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Reminder • Homework is due on Thursday (posted online) • A note about ‘current events’– stuff you should cover: • Where is the article from (blog? reliable daily like the NYT?) What is this publication? • What is their perspective and why are they writing? • Any background information we need to know? (you may want to decide relay this information while you are presenting the article rather than before) Know where you are getting your info: Example of Fracking https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/water/fracking/ http://www2.epa.gov/hfstudy http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/03/epafracking-study-pavillion-wyoming_n_3542365.html Last two weeks (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Define Sustainability Three principles of Sustainability Panarchy Cycle Ecosystem Services Trade-offs in managing ecosystems Increased consumption (2 reasons) This week (1) Continue discussion of consumption: the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation (2) 2 models to measure consumption/sustainability by country (3) Pollution (2 types) (4) Tipping Points (5) The 4 causes of modern day environmental problems (6) Environmental Policy! Reuse Fig. 1-7, p. 11 Reuse Fig. 1-7, p. 11 Recycle Scientists estimate that we could recycle and reuse 80– 90% of the resources that we now use and thus come closer to mimicking the way nature recycles essentially everything. Recycling is important but it involves dealing with wastes we have produced. Ideally, we should focus more on using less, reusing items, and reducing our unnecessary waste of resources. Fig. 1-8, p. 12 Countries Differ in Levels of Unsustainability (1) • Economic growth: increase in output of a nation’s goods and services • Gross domestic product (GDP): annual market value of all goods and services produced by all businesses, foreign and domestic, operating within a country • Per capita GDP: one measure of economic growth How does per capita GDP vary? How does per capita GDP vary? Western EU US and Canada Oil Producing Japan and Sing. Countries by Gross National Income per Capita Supplement 8, Fig 2 Countries Differ in Levels of Unsustainability (2) GDP divides countries into 2 separate groups: • More-developed countries: North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, most of Europe • Less-developed countries: most countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America Economic development: using economic growth to raise living standards Measuring the rate resource consumption/sustainability by country Measuring the rate resource consumption/sustainability by country Two models to measure rate resource consumption/sustainability by country (1) Ecological Footprint (2) IPAT Model 1. Ecological Footprints: A Model of Unsustainable Use of Resources • Ecological footprint: the amount of biologically productive land and water needed to provide the people in a region with indefinite supply of renewable resources, and to absorb and recycle wastes and pollution • Per capita ecological footprint: national ecological footprint divided by the number of people (duh.) 1-2 How Are Our Ecological Footprints Affecting the Earth? • Concept 1-2 As our ecological footprints grow, we are depleting and degrading more of the earth’s natural capital. Unsustainable: footprint is larger than biological capacity for replenishment Current Events • If you miss your current event due to class being canceled: Reschedule with Meaghan • If you miss you current event due to personal reasons, you will not be able to make it up without doctors note (or other extenuating circumstances) • Homework due today in class 1-2 How Are Our Ecological Footprints Affecting the Earth? • Concept 1-2 As our ecological footprints grow, we are depleting and degrading more of the earth’s natural capital. As we raise per capita GDP and income, we raise quality of life How do we raise quality of life without raising ecological fp? Patterns of Natural Resource Consumption Fig. 1-12a, p. 15 Patterns of Natural Resource Consumption Fig. 1-12b, p. 15 Natural Capital Use and Degradation Fig. 1-13, p. 16 2. IPAT is Another Environmental Impact Model I=PxAxT • • • • I = Environmental impact P = Population A = Affluence T = Technology IPAT Illustrated Fig. 1-14, p. 17 IPAT Illustrated Fig. 1-14, p. 17 Case Study: China’s New Affluent Consumers • Leading consumer of various foods and goods • Wheat, rice, and meat • Coal, fertilizers, steel, and cement • Second largest consumer of oil • Two-thirds of the most polluted cities are in China • Projections for next decade • Largest consumer and producer of cars China is becoming much more affluent which ostensibly increases the quality of life but potentially with large environmental costs We Are Living Unsustainably • If the entire world had the consumption pattern of more developed nations environmental degradation would be accelerated… • Environmental degradation: wasting, depleting, and degrading the earth’s natural capital largely through increased consumption across the world (but clearly more developed nations are disproportionally responsible) Natural Capital Degradation Fig. 1-9, p. 13 Pollution Comes from a Number of Sources (1) • Sources of pollution • Point sources: can identify the source of the pollutant • E.g., smokestack • Nonpoint sources: cannot identify the source of the pollutant • E.g., pesticides blown into the air Point-Source Air Pollution Fig. 1-10, p. 14 Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Fig. 1-11, p. 14 Ever heard of the great pacific garbage patch? Microplastic concentrations in 1972–1987 and 1999–2010. Goldstein M C et al. Biol. Lett. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0298 ©2012 by The Royal Society • http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/11/us/hawaii-japantsunami-debris/ Natural Systems Have Tipping Points • Ecological tipping point: an often irreversible shift in the behavior of a natural system • Environmental degradation has time delays between our actions now and the deleterious effects later • Long-term climate change • Over-fishing • Species extinction Tipping Point Fig. 1-15, p. 19 Multiple Stable States: Some desirable and some not Hawaiian Marine Debris Example 1. Albatross populations are stable (pre tsunami) 2. Tsunami “forces” the system to change 3. Albatross populations enter a “new reality” (post tsunami) Experts Have Identified Four Basic Causes of Environmental Problems 1. Population growth 2. Wasteful and unsustainable resource use 3. Poverty 4. Failure to include the harmful environmental costs of goods and services in market prices Experts Have Identified Four Basic Causes of Environmental Problems 1. 2. 3. 4. Population growth Wasteful and unsustainable resource use Poverty Failure to include the harmful environmental costs of goods and services in market prices 1. Exponential Growth of Human Population Fig. 1-18, p. 21 Technology Increases Population Fig. 1-16, p. 19 2. Affluence Has Harmful and Beneficial Environmental Effects • Harmful environmental impact due to • High levels of consumption • High levels of pollution • Unnecessary waste of resources • Affluence can provide funding for developing technologies to reduce • Pollution • Environmental degradation • Resource waste 3. Poverty Has Harmful Environmental and Health Effects • • • • Population growth affected Malnutrition Premature death Limited access to adequate sanitation facilities and clean water Extreme Poverty This boy is searching through an open dump in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for items to sell. Many children of poor families who live in makeshift shantytowns in or near such dumps often scavenge most of the day for food and other items to help their families survive. Fig. 1-19, p. 22 Harmful Effects of Poverty Fig. 1-20, p. 22 4. Prices Do Not Include the Value of Natural Capital • Companies do not pay the environmental cost of resource use • Goods and services do not include the harmful environmental costs • Companies receive tax breaks and subsidies • Economy may be stimulated but there may be a degradation of natural capital Genuine Progress Indicator Vector (2010) Nature Environmentally Sustainable Societies Protect Natural Capital and Live Off Its Income • Environmentally sustainable society: meets current needs while ensuring that needs of future generations will be met • Live on natural income of natural capital without diminishing the natural capital We Can Work Together to Solve Environmental Problems • Social capital • Encourages • Openness and communication • Cooperation • Hope • Discourages • Close-mindedness • Polarization • Confrontation and fear Individuals Matter • 5–10% of the population can bring about major social change • We have only 50-100 years to make the change to sustainability before it’s too late • Rely on renewable energy • Protect biodiversity • Reduce waste and pollution Three Big Ideas • 1. We could rely more on renewable energy from the sun, including indirect forms of solar energy such as wind and flowing water, to meet most of our heating and electricity needs. • 2. We can protect biodiversity by preventing the degradation of the earth’s species, ecosystems, and natural processes, and by restoring areas we have degraded. Three Big Ideas 3. We can help to sustain the earth’s natural chemical cycles by reducing our production of wastes and pollution, not overloading natural systems with harmful chemicals, and not removing natural chemicals faster than those chemical cycles can replace them. Air Pollution Air Pollution Water Pollution So if we agree there are problems, then why don’t we do something about it? Environmental conflicts involve fighting about: • the ways we perceive environmental problems • the ways we define those problems through politics, and • what we do about problems that we’ve defined (action) Savannah River Site (nuclear fuel reprocessing)— environmental restoration of How do people change environmental conditions? • change your individual behavior • economic action • use politics to: -persuade organizations or individuals change -get government to take action to How do people change environmental conditions? • change your individual behavior • economic action • use politics to: -persuade organizations or individuals to change -get government to take action How do you guys change someone’s behavior or get them to do what you want them to? Today • Overview of “values into policy” discussion • Overview of the phases of “environmentalism” • Introduction to Actors in Environmental Policy • Governmental Actors • Non-governmental Actors • Structures of Government (probably Thurs) Layzer Reading 2 Part Argument: (1) Environmental Conflict is almost always concern fundamental differences in values (2) The way problems are defined and solutions are depicted plays a central role in shaping how those values are translated into policies Values into Policy • People think that humans “ought” to interact with the environment in different ways • Influenced by beliefs Values into Policy • People think that humans “ought” to interact with the environment in different ways • Influenced by beliefs • However, use terms of science, economics, and risk to frame their arguments. Values into Policy • People think that humans “ought” to interact with the environment in different ways • Influenced by beliefs • However, use terms of science, economics, and risk to frame their arguments. • 2 Basic camps: Environmentalists versus Cornucopians (Continue reading…) Environmentalists • Earliest Form: Late 18th/Early 19th Century • Preservation: seeks to maintain the inherent beauty and function of natural systems • Examples: George Caitlin, Theoreau, Muir Environmentalists • Second Form: Turn of the 20th Century • Conservation: managing natural resources without waste. • Examples: Gifford Pinchot (USFS) Environmentalists • Third Form: After WWII • Humans as part of ecosystems: Fighting against loss of ecosystem and human health: Seeking balance and viewing human/nature interaction as a complex system and there are limits to growth. • Examples: Aldo Leopold, Donella Meadows Environmentalists What is happening in the US during this time in terms of (1) events and (2) knowledge? 17 76 18 50 19 50 20 11 -----------------Preservationists------------------------------------------------------------------------Conservationists---------------------------------------- ----Environmental Health----- Cornucopians • Value economic growth: there are/will be technological solutions to resource problems. • Regulatory policies will limit economic growth and productivity • Examples: Julian Simon and Herman Kahn Cornucopians • Value on individual liberty (to do what one wishes without interference) • Assign property rights to the world’s resources and let the market dictate allocation To Influence Environmental Policy • • • • Convince others of your view Simplifying complex realities and “framing” Defining “heroes” and “villans” Drawing attention to some elements and minimizing others • Translate scientific explanations into causal stories continue reading… Environmentalists Cornucopians http://co2isgreen.org/default.asp x/MenuItemID/138/MenuGroup/ Home.htm Science into Policy • Case of Ozone (explaining reduction in stratosphere): • Scientists did not know why and there were several competing hypotheses (turned out to be CFCs) • Took time to generate scientific knowledge and reduce uncertainty Science into Policy • Case of Ozone (explaining reduction in stratosphere): • Scientists did not know why and there were several competing hypotheses (turned out to be CFCs) • Took time to generate scientific knowledge and reduce uncertainty • What would happen if policy-makers acted before scientific knowledge was built? continue reading… Cost/Benefit Compare the costs of each option against the total expected benefits So Far… • We have environmental policies b/c people generally believe that we should take care of the environment and environmental problems exist. So Far… • We have environmental policies b/c people generally believe that we should take care of the environment and environmental problems exist. • However, conflict arises based on who and how these problems are perceived, defined, and what solutions are suggested. So Far… • We have environmental policies b/c people generally believe that we should take care of the environment and environmental problems exist. • However, conflict arises based on who and how these problems are perceived, defined, and what solutions are suggested. • People involved in these conflicts: environmentalists and cornucopians. So Far… • We have environmental policies b/c people generally believe that we should take care of the environment and environmental problems exist. • However, conflict arises based on who and how these problems are perceived, defined, and what solutions are suggested. • People involved in these conflicts: environmentalists and cornucopians. • These groups try to convince decision-makers (including the general public) what policy is adopted. Making public policy U.S. Capitol Source--Architect of the Capitol MILLER/SPOOLMAN LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT Policy: American Heritage Dictionary 3rd ed. 1992 17TH MILLER/SPOOLMAN LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT Policy: “a plan or course of action, as of a government, political party, or business, intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, and other matters” American Heritage Dictionary 3rd ed. 1992 17TH Steps in policy making 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Agenda-setting Policy formation Policy adoption Policy implementation (Policy evaluation) (Vaughn textbook--adapted from James Anderson) Steps in policy making 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Agenda-setting Policy formation Policy adoption Policy implementation (Policy evaluation) (Vaughn textbook--adapted from James Anderson) Making policy—first step is “agenda setting” • Media agenda: is issue reported? Slow Story vs. Sudden Events Steps in policy making 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Agenda-setting Policy formation Policy adoption Policy implementation (Policy evaluation) (Vaughn textbook--adapted from James Anderson) Middle steps—how a bill becomes a law AFP PHOTO/Brendan SMIALOWSKI Steps in policy making 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Agenda-setting Policy formation Policy adoption Policy implementation (Policy evaluation) (Vaughn textbook--adapted from James Anderson) How can gov’t make you do something? How can gov’t make you do something? Positive Incentives: tax-breaks, subsidies, awards, etc. How can gov’t make you do something? Positive Incentives: tax-breaks, subsidies, awards, etc. Negative Incentives: taxes, imprisonment, fines Steps in policy making 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Agenda-setting Policy formation Policy adoption Policy implementation (Policy evaluation) (Vaughn textbook--adapted from James Anderson) Policy Evaluation? Florida In Miami, it is illegal for a man to wear any kind of strapless gown. Unmarried women who parachute on Sundays may be jailed. In Sarasota, it is illegal to sing while wearing a bathing suit. Illinois In Chicago, people who are diseased, maimed, mutilated, or deformed to the point of being ``an unsightly or disgusting object'' are banned from going out in public. In Chicago, it is illegal to fish in one's pajamas. In Chicago, it is illegal to take a French poodle to the opera. According to state law, it is illegal to speak English. The officially recognized language is "American". In Guernee, it is illegal for women weighing more than 200 pounds to ride horses in shorts.