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Transcript 
TORTORA  FUNKE  CASE
ninth edition
MICROBIOLOGY
an introduction
8
Part A
Microbial
Genetics
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Terminology
 Genetics: The study of what genes are, how they carry
information, how information is expressed, and how
genes are replicated.
 Gene: A segment of DNA that encodes a functional
product, usually a protein.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Terminology
 Genome: All of the genetic material in a cell
 Genomics: The molecular study of genomes
 Genotype: The genes of an organism
 Phenotype: Expression of the genes
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
E. coli
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.1a
Chromosome Map
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.1b
Flow of Genetic Information
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.2
DNA
 Polymer of nucleotides: Adenine,
thymine, cytosine, and guanine
 Double helix associated with
proteins
 "Backbone" is deoxyribosephosphate
 Strands are held together by
hydrogen bonds between AT and
CG.
 Strands are antiparallel.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.3b
DNA
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.3a
DNA
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.4
DNA
 DNA is copied by DNA polymerase
 In the 5'  3' direction
 Initiated by an RNA primer
 Leading strand is synthesized continuously
 Lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously
 Okazaki fragments
 RNA primers are removed and Okazaki fragments
joined by a DNA polymerase and DNA ligase
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Enzymes
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 8.1
DNA Replication
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.5
DNA
 DNA replication is semiconservative.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.6
Transcription
 DNA is transcribed to make RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and
rRNA).
 Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to
the promotor sequence
 Transcription proceeds in the 5'  3' direction
 Transcription stops when it reaches the
terminator sequence
PLAY
Animation: DNA Replication
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Transcription
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.7 (1 of 2)
Transcription
PLAY
Animation:Transcription
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.7 (2 of 2)
RNA processing in Eukaryotes
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.11
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