classical Theory of Conductivity.
The Temperature Dependence of Resistivity
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II–3 DC Circuits I
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Resistors in Series and Parallel.
Resistor Networks.
General Topology of Circuits.
Kirchhoff’s Laws – Physical Meaning.
The Use of the Kirchhoff’s Laws.
The superposition principle.
The Use of the Loop Currents Method.
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II–4 DC Circuits II
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Real Power Sources.
Building DC Voltmeters and Ammeters.
Using DC Voltmeters and Ammeters.
Wheatstone Bridge.
Charging Accumulators.
The Thermocouple.
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III. Magnetism
Fields produced mostly by moving
charges acting on moving charges.
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III–1 Magnetic Fields
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Introduction into Magnetism.
Permanent Magnets and Magnetic Fields.
Magnetic Induction.
Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields.
Forces on Electric Currents.
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III–2 Magnetic Fields Due to
Currents
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Forces on Moving Electric Charges
Biot-Savart Law
Ampere’s Law.
Calculation of Some Magnetic Fields.
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III–3 Magnetic Dipoles
• Magnetic Dipoles
• The Fields they Produce
• Their Behavior in External Magnetic Fields
• Calculation of Some Magnetic Fields
• Solenoid
• Toroid
• Thick Wire with Current
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III–4 Application of Magnetic
Fields
• Applications of Lorentz Force
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Currents are Moving Charges
Moving Charges in El. & Mag.
Specific charge Measurements
The Story of the Electron.
The Mass Spectroscopy.
The Hall Effect.
Accelerators
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III–5 Magnetic Properties of
Materials
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Introduction to Magnetic Properties
Magnetism on the Microscopic Scale.
Diamagnetism.
Paramagnetism.
Ferromagnetism.
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IV. Electromagnetic Induction
Further relations between electric and
magnetic fields
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IV–1 Faraday’s Law
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Introduction into Electro-magnetism.
Faraday’s Experiment.
Moving Conductive Rod.
Faraday’s Law.
Lenz’s Law.
Examples
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IV–2 Inductance
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Transporting Energy.
Counter Torque, EMF and Eddy Currents.
Self Inductance
Mutual Inductance
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IV–3 Energy of Magnetic Field
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Transformers
Energy of Magnetic Field
Energy Density of Magnetic Field
An RC Circuit
An RL Circuit
An RLC Circuit - Oscilations
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V. Alternating Currents
Voltages and currents may vary in
time.
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V–1 Alternating Voltages and
Currents
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Introduction into Alternating Currents.
Mean Values
Harmonic Currents.
Phase Shift
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V–2 AC Circuits
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Power in AC Circuits.
R, L and C in AC Circuits. Impedance.
Description using Phasors.
Generalized Ohm’s Law.
Serial RC, RL and RLC AC Circuits.
Parallel RC, RL and RLC AC Circuits.
The Concept of the Resonance.
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VI. Electromagnetic Waves
All the important physics in
electromagnetism can be expressed in
Maxwell’s Equations with interesting
consequences.
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VI–1 Maxwell’s Equations
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Generalized Ampères Law.
Maxwell’s Equations.
Production of Electromagnetic Waves.
Electromagnetic Waves Qualitatively.
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VI–2 Electromagnetic Waves
• Properties of Electromagnetic Waves:
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Relations of E and B.
The speed of Light c.
Energy Transport S.
Radiation Pressure P.
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VII. Optics
Originally: Properties and Use of
Light.
Now: Much More General.
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VII–1 Introduction into
Geometrical Optics
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Introduction into Optics.
Margins of Geometrical Optics.
Fundamentals of Geometrical Optics.
Ideal Optical System.
Fermat’s Principle.
Reflection and Reflection Optics.
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VII–2 Basic Optical Elements
and Instruments
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Refraction, Dispersion and Refraction Optics.
Thin Lenses. Types and Properties.
Combination of Lenses.
Basic Optical Instruments
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Human Eye
Magnifying Glass
Telescope
Microscope
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VII–3 Introduction into Wave
Optics
• Huygens’ Principle and Coherence.
• Interference
• Double Slit
• Thin Film
• Diffraction
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Single Slit
Gratings
X-Rays, Bragg Equation.
Wave Limits of Geometrical Optics.
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Maxwell’s Equations I
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Q
 E  dA 
0
 
 B  dA  0
• .
 
d m
 E  dl   dt
 
d e
 B  dl   0 I encl   0 0 dt
^