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25
In the Grip of the Cold War:
The Breakdown of the Yalta
System
Collapse of the Grand Alliance
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Soviet forces occupied all of Eastern Europe and much of
the Balkans
United States and other Allied forces occupied the western
part
Between 1945 and 1947 Communist governments were
entrenched in East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland,
and Hungary
Czechoslovakia came under Communist control in 1948
Yugoslavia became an independent communist state
Truman Doctrine and the
Marshall Plan
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The Descent of the Iron Curtain
Truman Doctrine
 Civil war in Greece and Turkey
 Money to countries threatened by communist expansion
Marshall Plan, June 1947
 $13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn
Europe
 Soviet view, “capitalist imperialism”
"It's The Same Thing Without Mechanical Problems"
Europe Divided
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George F. Kennan, Foreign Affairs, July 1947
Fate of Germany
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Merging of the British, French, and American zones
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Blockade of Berlin, 1948-1949
German Federal Republic created, September 1949
German Democratic Republic created, October 1949
Military Alliances
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Each power proceeded differently
Soviet Union took reparations in the form of booty
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), April 1949
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 1949
Warsaw Pact, 1955
Responsibility for the Cold War
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Blame on Stalin – impose Soviet rule on Eastern Europe
Blame on the U.S. – policy of encircling the Soviet Union with client
states
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The New European Alliance
Systems in the 1950s and 1960s
The Chinese Civil War
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Relations between the United State and Chiang Kai-shek
Communists occupied rural area in Manchuria
 Reforms by the communists
 Peasants attracted by promises of land and social justice
United States tries to find peaceful solution
Beijing encircled by PLA in 1948
 Chiang and 2 million Nationalist followers flee to
Taiwan
President Truman gives limited military support to Chiang
Kai-shek
 Sends George Marshall
 Charges of “soft on communism” at home
The New China
 Hopes
for peace
 Territorial expansion
 Chinese-Soviet relations
 The problem of Taiwan
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The Korean War
American troops advancing in the
Korean War
The Korean War
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China wanted to recover what had been part of the Manchu
Empire
China want to restore influence over Korea and Vietnam
After the defeat of Chiang Kai-shek’s Republic of China
and flight to Taiwan, the island became part of U.S.
defense strategy in the Pacific
U.S. and Soviet Union divide Korea at the 38th parallel,
August 1945
North Koreans invaded the south, June 25, 1950
Chinese “volunteers” intervene when UN troops approach
the Yalu River
Cease-fire, July, 1953
Conflict in Indochina
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Vietminh Front led by Ho Chi Minh seize northern and
central Vietnam
War breaks out in December, 1946
Geneva Conference temporarily divided Vietnam, 1954
 Elections to be held in two years
 Laos and Cambodia declared independent
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The Global Cold War in the
1950s and 1960s
Ferment in Eastern Europe
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After the death of Stalin in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev
(1894-1971) sought “peaceful coexistence”
 Austria, 1955
 Poland, 1956
 Hungary, 1956
 Soviet Union launches ICBM, August, 1957
 Confrontation over access to Berlin, November, 1958
 Cultural exchanges
 Relations with Third World nations
Cuban Missile Crisis
 Fidel
Castro takes control of Cuba, 1959
 Failed Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961
 Discovery by U.S. of missile bases being built,
1962
 President John F. Kennedy orders a blockade of
Cuba
 Khrushchev agrees to turn back ships carrying
missiles in return for Kennedy’s promise not to
invade Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis
The Sino-Soviet Dispute
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Mao asserts with the death of Stalin, he should be the most
authoritative voice in the socialist community
Limited Soviet economic assistance
Khrushchev rejected Chinese demands to help regain
Taiwan
China portrays itself as the leader of the “rural
underdeveloped countries”
Second Indochina War
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United States opposed the division of Vietnam in the
settlement of Geneva in 1954
Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam refuses to hold elections
Ho Chi Minh returns to a policy of war in the south, 1959
Diem regime overthrown with the approval of the Kennedy
administration, 1963
President Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops
to Vietnam, 1965
China concerned about the war; does not get directly
involved
Tet offensive by the communists, 1968
President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) elected in 1969
vows to bring an honorable end and begins withdrawing
troops
Communists resume the offensive in 1975 and unified
Vietnam in 1976
An Era of Equivalence
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October 1964 Khrushchev was replaced by party chief Leonid
Brezhnev (1906-1982) and Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin (19041980)
Soviet relations with China and Vietnam
The Brezhnev Doctrine
 Prague Spring, 1968
An Era of Détente
 Détente, reduction in tensions between U.S. and U.S.S.R.
 SALT I that limited antiballistic missile systems, 1972
U.S. policy of “equivalence” (balance of power)
President Nixon pursues a policy of “linkages” through trade and
cultural contacts
Helsinki Agreement, 1975
 Acknowledged the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe
 Recognize and protect human rights of signatories’ citizens
Renewed Tensions in the Third
World
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U.S. concerned about Soviet involvement in Africa
Soviet troops to Afghanistan, 1979
 US concerns over oil lead to the Carter Doctrine
 Soviet fears of spread of Islamic activism to its Muslim
population in Central Asia
U.S. fear that the U.S.S.R. was seeking strategic nuclear
superiority
 Failure of U.S. congress to approve SALT II
Countering the Evil Empire
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President Ronald Reagan (b. 1911) and the “Evil Empire”
Nuclear-tipped cruise missiles and Strategic Defense
Initiative
U.S. activities in Nicaragua
 Sandinistas
 Contras
U.S. military aid to insurgents in Afghanistan
Discussion Questions
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What were the provisions of the Truman Doctrine? How
was it implemented?
What were the provisions of the Marshall Plan? How was
it seen by the Soviets?
Describe the changing relationship between China and the
Soviet Union during the Cold War.
What were the Cold War “hot spots” and why do you think
the superpowers used them for their confrontations?
Why did détente give way to renewed conflict between the
superpowers in the 1980s?