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General Pathology
Basic Principles
of Cellular and Organ
Pathology
Infection – II
&
Autoimmune
Diseases
http://www1.lf1.cuni.cz/~jdusk/
Jaroslava Dušková
Inst. Pathol. ,1st Med. Faculty, Charles Univ. Prague
Inflammation - causes


nonliving
physical
chemical
living
prions (?)
viral
bacterial
mycotic
parasitic
AUTOIMMUNE
Infectious Agents of Humans



Viruses
virion
obligate intracellular
either DNA (adeno, herpes, pox,
cytomegalo, EB, papova, HPV, ..

or RNA (picorna - entero, polio, coxsackie
arbo, rhino, arbo, myxo, paramyxo, RS,
rubeola, rabdo, retro,)
Virion

capsid
helical symmetry
icosaedral symmetry

genome
DNA
RNA
Host
General
Microorganism
Encounter
&
Successful
transmission
defenses
Site of attack
Inflammation
Number of microorg.
Immune status Pathogenicity
Natural
Host
General
– age, race, nutrition,
other diseases
(diabetes)
Natural defenses
– skin, mucose integrity
– mucus, cilliary action,
unobstructed flow
– protective secretion
(lysosym in tears,
gastric acid, IgA
Inflammation
– leucocytes
– macrophages phagocytosis
Immune
status
– immunity (or lack
of it)
active, passive
immunisation,
contact
– lymphocytes
– immunoglobulins
– complement
Microorganism
Successful transmission
 Site of attack
 Number of microorg.
 Pathogenicity
invasiveness

toxin production
multiplication
resistence to host
defence mechanisms
ability to cause necrosis
enzyme release
Virus – Host Cell
Interaction



cytocidal
stabilised (steady– state)
transformation –
ONCOGENS
Virus-Induced Injury


cell entering - surface ligands – viral tropism

translocation of the entire virus

fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane

receptor mediated endocytosis
intracellular replicative phase – forming of
virions using virus specific enzymes

virus assembly & release extracellular phase
Virus – Organism Interaction

infected cell
lysis by antibody and
complement

cell mediated immunity
lymphocytes
macrophages
interferon 
Virus-Induced Injury
Host cell responses:

DNA, RNA and protein synthesis
 metabolic derangements
 cell lysis / cell fusion
 multinuclear formation
 viral inclusions
Infectious Agents of Humans



Viruses
virion
obligate intracellular
either DNA (adeno, herpes, pox,
cytomegalo, EB, papova, HPV, ..

or RNA (picorna – entero, polio, coxsackie
arbo, rhino, arbo, myxo, paramyxo, RS,
rubeola, rabdo, retro,)
Inflammation
Definition:
complex reaction of
organism to damage
(aim: homeostasis maintenance)
Inflammation - Causes


nonliving
physical
chemical
living
viral
bacterial
mycotic
parasitic
AUTOIMMUNE
Inflammation – immunity
Nonspecific antibodies


imunocomplexes on
dendritic cells
long lasting antigen
presentation
Mechanisms
of Immune Response
antigen specific



humoral B– lymphocytes
cellular T– lymphocytes
INTERACTION
B-lympho–Th – affinity maturation – plasmocyte
Autoimmunity
Def.:
lack of self-tolerance
Autoimmunity
constant activity in
 organogenesis
 regeneration
 metalaxia
Autoimmune Diseases
loss of self-tolerance
resulting into damage of
organ /tissue
Mechanisms Preventing Antiself
Reactivity:

clonal deletion
(thymus)

clonal anergy
(thymus)

peripheral clonal supression by
Tsupressor cells (
B,T helpers)
Inflammation – autoimmune
Systemic autoimmune diseases
DISEASE
SLE
RA
Sjögren dis.
Syst. sclerodermia
Dermato–polymyositis
Prim. vasc. syndromes
ANTIBODY
ANA, ENA
collag. II, Fc –Ig
(rheum. factor)
ANA,ENA
ENA (Scl–70)
ENA (Jo–1)
ANCA
Inflammation – autoimmune
Organ autoimmune diseases – skin
ANTIBODY
DISEASE
intercel. epit. matrix
pemphigus
basal membrane of
epidermis
pemphigoid
Inflammation – autoimmune
Organ autoimmune diseases – endocrine
ANTIBODY
DISEASE
TGB, microsomes
pancreas  cells
insulin
ins. receptors
adrenal microsomes
TSH rec.
GB, HT
DM I
I–res. DM
I–res. DM
Adison dis.
GB
Inflammation – autoimmune
Organ autoimmune diseases – GIT
ANTIBODY
DISEASE
mitochondrie
prim. bill.
cirrhosis
membr. hct., cytosol
CAH
gliadin
gluten
enteropathy
Inflammation – autoimmune
Organ autoimmune diseases – CNS
ANTIBODY
DISEASE
acetylcholin rec.
myasthenia
gravis
disseminated
sclerosis
basic myelin protein