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REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION (MCCA) 1.0 Introduction The Master of Climate Change Adaptation (MCCA) programme of the University of Nairobi seeks to improve the science and practice of climate change and adaptation. It explores the fundamental changes caused by anthropogenic and natural activities that influence the alteration of the living earth’s environment. As a result of the anthropogenic climate change drivers, the global mean surface temperature is projected to increase between 1.5°C and 5.8°C by 2100. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its 4th Assessment Report, 2007 has stated that warming in Africa, throughout the continent and in all seasons, is very likely to be larger than the global annual mean warming, with drier subtropical regions warming more than the moister tropics. The future warming rate is likely to range from 0.2°C per decade (for the low scenario) to more than 0.5°C per decade (for the high scenario). This warming will be greatest over the interior of semiarid margins of the Sahara and central southern Africa. The observed annual rainfall anomalies of the climate change models indicate that there are possible increases in precipitation in East Africa, contrasted with reduced precipitation for southern Africa in the next 100 years. While for East Africa an increase in rainfall as projected would be welcome, it will be accompanied by an increase of extremely wet events, from the current 5% to about 20%, which could seriously disrupt food production systems and infrastructure. For these reasons targeted research and advocacy on the systemic challenges and solutions to the ‘implementation gap’ facing countries in sub-Saharan Africa – innovative thinking about civil service motivation and reform and work to unlock the existing capabilities within and financing for existing institutions who will play a key role in reducing vulnerability and ensuring the security of and equitable access to natural resource assets is needed. Similarly, support is required to ensure that the climate change response in Africa moves beyond merely gender inclusion, towards gender empowerment through (and for) effective climate change adaptation, through for example by targeting work with women’s groups, farming cooperatives, rural development, or economic empowerment initiatives. This is because most polices do have statements on dealing with gender and vulnerable communities on climate change adaptations but the way forward is too general for the ordinary citizens to understand. Graduates of this programme will find employment in national government ministries, private sector enterprises, non-governmental organizations and the United Nations organizations. They will also be green business and technology entrepreneurs. 1 1.1 Objectives The specific objectives are to: i. Impart Tran-disciplinary knowledge amongst the candidates on the issues related to climate change and adaptation. ii. Equip the student with relevant knowledge required to address climate change and adaptation science that meet the unique needs of African societies; iii. Impart the ability of candidates to engage in action-oriented, trans-disciplinary research activities that will help improve the climate adaptation capacity in Africa; iv. Equip the candidate in the skills for the management of risks posed by climate change at global, regional, national and community levels; v. Equip candidates with decision support tools for sound advice to policy and decision makers; vi. Produce effective and proficient communicators of climate change and adaptation science and practice for the transformation of lives and habits. 2.0 Entry Requirements 2.1 The common regulations for the Masters’ degree in the University of Nairobi shall apply. 2.2 The following shall be eligible for the registration for the Masters degree: i. Holder of at least an upper second class honours degree or equivalent in nonclassified degrees from a recognized university; ii. A holder of lower second class with at least two years of relevant work experience after graduation; iii. Holder of a pass degree with at least three years of relevant work experience after graduation. 3.0 Credit Transfer and Exemptions 3.1 Applicants may be allowed credit transfer for up to one third of the course units provided that such courses were completed in institutions recognized by University of Nairobi and Senate subject to the following conditions: 3.1.1 Having passed in similar course units at Masters or equivalent level; and 3.1.2 Payment of appropriate fees for exemption 3.2 A candidate shall be allowed exemptions from units of which credit transfer have been approved. 3.3 Request for credit transfer and exemption must be made in writing, on admission and addressed, through the Director ICCA, to the Director Board of Postgraduate Studies and must be accompanied by officially certified supporting documents including the institution’s syllabus for the relevant courses. 3.4 No candidate shall be exempted from the core courses as described in this syllabus, even if they had undertaken a similar course previously in another institution. 4.0 Course Structure and Duration The programme consists of a minimum of four (4) and a maximum of ten (10) semesters of fifteen weeks each. 4.1 The degree programme shall consist of either: 2 i. Coursework, examination and a thesis which is equivalent to eight (8) core course units in the first year and at least 4 electives in the chosen thematic area in the second year that constitute Part I. ii. A thesis, equivalent to six (6) taught course units, constitutes Part II. iii. A candidate may choose one of the general elective courses in place of the fourth thematic elective. 4.2 The coursework, examination and a research project which consists of eight (8) core course units in the first year and at least 6 electives in the chosen thematic area in the second year that constitute Part I. i. A Research Project, equivalent to four (4) taught course units, constitutes Part II. ii. A candidate may choose one of the general electives courses in place of the sixth thematic elective. 4.3 Each course unit shall comprise 45 lecture hours. 4.4 A candidate can take a maximum of six (6) course units and a minimum of two (2) Course units per semester. 4.5 On successful completion of the coursework, undertake supervised research thesis and write a thesis. 4.6 On successful completion of coursework undertake a supervised Research Project in the chosen thematic area and write a project paper. 4.6.1 The candidates opting for thesis shall, under the guidance of assigned supervisor(s), prepare a research proposal at the start of the first semester of the second academic year. 4.6.2 The candidate opting for research project shall, under the guidance of assigned supervisor(s), prepare a proposal during the first semester of the second academic year. 4.6.3 The research and writing of the thesis or project must be of such depth and scope so as to show reasonable understanding of theory and methods in climate change and adaptation thematic areas. To that effect, the student shall maintain such contact with the supervisor(s) as will be prescribed by the Director of ICCA. 4.6.4 All Candidates shall notify the director of ICCA, in writing, whether they will opt for a thesis or project paper, not later than the last day of classes of the second semester in the first academic year. 4.7 Prerequisite for course unit ICCA 654 is an introductory course unit to GIS offered in the Department of Geology (SGL 310: Photogeology and Remote Sensing; Geography (CGP/SGP 418: Geographic Information Systems) or Geospatial and Space Technology (FGE 345 and FGE 348: Geoinformation Systems A and Geoinformation Systems B) and can only be taken after the prerequisite has been successfully completed. 4.8 A candidate wishing to defer admission shall write to the Director, Board of Postgraduate Studies, through the Director of ICCA, stating the reason for deferral and when admission will be taken up. 4.9 Deferrals may be granted for a period of twelve months and can only be extended once, following a subsequent application for a further period of up to twelve months. 4.10 A candidate may withdraw from the programme by notifying the Academic Registrar through the Director of ICCA and Board of Postgraduate Studies in writing. 3 4.11 Mode of delivery The programme is offered through a face-to-face mode of delivery, transdisciplinary approaches, community outreach projects using participatory methodologies, webinars (online seminars), and teleconferencing. 5.0 Thematic Areas of Specialization The selection of the following thematic areas was informed by a scoping exercise; consultations with various stakeholders colleagues from the University of Nairobi and other universities offering similar courses and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) amongst others. These thematic areas reflect the transdisciplinary nature of climate change and adaptation science and an attempt to break away from disciplinary ‘silos’. In this regard, most of the disciplines for example forestry (carbon sequestration) would be covered in several if not all the thematic areas. The thematic areas are: Climate Risk Management and Food Security Human Dimensions and Health Policy and Communication Technologies Water, Environment and Ecosystems 6.1 Course Outline Core Courses Code ICCA 601 ICCA 602 ICCA 603 ICCA 604 ICCA 605 ICCA 606 ICCA 607 ICCA 608 Title Foundations of Climate Change Science Impacts of Climate Variability and Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Climate Change and Adaptation Policies, Legislations and Treaties Climate Change Mitigation Research Methods in Climate Change and Adaptation Resource Use Efficiency Critical Debates in Global Climate Change and Adaptation Hours 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 Specialization and General Elective Courses Climate Risk Management and Food Security Code Title ICCA 609 Resilient Agro-ecosystems ICCA 610 Land Management and Governance ICCA 611 Climate Sensitive Agro-ecological Zones ICCA 612 Climate Change and Food Production Systems ICCA 613 Climate Change Implications for Fisheries and Aqua-culture Hours 45 45 45 45 45 4 ICCA 614 ICCA 615 ICCA 616 ICCA 617 ICCA 618 Overview of Climate Risk Management Drivers of Risk, Policies and Approaches, Tools and Practices Decision Support Tools for Reducing Climate Risks Regional Focus Institutional Mechanisms and Issues Human dimensions and Health Code Title ICCA 619 Gender and Climate Change ICCA 620 Urban Areas, Climate Change and Adaptation ICCA 621 Economics of Climate Change and Adaptation ICCA 622 Livelihoods, Poverty, Human Security and Climate Change ICCA 623 Infrastructure and Industry Adaptation for Climate Change ICCA 624 Climate Change and Health ICCA 625 Health Vulnerability to Impacts of Climate Change ICCA 626 Climate Change and Climatotherapy ICCA 627 Health Statistics and Climate Change ICCA 628 Health Interventions in a Changing Climate Policy and Communication Code Title ICCA 629 Policy Development ICCA 630 Integrating Climate Change Policies at Multiple Levels ICCA 631 Policy on Technologies ICCA 632 The Politics of Climate Change ICCA 633 The Politics of Water ICCA 634 Principles of Communication ICCA 635 Strategic Communication for Influencing Environmental Behaviour ICCA 636 Process and Structure of Mass Communication ICCA 637 Climate Change Information Packaging ICCA 638 Information Dissemination and Advocacy Technologies Code ICCA 616 ICCA 623 ICCA 631 ICCA 638 ICCA 639 ICCA 640 ICCA 641 Title Decision Support Tools for Reducing Climate Risks Infrastructure and Industry Adaptation for Climate Change Policy on Technologies Information Dissemination and Advocacy Greening the Built Environment Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation in the Urban Environment Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation in 45 45 45 45 45 Hours 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 Hours 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 Hours 45 45 45 45 45 45 5 Code ICCA 642 ICCA 643 ICCA 649 Title the Rural Environment Renewable Energy Technologies Technologies for Carbon Foot-print Reduction Early Warning Systems and Communication Water, Environment and Ecosystems Code Title ICCA 644 Climate Change and Water Policy ICCA 645 Water Resources and Climate Change ICCA 646 Water Pollution and Rehabilitation ICCA 647 Water Resources Management ICCA 648 Prediction and Management of Droughts and Floods ICCA 649 Early Warning Systems and Communication ICCA 650 Ecosystems, Climate Change and Adaptation ICCA 651 Bio-geophysical Impacts of Climate Change ICCA 652 Air, Soil and Water Pollution Abatement ICCA 653 Climate Dynamics General Electives Code Title ICCA 654 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Climate Change and Adaptation Assessments ICCA 655 Scenarios Development ICCA 656 Knowledge Management and Capacity Building Hours 45 45 45 45 Hours 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 Hours 45 45 45 7. Examination Regulations 7.1 Written Examinations 7.1.1 The common regulations governing the examinations of Masters Degree shall apply to all courses. 7.1.2 Candidates shall take written examinations at end of each semester. 7.1.3 The end of semester examination shall constitute 70% of total marks whereas continuous assessment tests shall account for 30%. 7.1.4 The end semester examination shall be of three hours. 7.1.5 The pass mark shall be 50%. Grading shall be based on the following scale: Class Mark (%) A 70-100 B 60-69 C 50-59 D 0-49 7.1.6 A candidate who fails to obtain pass mark in any course may be allowed to take supplementary examination in the failed paper. 7.1.7 A candidate shall only be permitted to take supplementary examination in a maximum of two course units. 7.1.8 A candidate who fails in more than two papers, in one academic year, may on recommendation of ICCA Board, be discontinued by Senate. 6 7.1.9 A pass obtained by supplementary examination shall be recorded as 50%. 7.1.10 A candidate who fails in the supplementary examination or fails to complete the course work in the prescribed time shall, on recommendation of the Board of ICCA and approval of the Senate, be discontinued. 7.1.11 There shall be a special examination where a candidate fails to take scheduled examination provided there are satisfactory reasons. 7.2 Examination of Thesis 7.2.1 The thesis shall, on submission, be examined by three internal examiners from ICCA and one external examiner. The candidate shall present themselves for oral examination and defend the research findings before a ICCA panel of examiners constituted by the Director of ICCA and approval by the Board of Postgraduate Studies 7.2.2 The pass for the thesis shall be 50%. 7.2.3 A candidate who fails in the thesis may, on recommendation of ICCA Board of Examiners and approval by Senate, be allowed to resubmit the thesis for examination within the stipulated period. 7.2.4 A pass obtained in the re-submission of the thesis shall be recorded as 50%. 7.2.5 A candidate who fails to obtain a pass mark in the thesis at the re-submission shall, on recommendation of ICCA Board and approval by Senate, be discontinued. 7.3 Examination of Research Project 7.3.1 Candidates shall be required to submit Research Projects for examination at least three weeks before end of semester in which they are to be examined. 7.3.2 The Research Project shall be examined by three internal examiners, and the ICCA appointed external examiner for the year and subjected to oral defence by a panel constituted by the Director of ICCA. 7.3.3 The pass mark for the Research Project shall be 50%. 7.3.4 A candidate who fails in the Research Project may, on recommendation of ICCA Board of Examiners and approval by Senate, be allowed to re-submit the project for examination, within the stipulated period. 7.3.5 A pass obtained in the re-submission of a Research Project shall be recorded as 50%. 7.3.6 A candidate who fails to obtain a pass mark in the Research Project at the second –re-submission shall, on recommendation of ICCA Board and approval by Senate, be discontinued. 7.4 Special course unit ICCA 608 Examination The course unit ICCA 608: Critical Debates in Global Climate Change and Adaptation shall be examined by the Institute through grading of assignments out of seventy percent (70%) and seminar presentations out of thirty percent (30%). Examination Time Table and Assessment Marks Code Title ICCA 601 Foundations of Climate Change ICCA 602 Impacts of Climate Variability and Change ICCA 603 Vulnerability and Adaptation Exam Hours 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 7 Code ICCA 604 Title ICCA 605 Climate Change and Adaptation Policies, Legislations and Treaties Climate Change Mitigation ICCA 606 Research Methods in Climate Change and Adaptation ICCA 607 Resource Use Efficiency ICCA 608 ICCA 609 Critical Debates in Global Climate Change and Adaptation Resilient Agro-ecosystems ICCA 610 Land Management and Governance ICCA 611 Climate Sensitive Agro-ecological Zones ICCA 612 Climate Change and Food Production Systems ICCA 613 Climate Change Implications for Fisheries and Aquaculture Overview of Climate Risk Management ICCA 614 ICCA 615 ICCA 616 Drivers of Risk, Policies and Approaches, Tools and Practices Decision Support Tools for Reducing Climate Risks ICCA 617 Regional Focus ICCA 618 Institutional Mechanisms and Issues ICCA 619 Gender and Climate Change ICCA 620 Urban Areas, Climate Change and Adaptation ICCA 621 Economics of Climate Change and Adaptation ICCA 622 ICCA 624 Livelihoods, Poverty, Human Security and Climate Change Infrastructure and Industry Adaptation for Climate Change Climate Change and Health ICCA 625 Health Vulnerability to Impacts of Climate Change ICCA 623 Exam Hours 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 8 Code ICCA 626 Title Climate Change and Climatotherapy ICCA 627 Health Statistics and Climate Change ICCA 628 Health Interventions in a Changing Climate ICCA 629 Policy Development ICCA 630 Integrating Climate Change Policies at Multiple Levels ICCA 631 Policy on Technologies ICCA 632 The Politics of Climate Change ICCA 633 The Politics of Water ICCA 634 Principles of Communication ICCA 635 ICCA 636 Strategic Communication for Influencing Environmental Behaviour Process and Structure of Mass Communication ICCA 637 Climate Change Information Packaging ICCA 638 Information Dissemination and Advocacy ICCA 639 Greening the Built Environment ICCA 640 ICCA 642 Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation in the Urban Environment Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation in the Rural Environment Renewable Energy Technologies ICCA 643 Technologies for Carbon Foot-print Reduction ICCA 644 Climate Change and Water Policy ICCA 645 Water Resources and Climate Change ICCA 646 Water Pollution and Rehabilitation ICCA 647 Water Resources Management ICCA 648 Prediction and Management of Droughts and Floods ICCA 641 Exam Hours 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 9 Code ICCA 649 Title Early Warning Systems and Communication ICCA 650 Ecosystems, Climate Change and Adaptation ICCA 651 Bio-geophysical Impacts of Climate Change ICCA 652 Air, Soil and Water Pollution Abatement ICCA 653 Climate Dynamics ICCA 654 ICCA 655 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Climate Change and Adaptation Assessments Scenarios Development ICCA 656 Knowledge Management and Capacity Building ICCA 657 ICCA 658 Research Project Research Thesis Exam Hours 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 1x3hr, 70%, 30%, CAT 180 hrs 270 hrs 8. Award of Degree The name of the degree to be awarded shall be Master of Climate Change Adaptation (XXXXX Option), where XXXXX represents one of the thematic areas. 10 COURSE DESCRIPTION CORE COURSES ICCA 601: Foundation of Climate Change Science Descriptions of the atmosphere and fundamentals of climate; Concept of radiative forcing; External climate forcings; solar variability; Earth-intrinsic climate forcings and feedbacks; Climate monitoring and prediction; Climate variability; Palaeoclimate variability and abrupt climate events; Climate sensitivity; Basics of atmospheric chemistry; The greenhouse effect; Concepts of natural and anthropogenic climate changes; Natural causes of climate change; Anthropogenic causes of climate change; Detection and attribution; Projections of future climate changes; Global and regional climate change scenarios. ICCA 602: Impacts of Climate Change Climate hazard mapping; Climate extremes and socio-economic development; Vulnerability indicators for natural systems Development baseline; Climate vulnerability maps; Drivers of current vulnerability; Future climate hot spots based on environmental and projections to socio-economic scenarios; Economics of climate including damages and losses; Climate risk reduction versus disaster risk reduction; Hyogo Framework Actions for disaster risk reduction. ICCA 603: Vulnerability and Adaptation Principles of conventions, treaties, policies, and legislation formulation; Review of global climate change conventions and treaties; Regional and national agreements and legislations; Processes for domesticating international conventions and treaties; Critical evaluations of national action plans for adaptation; Key policy instruments and challenges of implementation such as: - Montreal protocol for ozone depleting substances and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), , United Nations Convention on Biodiversity (UNCB),United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) etc. ICCA 604: Climate Change Policies, Legislation and Treaties Definition and concepts of vulnerability, resilience, adaptation; Conceptualization and delineation of social vulnerability; Resource dependency, social resilience and vulnerability; Inequality as an indicator of collective social vulnerability; Climate hazard and vulnerability mapping; Indicators of institutional effectiveness in ameliorating vulnerability; sustainable adaptation and community-based adaptation; Adaptation needs and options; International, national, and sectoral assessments, including National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs); Planning and measuring adaptation; Addressing maladaptation; Insurance and social protection; Links between adaptation and development; Indigenous knowledge; Case studies in key socio-economic sectors. ICCA 605: Climate Change Mitigation Key definitions and concepts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction; Trace gas emission measurements from a range of sources; monitoring and verification of emission reduction and sequestration; Analysis of typical projects in renewable energy, agriculture and forestry; Harnessing development opportunities in greenhouse gas 11 mitigation projects (low carbon development pathways); International interventions including Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), Reducing carbon Emission from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD), Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and voluntary mechanisms such as gold standard; Prerequisites for effective low carbon development programmes; Inter-linkages between adaptation and mitigation and practical examples such as climate-smart agriculture; Country case study – Kenya’s country strategy and action plan for greenhouse gas mitigation. ICCA 606: Research Methods in Climate Change and Adaptation Nature of research; Approaches in research – mono-disciplinary, multi-disciplinary, inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary; Methods of research; Steps in research; Scope of research; Proposal writing, publications; Data collection, quality assessment, and analysis; Data presentation; Ethics in research; Conceptual models for vulnerability, adaptation and scenario building; Computational statistical and qualitative data analysis; Correlation and regression analyses, data simulation and modelling; Application of standard soft-wares such as: - SPSS, EPI info, MATLAB, ENVI ArcGIS, ATLAS. ICCA 607: Resource Use Efficiency Resource use efficiency definition; concepts of cost-benefit analysis, understanding the global production networks; Measures of efficiency, quality versus cost, quantity versus cost; Principles of measuring efficiency; Product life cycle assessment data and methodologies; Impact assessment indicators and methods; Decoupling and resource use efficiency; Recycling; Eco-innovation; Sustainability and optimisation in resource use management; Ecological foot printing; Energy analysis; Co-benefits of mitigation in a low carbon development pathway such as energy efficiency and increased reliance on renewable resources. ICCA 608: Critical Debates in Global Climate Change and Adaptation Candidates shall be assigned literature readings on topics such as poverty eradication, social justice, global emissions rise, deforestation, population increase and its effect on climate change, malnutrition or any topical issue of the day. Candidates shall present weekly seminars on the assigned readings. The seminar and the assignment write up shall be used to grade the candidate. ELECTIVE COURSES FOR EACH OF THE THEMATIC AREAS CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT AND FOOD SECURITY ICCA 609: Resilient Agro-Ecosystems Modelling climate change impacts on agriculture; Early warning systems; Soil nutrient improvement, management and conservation; Water catchments; Irrigation and conservation; Pest and disease resistant crops; Pest and disease management; Drought, saline, heat and flood tolerant plants and animals; Types and breeds of animals and their management. 12 ICCA 610: Land Management and Governance Land tenure systems; Access and utilization; Land management practices- flood-prone, arid, semi arid and forested land areas, adaptation and mitigation; Agricultural systemsbio-fuels, aqua culture, land use and land cover change; Conservation and resource utilization; Management of feed base and pastures; Emerging land use challenges – “2nd” scramble for land in Africa (green grabbing). ICCA 611: Climate Sensitive Agro-Ecological Zones Impact of climate change on agro-ecosystems; Effects of extreme climate events on germplasm in specific environments; Water availability, salinization, access, harvesting and utilization, land management, reduction of vulnerability and mitigation. ICCA 612: Climate Change and Food Production Systems Livelihood and food production systems; Food types, processing, distribution and access; Access to markets; Post harvest practices; Food security; Value chain analysis; Precision agriculture climate change threats and opportunities; Adaptive and mitigation strategies to enhance resilience of food production system to climate change. ICCA 613: Climate Change Implications for Fisheries and Aqua-culture Marine, freshwater fisheries and aquaculture; Ecological and nutrient dynamics; Fisheries prediction/performance models; Vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning; Impacts of physical interventions and policy regimes on fisheries, resources and related livelihoods. ICCA 614: Overview of Climate Risk Management Concepts and terminologies in climate risk management; Overview of climate change and climate risk; Linking climate to development; Principles of climate risk reduction – mitigation measures (structural and non-structural), preparedness (contingency planning), early warning systems; Review of current knowledge on climate-related extreme events and expected future trends; State of risk - extreme events and disaster trends, losses, damages, humanitarian crises, complex emergencies. ICCA 615: Risk Drivers, Policies and Approaches Drivers of increasing risk-socio-economic information and trend and social dimensions of risk; Policies and approaches to reduce and manage extreme events; Sources of vulnerability and disaster risk-information, including government sources; Cross sectoral coordination; Gender-sensitive policies and community based approaches; Policies and approaches for managing new and changing risks and adaptive practices – for example, Sahel in 1970s experience as surrogate for adaptation. ICCA 616: Decision Support Tools for Reducing Climate Risks Data and information – sources, availability, adequacy and quality; Climate modeling for climate risk management; Development and use of local climate outlooks; Climate risk mapping; Gap analysis on capacities and technologies; Assessment of implementation practices; Cost of options;Damage, loss and needs assessment;Dissemination and scale-up potential. 13 ICCA 617: Regional Focus On IPCC-Identified most vulnerable areas-Africa-the Sahel, Eastern Africa droughts and floods, Southern Africa water shortage; Existing partnerships at global, regional, national and local levels; Role of regional, national and local institutions; Community resilience building and local development sustainability; Partnerships in building community resilience; Asia mega deltas, small islands: existing capacities and needs for women and men, including technology transfer. ICCA 618: Institutional Frameworks Institutions for management of extreme events; Financing-current structures and opportunities for joint financing; Inter-sectoral collaboration; Public information and understanding; Policy barriers and opportunities; Links with mitigation; Scaling-up options. HUMAN DIMENSIONS AND HEALTH ICCA 619: Gender and Climate Change Conceptualizing gender and gender mainstreaming; Social inequalities, gender and marginalized populations; Gender and vulnerability to climate variability and change; Legislation and gender mainstreaming in climate change adaptation and mitigation actions; Gender and adaptation; Gender sensitive strategies and technologies for mitigation actions; Gender mainstreaming in climate risk reduction and climate change. ICCA 620: Urban Areas and Climate Change and Adaptation Urbanization processes, sustainable habitats, climate change risks, urban microclimates – including urban heat islands; Housing and settlements; Green concepts in urban planning, management and governance, landscape and regional interconnections. ICCA 621: Economics of Climate Change and Adaptation Political ecology, factors influencing use of ecosystems – cultural, political, economic and values; Climate variability Loss and damage assessment; Climate change adaptation and mitigation costs and benefits at global, national, sectoral and local levels; Financing for adaptation and mitigation; Inter-relationships between adaptation/mitigation costs and residual damage; Climate change opportunities, economic instruments as incentives, carbon trading; Market-based approaches for climate change decision-making; Monitoring and verification of climate change and adaptation projects. ICCA 622: Livelihoods, Poverty, Human Security, and Climate Change Scope and definition of poverty and livelihoods; Differences within communities (gender, wealth, tribe, language, culture) and their influence; Impacts to adapt to impacts of climate change; Climate change impacts on poverty and livelihoods; Impact of adaptation and mitigation on livelihoods and poverty; Potential climate change risks and opportunities for livelihoods and poverty; Human security- vulnerable indigenous communities; Indigenous knowledge systems; Migration and population displacement – including environmental refugees; conflict; community resilience. 14 ICCA 623: Infrastructure and Industry Adaptation for Climate Change Climate variability and impacts on networked infrastructure – transportation, energy, water and sanitation; Industry, for example manufacturing, tourism; Corporate social and environmental responsibility; Climate change and global production networks. ICCA 624: Climate Change and Health Disease classifications relevant to climate/health relationships; Climate sensitivity of infectious diseases and vectors; Impact of climate change on water borne and water diseases; Water quality, availability and sanitation; Emerging and re-emerging diseases; National assessments of health impacts of climate change; Monitoring the health effects of climate change. ICCA 625: Health Vulnerability to Impacts of Climate Change Scale and nature of health vulnerability to climate change (degree of exposure to climate hazards, sensitivity and adaptive capacity of the individual, population or community); Definition of risk factor and exposure scenario; Risk communication; Health impacts assessments; Impact of climate change on existing health challenges for marginalised populations; Health and climate refugees; Impact of climate change on current health burdens. ICCA 626: Climate Change and Climatotherapy Definition of climatotherapy; Epidemiology of climatotherapy; Interventions for climate change health impacts such as aerotherapy, UV radiation prevention and therapy, heliotherapy, thalassotherapy, allergen and anti-allergics therapy; altitude change, modified environments. ICCA 627: Health Statistics and Climate Change Health statistics and populations; Health statistics and climate change; International politics of health statistics; Data collection and management of climate change induced diseases; Modelling and prediction. ICCA 628: Health interventions in a changing climate Socio economic and political factors influencing public health policy development and health adaptation options; Public health policies for climate change; Scenarios for decision making. POLICY AND COMMUNICATION ICCA 629: Policy Development Policy development process: types of policies; factors affecting policy formulation and implementation; Normative standards of good policy; Use of research to inform and guide policy; Practical effects of policy on the society and environment; Challenges to policy formulation in developing countries; The role of data in climate change policy formulation; Policy instruments; Implementation process and challenges; Overview of climate change policies in developing versus developed countries. ICCA 630: Integrating Climate Change Policies at Multiple Levels 15 Integrating climate change and adaptation and mitigation policies at regional, national, county, sectoral, community and project levels; Operationalising adaptation policies; The process of integrating adaptation into existing policies – the process of reviewing current policies to determine if they are supportive of efforts to adapt to climate change; removing policies that act as barriers to adaptation; and creating policies (e.g. water management policies) that are themselves robust enough to be applicable in a variety of different circumstances; Key challenges for policy implementation; Integrating adaptation policies into local development processes; Key challenges for action for example: - adaptation finance, policy planning, role of governance; Governance structures at the global level, frameworks and structures at the national level, governance at the local level; SWOT analysis of governance structures at global, national and local levels, appropriate governance frameworks and structures. ICCA 631: Policy on Technologies Policies as relates to climate change adaptation and mitigation incentives, technology innovations, and clean technologies; Government energy policies including carbondioxide emissions, electric utilities, renewable energies; Carbon/energy taxation and green fiscal reform; Carbon emissions trading at the national and international level; The economics of energy efficiency (relevant analytical techniques such as cost benefit analysis, decomposition analysis and energy). (Elective available to candidates taking Technologies Option) ICCA 632: Politics of Climate Change International politics; Politics of global and regional economic blocks; Politics of resource utilization and interest groups at global, regional, national and local scales; Case studies - Conference of Parties (COP) negotiations, Kyoto Protocol, Clean Development Mechanism, Adaptation Fund, Joint Implementation Project and emerging issues; The politics of climate change within Africa – the role of the different intergovernmental bodies in Africa, decisions taken on climate change and the factors influencing these processes. ICCA 633: Politics of Water Scale and range of hydro politics; Regional cooperation as a component of hydro politics; Regime and security complex for understanding cooperation within river basins; Historical water conflicts; Socio-cultural considerations to water policy development and implementation.(Elective available to candidates taking Water Option) ICCA 634: Principles of Communication Ethics; self awareness, verbal and non verbal messages; Visual communication; Audio visual communication; Listening and adapting; Interpersonal communication; Communication in groups; Public speaking; Interviewing; Writing; Mass media (persuasive writing, mass advertising); Communication and technology. ICCA 635: Strategic Communication for Influencing Behaviour Towards the Environment Audience categorization and characterization; Barriers to effective climate change information communication; Interrogative communication, from sender to receiver and vice versa; Importance and role of media and education on sustainable development 16 and adaptation strategies in response to climate change variability; Maintaining perceptions; Management and evaluation of communication programmes. ICCA 636: Process and Structure of Mass Communication Mass psychology and behaviour; Methods for communication; Role of social actors; Types of communication media; How to use climate information communicated by media; Importance of media and education on sustainable development and climate change adaptation strategies; Management of barriers to effective climate change communication. ICCA 637: Climate Change and Information Packaging Sources of information and resources; Types of climate change information and packaging for example: - policy briefs, documentaries; audience profiling for effective communication; development of user specific information; engaging the media in climate change adaptation communication; Management and evaluation of climate change information and dissemination. ICCA 638: Information Communication and Advocacy Communication of climate change information; Modes of information dissemination; Timing of dissemination; Identifying and nurturing links and platforms for the dissemination chain; Barriers to effective dissemination and advocacy; Strategies for lobbying. TECHNOLOGIES ICCA 616: Decision Support Tools for Reducing Climate Risks Data and information – sources, availability, adequacy and quality; Climate modeling for climate risk management; Development and use of local climate outlooks; Climate risk mapping; Gap analysis on capacities and technologies; Assessment of implementation practices; Cost of options;Damage, loss and needs assessment;Dissemination and scale-up potential ICCA 623: Infrastructure and Industry Adaptation for Climate Change Climate variability and impacts on networked infrastructure – transportation, energy, water and sanitation; Industry, for example manufacturing, tourism; Corporate social and environmental responsibility; Climate change and global production networks. ICCA 631: Policy on Technologies Policies as relates to climate change adaptation and mitigation incentives, technology innovations, and clean technologies; Government energy policies including carbondioxide emissions, electric utilities, renewable energies; Carbon/energy taxation and green fiscal reform; Carbon emissions trading at the national and international level; The economics of energy efficiency (relevant analytical techniques such as cost benefit analysis, decomposition analysis and energy). (Elective available to candidates taking Technologies Option) 17 ICCA 638: Information Communication and Advocacy Communication of climate change information; Modes of information dissemination; Timing of dissemination; Identifying and nurturing links and platforms for the dissemination chain; Barriers to effective dissemination and advocacy; Strategies for lobbying. ICCA 639: Greening the Built Environment Green real estate; Green office buildings; Alternative low energy sustainable approaches to building design; Thermal comfort and day lighting practices; Home-owner perceptions; Energy management in buildings; Building mechanical systems; Energy consumption and conservation in buildings; Technical regulations; Building codes; Building optimization; Building upgrades and building materials. ICCA 640: Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation in the Urban Environment Urban planning and energy conservation; Urban ecology; Urban adaptation and sustainability; Urban transport; Broad understanding of the potential for renewable energies within the urban environment; Energy use and carbon mitigation in the transport sector; ICT – enabled adaptation technologies in urban environments. ICCA 641: Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation in the Rural Environment Link between energy, poverty and rural development; Rural energy needs, sustainable development, potential for renewable energies within the rural environment such as solar, wind, micro-hydro; bio-energy systems; ICT-enabled adaptation technologies in rural environments; environmental conservation and eco-technologies. ICCA 642: Renewable Energy Technologies Renewable energy technologies including wind energy-wind power, electric power generation, hydrogen-based energy sources – hydrogen, biomass, photosynthesis; Solar energy conversion-based technologies – solar energy conversion, photovoltaic cells, thin film devices, bulk junction cells, dye-sensitized cells; Marine energy-based technologies – marine energy, tidal power, wave energy; Geothermal energy; Other emerging technologies. ICCA 643: Technologies for Carbon Footprint Reduction Carbon foot-print; Technologies that improve production networks, business decision making, energy efficiency, electricity generation, carbon emissions, energy recovery systems; Carbon-trading, recycling and re-use technologies; Analysis of the energy performance of buildings, industry and transport; as well as energy audits and surveys. ICCA 649: Early Warning Systems and Communication Overview of types of climate risks to environmental systems; Concept of prediction, early warning and early action; Evaluation and selection of indicators for early warning; Sources of information and resources; Tools for climate change related disaster; vulnerability assessment and risk reduction; Disaster risk reduction at the local level; Communication of information; Community based early warning systems; Assessment of the benefits of early warning systems. 18 WATER, ENVIROMENT AND ECOSYSTEMS ICCA 644: Climate Change and Water Policy Freshwater availability; Freshwater availability versus demand at various levels; Scenarios for climate change and water availability; Regional and trans-boundary water issues; Stresses on water resources; Constraints on access to water resources; Africa Water Vision; International, regional and national water policies, protocols, treaties and conventions for water management; Policy options for climate change adaptation in the water sector. ICCA 645: Climate Change and Water Resources The water (hydrological) cycle, variability and change in various components of the hydrology cycle; Precipitation; Surface water resources and climate change; Groundwater resources and climate change; Oceans and global climate change; Regional water issues in Africa, Eastern Africa and Kenya; Water management and the environment; Climate variability and water resources; Climate change and adaptation strategies in water and environmental management; Mitigation strategies at the regional and local scale; Water resource conflicts. ICCA 646: Water Pollution and Rehabilitation Principles of water pollution; Natural and anthropogenic sources of water pollutants; Vulnerability of bio-geophysical and social systems to pollution; Pollution and climate change; Pollution monitoring and analytical techniques; Water pollution control technologies; Water resources rehabilitation technologies; Climate change and water quality. ICCA 647: Water Resources Management Hydrological observations and data requirements for IWRM; Introduction to and economic instruments for Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM); Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM); Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM); Climate change impacts on water use sectors; Capacity building and adaptation strategies for water resources management. ICCA 648: Prediction and Management of Droughts and Floods Overview of hydro-climatic hazards (floods, drought); Origin and nature of hydro-climatic hazards; Measure of event location; Measure of event variability; Event time series and trend analysis; Correlation and regression approaches; Flow duration analysis; Mass curve analysis; Event distribution types; Probability plotting; Management and mitigation of hazards/disasters; Strategic approach: structural measures, benefits and costs of early warning and preparedness. ICCA 649: Early Warning Systems and Communication Overview of types of climate risks to environmental systems; Concept of prediction, early warning and early action; Evaluation and selection of indicators for early warning; Sources of information and resources; Tools for climate change related disaster; vulnerability assessment and risk reduction; Disaster risk reduction at the local level; Communication of information; Community based early warning systems; Assessment of the benefits of early warning systems. 19 ICCA 650: Ecosystems, Climate Change and Adaptation Ecosystem science and management principles; Ecosystems structure and function; Biodiversity and conservation; The interaction of climate and ecosystems; Ecosystems resilience to climate change; Ecosystem approach to adaptive management; Ecosystem modelling for environmental management; Climate- induced ecosystems change implications for livelihoods and adaptation. ICCA 651: Bio-geophysical Impacts of Climate Change Introducing the atmosphere, land, biosphere, hydrosphere and linkages; Introduction to bio-geophysical systems; Atmospheric circulation patterns; The hydrological cycle, extreme events and climate change; The cryosphere; Sea surface temperatures, sea level rise; Ocean acidification; Land surface changes; Biogeochemical cycles of Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulphur; Aquatic ecosystems; Terrestrial ecosystems; Aerosols; Global and regional projections of impacts. ICCA 652: Air, Soil and Water Pollution Abatement Sources and sinks of air pollutants, photochemical smog, cause and methods for avoidance, mitigation strategies for green house gases; Sources of water pollutants, pollution monitoring and abatement, water quality standards; Sources of soil pollution, industrial processes that abate pollution; Practical solutions to water and soil remediation at local scales. ICCA 653: Climate Dynamics Climate processes; Global circulation modelling; climate change modelling, greenhouse gases; Transport processes in the atmosphere; Socio-economic scenario development; Global climate scenario development - incremental, analogue, and global circulation; Downscaling of global scenarios - regional global circulation models; Incorporation of indigenous and traditional knowledge; Challenges in climate predictions; Feedback mechanisms and uncertainties. GENERAL ELECTIVES ICCA 654: Applications of GIS and Remote Sensing in Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Assessments GIS database creation; Data visualization and analysis; Spatial analysisof raster and vector data sets; Modeling climate change variables such as soil moisture, evapotranspiration, vegetation in a GIS system; Remote sensing air and space borne systems; Spectral characteristics of different surfaces; Satellite imagery; Common approaches and methodology for digital image processing; Using remote sensing for environmental monitoring and analysis - case studies on water resources dynamics, dryland degradation, hazard assessment, urban development, management of agricultural and forest ecosystems. Pre-requisite: Student to demonstrate basic GIS knowledge which will be assessed by an ICCA administered test before being allowed to take the elective course. 20 ICCA 655: Climate Change Scenarios Development Concept of “scenarios”; Storylines; Types of baseline data; Developing climate scenarios; Developing socioeconomic scenarios; Developing environmental scenarios; Uncertainties; Application of scenarios in impacts assessment and adaptation. ICCA 656: Knowledge Management and Capacity Building in Climate Change and Adaptation Knowledge resource repositories, inventory, gathering, organization, sharing and analysis; Knowledge management, people, and networking; Knowledge management systems and structure – documentary and online; Sustaining knowledge management systems; Capacity needs assessments at systemic, institutional and individual levels; Stakeholder engagement for capacity development; Formulating and implementing capacity development responses; Monitoring and evaluation of capacity development. ICCA 657: Research Project Option A supervised research project on an approved topic ICCA 658: Research Thesis Option A supervised research thesis on an approved topic 21