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Ear and auditory pathway Auris externa Auris externa Auris media Auris interna A Meatus acusticus externus B Membrana tympani C Cavum tympani D Cochlea E Canalis semicircularis ant. F Tuba auditiva Cochlea Auricula Auris externa Auris media Membrana tympani Meatus acusticus externus Auris interna Nervus vestibulocochlearis Cochlea Canalis semicircularis ant. Meatus acusticus externus (outer ear canal) Horizontal section Frontal section Inklination of eardrum 50O Deklination of eardrum 1 - stria mallearis 2 – plica mallearis ant 3 – plica mallearis post 4 – pars flaccida membranae tympani 5 – umbo Adult 7 – pars tensa membranae tympani 3 4 6 8 - reflex 1 7 5 8 6 - prominentia mallearis Child 2 Otoscopic images (otitis media, the ant in the external acoustic meatus) Middle ear cavity (cavum tympani) Malleus Tympanic membrane Incus Stapes Round (cochlear) Auditory window tuba Cavum tympani - schema Fossa cranii media Canalis semicircularis lateralis Recessus epitympanicus M I N. facialis S Membrana tympani Fenestra ovalis vestbuli Promontorium – 1. convolution of cochlea Fenestra rotunda cochleae Bulbus v. jugularis int. Cavum tympani Cavum tympani schema Antrum mastiodeum Recessus epitympanicus P A Cavum tympani Cellulae mastoideae Tuba auditiva Eustachii Cavum tympani Tuba Eustachi Child 1. short 3 cm 2. wide 2,5mm 3. patent 4. streight Adult 1. long 3,8 cm 2. narrow 1mm 3. closed (it opens in swallowing) 4 angled Development of the cavum tympani Inner ear - schema endolymphatic sac Dura mater endolymphatic duct semicircular duct utricle saccule scala vestibuli uniting duct (ductus reuniens) cochlear duct cochlea scala tympani vestibule cochlear duct Cochlea 1-ductus cochlearis 2 – scala vestibuli 3 – scala tympani 4 – ganglion spirale cochleae 5 – nervus cochlearis Cross section of one single turn of cochlea 1-ductus cochlearis 5- membrana basilaris 2- scala vestibuli 6- membrana tectoria 3 -scala tympani 7 – stria vascularis 4 –membrana vestibularis 8- ganglion spirale cochleae (Reissneri) 9 – lamina spiralis ossea Cochlear duct of human fetus - 5 month of gestation Oval window Round window 1-IHC 2-OHC 3-Tunnel of Corti 4-basilar membrane 5- cochlear nerve fibres 6- tectorial membrane 7- Deiters cells 8 – space of Nuel 9- Hensens cells 10- sulcus spiralis Radial afferents Spiral afferents Lateral efferents Medial efferents Bipolar ganglionar cells 32 000 ganglionar cells Radial fiber neurons Spiral fiber neurons Inner hair cell 1-nucleus 3 500 2-stereocilia 3-cuticular plate in one row 4- afferent ending 5-efferent ending Outer hair cell 15 000 6-efferent ending 7-afferent ending in 3 rows Afferents and efferents of hair cells bat cat H-base guinea pig Lenght of outer hair cells H-apex mole rat Corti organ of guinea pig Base Apex EM scan of hair cells and stereocilia Stereocilia Tip links Lateral links Mechanoelectrical transduction Synapse of the inner hair cell Mediators of hair cells Tuning forks Types of hearing loss Conductive hearing loss (external ear, tympanic membrane, middle ear) –Weber: Sound localizes to the affected ear -Rhinne: negative - bone conduction is better then air conduction Sensorineural hearing loss - (Inner ear n.VIII., or central processing centers) – Weber: Sound localizes to the normal ear -Rhinne: positive – air conduction is better then bone conduction Treatment Conductive hearing loss – hearing instrument Sensorineural hearing loss – hearing aids, which amplify sounds at pre-set frequencies to overcome a sensorineural hearing loss in that range, cochlear implant Loss of outer hair cells Loss of outer hair cells Loss of hair cells and cochlear ganglion cells Loss of hair cells with preserved ganglion Presbyacusis Noise Tinnitus Cochlear implant, inner and outer part Auditory pathway Receptor: organ of Corti – hair cells N1 –bipolar cell of ganglion cochleare N2 – cochlear nuclei N3 – colliculus inferior GM N4 – corpus geniculatum mediale Relay nuclei: Ncl. corporis trapeziodei CI Ncl. olivaris sup. Ncl. lemnisci lateralis ventralis et dorsalis Descending connections in the auditory pathway tr. cortico-geniculatus 1 - tr. olivo-cochlearis cruciatus 2 - tr. olivo-cochlearis noncruciatus Tonotopic organisation • Basilar membrane – base of the cochlea high frequencies, apex cochleae – low frequencies • Cochlear nuclei – low frequencies ventrally, high dorsally • Inferior colliculus – low frequencies dorsally, high ventraly • Medial geniculate nucleus – low frequencies laterally, high medially • Auditory cortex – low frequencies anteriorly Auditory pathway • • • • • • Receptor: Organ of Corti – hair cells 1. N. - bipolar neurons of ganglion cochleare 2.N – cochlear nuclei (ventral and dorsal) 3.N – inferior colliculus 4.N – medial geniculate nucleus Primary auditory cortex – Heschls gyri (transversal temporal gyri) • Relay nuclei: ncl. corporis trapeziodei, ncl. olivaris sup., ncl. lemnisci lateralis (ventralis et dorsalis) Použité materiály • • • • • Petrovický, Anatomie III Černý, Betka, Atlas anatomie ucha Kahle, Frotscher, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy Gray, Anatomy http://www.iurc.montp.inserm.fr/cric/audition/engl ish/corti/fcorti.htm • http://www.rcsullivan.com/www/ears.htm • http://anatomy.uams.edu/anatomyhtml/neuro_atl as.html • http://anatomy.uams.edu/anatomyhtml/gross.ht ml
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