Download AP Psychology Exam Review Terms and concepts you should

AP Psychology Exam Review
Terms and concepts you should master
Prologue and Chapter 1: Research Methods
natural selection
level of analysis
biopsychosocial approach
7 perspectives (hand signals)
hindsight bias
critical thinking
theory
hypothesis
operational definitions
replication
false consensus
population
representative sample
correlation (coefficient)
scatterplots
illusory correlation
range
standard deviation
statistical significance
culture
Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior
biological psychologist
blood-brain barrier
nervous system
reflexes
neural networks
endocrine system
lesion
Neuroimagaing Technique(EEG, PET, MRI, fMRI)
cerebral cortex
glial cells
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
association areas
aphasia
production of speech/language
brain plasticity
corpus callosum
split brain
Chapter 3: Nature vs. Nurture
environment
chromosome
DNA
behavior geneticists
separated twins vs. adoption studies
temperament
molecular genetics
culture (benefits/influence)
norms
personal space
gender-typing
Chapter 4: Development
teratogens
fetal alcohol syndrome
Newborn reflexes
habituation
maturation
schemas
cognition
object permanence
stranger anxiety
egocentrism
conservation
theory of mind
attachment
Harlow’s monkeys
attachment differences (secure/insecure)
basic trust
self-concept
adolescence
puberty
sex characteristics
menarche/menopause
Kohlberg moral reasoning
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
identity
intimacy
physical changes later in life
Alzheimer’s disease
social clock
fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence
stages of grief
Chapter 5: Sensation
prosopagnosia
psychophysics
signal detection theory
Weber’s Law
transduction
electromagnetic spectrum
accommodation
blindspot
optic chiasm
feature detectors
afterimages
color constancy
basilar membrane
How to locate sound
cochlear implant
Sensory Compensation
Touch sensation
rubber-hand illusion
phantom limb sensation
pain
gate-control theory
umami
synaesthesia
olfactory receptors
olfactory bulb
anosmia (smell)
semicircle canals
Chapter 6:Perception
selective attention
cocktail party effect
Muller-Lyer effect
visual capture
gestalt
figure-ground
grouping
*proximity
*similarity
*continuity
*connectedness
*closure
depth perception
visual cliff
binocular cues
monocular cues
*relative size
*interposition
*relative clarity
*texture gradient
*relative height
*relative motion
*linear perspective
*light and shadow
phi phenomenon
Ponzo illusion
Moon illusion
context effects
human factors psychologist
ESP
Chapter 7: Consciousness
consciousness
hallucinations
sleep spindles
REM cycle
Why we sleep (theories)
Why we dream (theories)
*wish fulfillment
*information-processing
*physiological function
*activation-synthesis
*cognitive theory
sleep deprivation
narcolepsy
dreams
REM rebound
age regression
posthypnotic suggestion
tolerance
withdrawal
addiction
psychoactive drugs (8)
neardeath experience
Chapter 8: Learning
learning
associative learning
observational learning (Albert Bandura)
behaviorism
neutral stimulus
acquisition
extinction
spontaneous recovery
taste aversion (John Garcia)
Little Albert (John Watson)
Contribution of Pavlov
Law of Effect (Edward L. Thorndike)
operant chamber
shaping (reinforcers)
Is punishment effective?
cognitive map
latent learning
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Model (ing)
mirror neurons
memes
Impact of violent TV
Chapter 9: Memory
memory
flashbulb memories
working memory
rehearsal
next-in-line effect
overlearning
Ebbinghaus’ retention curve
self-reference effect
imagery
mnemonic device
*chunking
*acronym
*hierarchies
Better memory for digits or letters?
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Stress hormones and memory
amnesia
Damage to left and right hippocampus
cerebellum
relearning
priming
déjà vu
3 sins of forgetting (279)
3 sins of distortion (279)
1 sin of intrusion (279)
Elizabeth Loftus
Chapter 10: Thinking and Language
cognition
insight
overconfidence
four factors of fear
framing
belief perseverance
language
babbling stage
one-word stage
two-word stage
telegraphic speech
linguistic determinism (Whorf)
Chapter 11: Intelligence
reification
intelligence
factor analysis
g factor (general intelligence)
savant syndrome
Howard Gardner (multiple intelligence, 9)
Robert Sternberg (triarchic theory)
five components of creativity
intelligence tests
Alfred Binet
mental age
chronological age
IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
Lewis Terman (Stanford-Binet)
WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
standardization
normal curve (normal distribution)
Flynn effect
mental retardation
Down syndrome
gender similarities/differences of intelligence
stereotyped threats
GRIT
Chapter 12: Motivation
motivation
instinct
homeostasis
incentives
Abraham Maslow (hierarchy of needs)
glucose
set point theory
basal metabolic rate
appetite hormones (p. 333)
Biopsychosocial influences of eating behavior]
flow
I/O psychologist
achievement motivation
Motives conflict (4)
Chapter 13: Emotion
emotion
polygraph
spillover effect
learned fears (conditioning/observational)
anterior cingulated cortex (575)
phobias
catharsis
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
subjective well-being
Does money buy happiness?
adaptation-level phenomenon
relative deprivation (394)
Chapter 14: Stress and Health
behavioral medicine
health psychology
Stress
general adaptation syndrome
coronary heart disease
psychophysiological illness
lymphocytes
effect of stress on immune system
benefits of aerobic exercise
religious involvement leading to longevity
smoking (trends, risks, quitting, prevention)
trends and impacts of obesity
Chapter 15: Personality
personality
Psychoanalytic Perspective
free association
dream interpretation
psychosexual stages
Oedipus complex
identification
fixate
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Carl Jung (collective unconscious)
Criticism of Sigmund Freud
terror-management theory
Abraham Maslow (self-actualization)
Carl Rogers
*genuineness, acceptance, empathy
*person-centered perspective
*unconditioned positive regard
*self-concept
*good vs. evil people
trait perspective (Gordon Allport)
factor analysis
Eysenck & Eysenck (2 personality factor)
Personality inventories (MMPI)
empirically derived
The Big Five (CANOE)
person situation controversy
social cognitive perspective
reciprocal determinism
learned helplessness
positive psychology
spotlight effect
self-esteem
self-serving bias
Barnum effect
Chapter 16: Disorders
psychological disorders
ADHD
trephining
Philippe Pinel (French)
DSM V
harms/effectiveness of psychologically labeling
anxiety disorders
*obsessive – compulsive disorder
*phobias
-agoraphobia
*PTSD
dissociative disorders
*dissociative identity disorder
mania
the depressed brain (p.664)
depression’s cycle
Schizophrenia
*paranoid
*disorganized
*catatonic (flat affect)
brain abnormalities of schizophrenia
causes of schizophrenia
personality disorders
*narcissistic personality disorder
*antisocial personality disorder
prevalence of psychological disorders
Chapter 17: Therapy
psychotherapy
biomedical therapy
eclectic approach
psychoanalysis techniques
*resistance
*interpret
*transference
humanistic techniques
*client-centered therapy (nondirective)
*active listening
behavior therapy
counterconditioning
progressive relaxation
virtual reality exposure therapy
operant conditioning
*token economy
cognitive therapy
*stress inoculation training (p.696)
cognitive behavior therapy
meta-analysis
EMDR
light exposure therapy
*seasonal affective disorder
therapists and their training (p.709)
psychopharmacology
antipsychotic drugs
*tardive dyskinesia
antianxiety drugs
antidepressants
*SSRIs
*neurogenesis
mood-stabilizers (bipolar disorder)
ECT
psychosurgery
*lobotomy
rTMS
Chapter 18: Social
social psychologist
attribution theory
fundamental attribution error
attitudes affects on action/vice versa
cognitive dissonance
Philip Zimbardo
chameleon effect
mood linkage
conformity
Stanley Milgram
* most likely to obey
deindividuation
automatic prejudice
ingroup bias (ethnocentrism)
scapegoat theory
just-world phenomenon
aggression
*biological influences (p.749)
frustration-aggression principle
video games impact on violence
conflict
*social trap
mirror-image perceptions (p.758)
psychology of attraction
*proximity
*physical attractiveness
*liking by association
*similarity
altruism
bystander effect
*diffusion of responsibility
social exchange theory
superordinate goals
GRIT