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1st lecture/general: 2008.02.07.
- Relations of lectures, practices and seminars.
- Relations of general and inorganic chemistry. Topics of general chemistry
recommended to repeat:
-Electron structure of the elements and the periodic table
-Ionization energies, electronaffinity and electronegativity
-Oxidation state, oxidation number, balancing redox equations
-How one can predict the redox properties of an element or
compound? (The possible lowest and highest oxidation
state. The connection with the naturally stable oxidation state)
-The (standard) reduction potentials of redox systems
-The acid–base properties of substances
-The fundamentals of coordination chemistry?
-The structure of solids (The types of crystal-lattices)
1st lecture/general
Recommended readings:
Textbooks
McMurry, Fay
Greenwood, Earnshow
Vogel (Not only for practices and seminars)
Lecture notes of the students and the lecturer (www or
xerox copies
Exam: written test
The grouping of the elements
Dmitri Mendeleev, 1869. →The first real periodic table. Upto this date a lot of
elements (63) were known for grouping. Mendeleev established: “The
properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic weights.”
This establishment caused an enormous influence on the evaluation of
chemistry and physics.
How many elements are known today?
107 elements → 1984. The first edition of the “Greenwood book”
112 elements → 1997. The second edition of the former book
114 elements → 2004. The latest edition of “McMurry book”
90 native, stable elements are known. All of the others are radioactive.
…and tomorrow? Z ~ 114 and N ~ 184 “islands of stability”; super-heavy
elements? (McM p. 938)
The grouping of the elements
s1-2
p1-6
d1-10
f1-14
Grouping:
a) main-groups, sub-groups: traditional
b) IUPAC: 1-18 group
c) Electronic structure
The grouping of the elements
s1-2
p1-6
d1-10
f1-14
s-block: ns1: alkaline metals, ns2: alkaline-earth metals
–
small ionization energy, low EN, strongly negative standard
potential
The grouping of the elements
s1-2
p1-6
d1-10
f1-14
p-block: ns2 np1-6 / ns2 (n-1)d10 np1-6: non-metals, semi-metals
–
diverse chemistry, various (positive) oxidation states, covalent
compounds
15-17. groups: negative oxidation states also → ionic compounds
The grouping of the elements
s1-2
p1-6
d1-10
f1-14
d-block: ns2 (n–1) d1-10, transition metals,
–
horizontal similarities, low positive oxidation states → ionic
compounds, large positive oxidation states → oxoanions
–
Lewis acids → good complex forming ability
The grouping of the elements
s1-2
p1-6
d1-10
f1-14
f-block: ns2 (n–1) d1 (n–2) f1-14, lanthanide elements, actinide elements
(metals)
– horizontal similarities
The grouping of the elements
s1-2
p1-6
d1-10
f1-14
Lattice form: Metallic lattices dominate
The grouping of the elements
s1-2
p1-6
d1-10
f1-14
metals: all elements in the s-, d-, f- blocks
and some in the p-block (under the B-At line)
The grouping of the elements
s1-2
p1-6
d1-10
f1-14
metals: all elements in the s-, d-, f- blocks and some in the p-block under the
B-At line (gree)
Non-metals: above the B-At line (yellow)
The grouping of the elements
s1-2
p1-6
d1-10
f1-14
metals: all elements in the s-, d-, f- blocks and some in the p-block under the
B-At line (gree)
Non-metals: above the B-At line (yellow)
Semi-metals: B-At line: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At (blue)
The occurrence and abundance of elements
The occurrence and abundance of elements in the Earth crust
The occurrence and abundance of elements (n/n%) in the Earth
crust
element
n/n%
Oxygen (O)
52.32
Hydrogen (H)
16.95
Silicon (Si)
16.67
Aluminium (Al)
5.53
Sodium (Na)
1.95
Iron (Fe)
1.50
Calcium (Ca)
1.39
Magnesium (Mg)
1.39
Potassium (K)
1.08
Titanium (Ti)
0.22
Carbon (C)
0.14
Phosphorous (P)
0.04
Nitrogen (N)
0.03
The occurrence and abundance of elements
The occurrence and abundance of elements
Preparation of the elements
Preparation of the elements
Preparation of the elements
Preparation of the elements
Preparation of the elements
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
H-bonding
H-bonding
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
H-economy
H-economy…
Hindenburg: May 6th 1937
Discovery, 1986
Columbia, 2003
1st lecture/general: 2008.02.07.
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