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Richard T. Wright Environmental Science Tenth Edition Chapter 20 The Atmosphere: Climate, Climate Change, and Ozone Depletion Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Hurricane Katrina in Gulf of Mexico (August 28, 2005) The Atmosphere: Climate, Climate Change, and Ozone Depletion • • • • • Atmosphere and weather Climate Global climate change Response to climate change Depletion of the ozone layer Atmosphere and Weather • Atmospheric structure • Weather Atmospheric Structure Some Terms • Weather: day-to-day variations in temperature, air pressure, wind, humidity, and precipitation – all mediated by the atmosphere • Climate: result of long-term weather patterns in a region • Meteorology: scientific study of weather and climate Weather: Solar Energy Balance Most solar energy absorbed by atmosphere, oceans, and land Weather: Convection Cell Tornadoes • Cold low pressure air mass collides with a warm high pressure air mass http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/nssl/nssl0065.htm Fujita Scale Measures the Intensity of Tornadoes • F-0: 40-72 mph, chimney damage, tree branches broken • F-1: 73-112 mph, mobile homes pushed off foundations or overturned • F-2: 113-157 mph, considerable damage, mobile homes demolished, trees uprooted Fujita Scale Measures the Intensity of Tornadoes • F-3: 158-205 mph, roofs and walls torn down, trains overturned, cars thrown • F-4: 207-260 mph, well-constructed walls leveled • F-5: 261-318 mph, homes lifted off foundation and carried considerable distances, autos thrown as far as 100 meters Climate • Climates in the past • Ocean and atmosphere Climate • Also defined as the average trend in temperature and rainfall that produces a unique assemblage of plants and animals • On the next slide identify climates A to E, e.g., low average rainfall and high average temperature = hot desert High Identify Climates A to E A D C B E Low High Precipitation Climates in the Past Past Climates El Niño: What Happened? April June May • Jet streams shifted from normal course. • Cause unknown. El Niño: What Happened? • Development of warm water in the eastern Pacific over time. • Reversal in trade winds that normally blow from an easterly direction. El Niño: What Happened? • Warm water spread to the east. • Global patterns in moisture and evaporation changed = climate shifts. The El Niño Effects • Landslides on the California coast • Mildest hurricane season in many years • Rain five times normal in an East Africa drought region • Record crop harvests in India, Australia and Argentina La Niña: What Happened? • Easterly trade winds re-established with greater intensity • Upwelling of colder water from ocean depths. • Jet streams are weakened • Global patterns in moisture and evaporation return to “normal” Ocean and Atmosphere • • • • Covers 75% of the Earth’s surface Major source of water to hydrological cycle Major source of heat to atmosphere Stores and conveys heat The Oceanic Conveyor System The Ocean Conveyor System • Thermohaline circulation: effects that temperature and salinity have on density of water – Conveyor system moves water masses from the surface to deep oceans and back again – Cool northern waters more dense and sink to depths of 4,000 m = North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) The Ocean Conveyor System – Deep water spreads southward to south Africa and joined by cold Antarctic waters – Spread northward into Indian and Pacific oceans as deep currents – Current slows down, warms up, becomes less dense, rises to the surface and moves back to North Atlantic – Produces a warm climate in Europe The Ocean Conveyor System • Factors that could alter the conveyor system. – Appearance of unusually large quantities of fresh water – melting icebergs – Global warming Global Climate Change • The Earth as a greenhouse • The greenhouse gases • Evidence of climate change The Earth as a Greenhouse Factors Affecting Global Temperatures • Cloud cover: cooling • Changes in sun’s intensity: cooling or warming • Volcanic activity: cooling • Sulfate aerosols: cooling Greenhouse Gases: CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Burning • 35% higher than before industrial revolution • Oceans = CO2 sink • Forests = CO2 source • 24 billion metric tons CO2 added each year Other Greenhouse Gases and Sources • • • • Water vapor Methane Nitrous oxide CFCs and other halocarbons • • • • Hydrological cycle Animal husbandry Chemical fertilizers* Refrigerants* * = Long residence times contribute to ozone depletion Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC): Fourth Assessment • Assess scientific issues • Evaluate the impact of global climate change and prospects for adapting to it • Investigate ways of mitigating the effects IPCC Assessments • Third Assessment: Human activities are influencing global climate change • Fourth Assessment: – global climate change is now occurring – caused by rising levels of anthropogenic greenhouse gases – global impacts will be unprecedented and severe Evidences of Climatic Change • 17 of the hottest years on record have occurred since 1980 (Fig. 20-5) • Wide-scale recession of glaciers • Sea level rising Predicted mean global temperature change by 2100 is between 1.5 and 4.5 Co Fourth Assessment CO2 Concentrations Sources of CO2 Emissions Global Carbon Cycle Radiative Forcing Heat Capture by the Ocean Global Mean Sea Level Muir Glacier in the Past Muir Glacier Today Impacts of Global Warming • Melting of polar ice caps • Flooding of coastal areas • Massive migrations of people inland Impacts of Global Warming • Alteration of rainfall patterns • Deserts becoming farmland and farmland becoming deserts • Significant losses in crop yields Reducing CO2 Emissions (True or False) • • • • • Reducing use of fossil fuels Adopt a wait-and-see attitude Develop alternative energy sources Plant trees Examine other possible causes of global warming Reducing CO2 Emissions (True or False) • Make and enforce energy conservation rules • Rely on the government • Adopt the precautionary principle • Raise the minimum driving age to 18 years Key Findings of the Fourth Assessment • • • • • Increased warming – climate change Differing regional impacts Heat waves more frequent and last longer Vulnerable ecosystems - arctic Widespread water concerns – increase in extremes (+ and -) of daily precipitation Key Findings of the Fourth Assessment • Agriculture largely unaffected • Thermohaline conveyor system expected to slow down • Rising sea levels • Storm intensities expected to increase Arctic Climate Impact Assessment • Arctic climate is now warming rapidly • Arctic warming and its consequences will have worldwide implications Arctic Climate Impact Assessment • Arctic vegetation zones will shift, and animal ranges and distribution will change • Reduced sea ice likely to increase marine transport and access to resources • Thawing ice will disrupt transportation, buildings, and other infrastructure Decline of Arctic Sea Ice Arctic Albedo Feedback What About the Antarctic? • Holds most of the world’s ice – Could be a huge factor in future sea level rise – Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets hold enough water to raise sea level by 230 feet • Losing as much as 36 cubic miles of ice/year – enough to raise sea level by 0.4mm/year Response to Climate Change • Response 1: mitigation = reduce CO2 emissions • Response 2: adaptation = accepting and learning to live with the consequences of climate change Response I: Mitigation • Framework Convention on Climate Change • Kyoto Protocol • U.N. Climate Control Conference • U.S. Policy – Global Climate Change Initiative – Climate Change Science Program – National Climate Change Technology Initiative Response 2: Adaptation • Reduced crop yields • Water scarcity • Increased heat and moisture = > infectious diseases and lethal heat waves • Increased intensity and severity of storm events • Impoverished nations will be most affected – adaptation not an option Depletion of Ozone Layer • Radiation and importance of the shield • Formation and breakdown of the shield • Coming to grips with ozone depletion Good Ozone! Bad Ozone! Electromagnetic Spectrum Radiation and Importance of the Shield • Skin cancer (700,000 new cases each year) • Premature skin aging • Eye damage • Cataracts • Blindness Formation of the Ozone Shield Reaction #1: UV light + O2 O+O Reaction #2: Free O + O2 O3 Reaction #3: Free O + O3 O2 + O 2 Reaction #4: UV light + O3 O + O2 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) • Organic molecules in which both chlorine and fluorine atoms replace some of the hydrogen atoms. • Sources: – refrigerators and air conditioners – production of plastic foam – cleaner for electronic parts – pressurizing agent in aerosol cans Breakdown of Ozone Shield Reaction #5: CFCl3 + UV Cl + CFCl2 Reaction #6: Cl + O3 ClO + O2 Reaction #7: ClO + ClO 2Cl + O2 Which reaction releases Cl from CFCs? Which reaction generates more Cl? Chlorine is a catalyst that destroys the production of ________? Coming to Grips with Ozone Depletion • Montreal Protocol: scale CFC production back 50% by 2000 • Most industrialized countries no long produce or use CFCs Ozone Loss and Extent of Ozone Hole Ozone Hole: 11 million sq.mi. Ozone-depleting substances production and presence in the atmosphere: past, present, and future CFCs HCFCs Relative abundances of chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere The Clean Air Act of 1990: Title IV • Restricts production, use, emissions, and disposal of ozone-depleting chemicals. • Regulates the servicing of refrigeration and air-conditioning units. “Protecting Stratospheric Ozone” End of Chapter 20 PPT by Clark E. Adams