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Unit 4 Day 9 – The Biot-Savant Law • Restrictions of Ampere’s Law • The Biot-Savant Law • Differences Between Ampere’s Law & the Biot-Savant Law • The Magnetic Field Due to a Current in a Straight Wire • Magnetic Field On-Axis of a Current Loop • Magnetic Field of a Wire Segment Restrictions of Ampere’s Law • Ampere’s Law is restricted to situations where the symmetry of the given currents allows us to easily evaluate the integral B d l • Jean Baptiste Biot & Felix Savant overcame this limitation in 1820 by considering the current flowing in any path as many infinitesimal current elements Biot-Savant Law • The current flowing in any path, can be considered as many infinitesimal current elements, each of length dl, flowing in a magnetic field dB, at any point P 0 I d l rˆ dB 4 r 2 Biot-Savant Law • The magnitude of dB is: 0 I dl sin dB 4 r2 where θ is the angle between dl and r • The total magnetic field at point P is: 0 I d l rˆ B dB 2 r 2 • This is equivalent to Coulomb’s Law written in differential form: 1 dq dE 40 r 2 Differences between Ampere’s law & the Biot-Savant Law • The difference between Ampere’s Law and the Biot-Savant Law is that in Ampere’s Law ( dl magnetic 0 I encl ), Bthe field is not necessarily due only to the current enclosed by the path of integration, as Ampere suggests • In the Biot-Savant Law, dB is due entirely to the current element I·dl. To find the total B, it is necessary to include all currents Magnetic Field Due to Current in a Straight Wire • To find the magnetic field near an infinitely long, straight wire, carrying a current I, the BiotSavant Law gives us: 0 I B 4 y dy sin 2 r y • The solution of this integral yields: 0 I B 2R • This is the same as Ampere’s Law The Magnetic Field On-Axis of a Current Loop • To find the magnetic field On-Axis, of a Current Loop, applying the Biot-Savant Law yields: 0 I dl sin dB , 90 because dl rˆ 2 4R 0 I dl dB 4R 2 0 I 0 I 2R B dl 2 2 4R 4R B 0 I 2R Magnetic Field of a Loop at a Point On-Axis • By is = 0 from the symmetry of the problem • Bz is calculated using the BiotSavant Law: 0 2R 2 I Bz 4 z 2 R 2 3 2 • For z>>R then the above relationship simplifies to: 0 2R I Bz 4 z 3 2 r̂ Magnetic Field of a Wire Segment • Again: 90 because dl the Biot-Savant Law gives: rˆ 0 I dl dB 4R 2 r̂ • Solving the Integral yields: B 1 8 0 I R dB