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Human Rights Protections for Sex Workers and
Income Equality are Associated with Decreased HIV
Prevalence Among Men who Engage in
Transactional Sex: An Ecological Analysis
Catherine E. Oldenburg
Amaya G. Perez-Brumer
Sari L. Reisner
Kenneth H. Mayer
Matthew J. Mimiaga
Till Bärnighausen
Pooled HIV Prevalence
Association between human rights protections for sex workers and HIV prevalence
1
2
3
4
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
-5.5% (-10.9 to -0.03%) -8.2% (-13.6 to -2.9%) -7.9% (-13.3 to -2.5%) -7.0% (-12.8 to -1.3%)
1Unadjusted; 2Adjusted for
region, year of publication, and male general population HIV prevalence; 3Adjusted for
criminalization of homosexuality and sex work, region, year of publication, and male general population HIV prevalence;
4Adjusted for GDP per capita, population structure (defined as proportion of the population aged 15-24), country-level
unemployment among males, criminalization of homosexuality and sex work, region, year of publication, and male
general population HIV prevalence
Association between HIV
Prevalence and Gini Coefficient
Adjusted estimate: 1.7% increase in HIV prevalence per 1-point increase in Gini
coefficient
Adjusted for sex work and homosexuality laws, population structure (proportion of population aged
15-24), country-level unemployment among males, region, year of publication, and male general
population HIV prevalence