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Diversity of Organisms and Classification Classification of Organisms Kingdom Phylum / Division Class Order Family Genus Species Binomial system of classification • Binomial = two names (genus and species) • Worldwide system used by scientists • The genus always has a capital letter e.g. Panthera leo is the binomial name for lion Species • The smallest group of organisms classified which can interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring Five Kingdom System • • • • • Bacteria Protists Fungi Animals Plants Bacteria Kingdom e.g. staphylococcus Unicellular, microscopic Have a cell wall No nucleus – Prokaryotic (very simple cell) • No chlorophyll – Saprophytic or parasitic • • • • Protist kingdom • e.g. amoeba, viruses • Unicellular; microscopic • Nucleus present – Eukaryotic • Autotrophic or heterotrophic Fungus kingdom • e.g. mushroom • Eukaryotic (complex cell structure) • Made up of hyphae • No root, stem and leaf • No chlorophyll – Saprophytic or parasitic • Reproduce by forming spores Animal Kingdom • Eukaryotic (complex cells containing organelles) • Divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of backbone: – Invertebrates : without backbone – Vertebrates : with backbone Annelids • e.g. earthworm • Long and segmented body • Have chaetae for (small bristles) locomotion Nematodes • e.g. roundworm • Long, cylindrical and segmented body • Most of them are parasites Molluscs • e.g. snail • Soft and unsegmented body • Covered by a hard shell • Muscular foot Arthropods • Segmented body • Have a hard, waterproof exoskeleton and several pairs of jointed legs • Divided into 4 classes 1. 2. 3. 4. Crustaceans Arachnids Myriapods Insects Crustaceans • • • • • e.g. crab Five or more pairs of legs Two pairs of antennae Compound eyes Cephalothorax and abdomen Arachnids e.g. scorpion, spider Four pairs of legs Several pairs of simple eyes Chelicerae (mouth parts) for biting and poisoning prey • Cephalothorax and abdomen • • • • Myriapods • • • • • e.g. centipede Ten or more pairs of legs One pair of antennae Simple eyes Not obviously divided into thorax and abdomen Insects • • • • • e.g. ant Three pairs of legs Usually two pairs of wings A pair of compound eyes Head, thorax and abdomen Vertebrates • Divided into 5 groups: – Fish – Amphibians – Reptiles – Birds – Mammals Fish • Aquatic • Cold-blooded • Body covered with wet and slimy scales • Fins for balance and to control movement • Gills for breathing • External fertilization © Gemma Langley 2012 Amphibians • Cold-blooded • Moist, scaleless skin • Adults have 4 legs – tetrapods • Larvae (tadpoles) use gills for breathing; adults use lungs • External fertilization Reptiles • Cold-blooded • Body covered with dry, hard scales • Live on land • Breathe with lungs • Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs Birds • Warm-blooded • With feathers and wings • Beak for feeding • Lungs for breathing • Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs Mammals • Warm-blooded • Hairs on skin • Females have mammary glands for producing milk • Lungs for breathing • Internal fertilization; embryos develop inside mothers’ bodies Complete the table of features for each type of vertebrate mammals birds reptiles amphibians fish body covering hairy or furry skin feathers tough skin with scales soft, moist skin (no scales) scales how it breathes lungs lungs lungs lungs gills where it lives mostly on land on land mostly on land on land and in water in water how offspring are produced most young born alive lay eggs lay eggs lay eggs (in water) lay eggs Plant Kingdom • Eukaryotic • Most plants contains photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis – Autotrophic (make their own food) • Can be divided into two groups: – Non-flowering plants – Flowering plants Flowering plants • Have flowers for reproduction • Seeds are produced inside the fruit (matured ovary) • Monocotyledon or dicotyledon Cotyledon = seed leaf Two groups of flowering plants Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Two Cotyledons One Leaf veins Parallel Netted Leaf shape Long and narrow Broad Grouping of flower parts In threes In fives
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