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Chapter 10
The Muscular
System
Axial Musculature
Lecture Presentation by
Steven Bassett
Southeast Community College
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction
• The skeletal muscle of the body can be
subdivided into:
• Axial musculature
• Muscles that position the head and vertebral
column
• Muscles that move the rib cage
• Appendicular musculature
• Muscles that stabilize or move the appendicular
skeleton
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.1 Superficial Skeletal Muscles, Anterior View (1 of 2)
Appendicular Muscles
Epicranial
aponeurosis
Axial Muscles
MUSCLES OF THE
HEAD AND NECK
Temporoparietalis
(reflected)
Trapezius
Temporalis
Clavicle
Sternum
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Sternocleidomastoid
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus anterior
OBLIQUE AND
RECTUS MUSCLES
Biceps brachii
Rectus abdominis
Triceps brachii
Brachialis
External oblique
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Linea alba
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
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Flexor
retinaculum
Figure 10.1 Superficial Skeletal Muscles, Anterior View (2 of 2)
Appendicular Muscles
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Iliotibial tract
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Patella
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Gastrocnemius
Tibia
Fibularis longus
Tibialis anterior
Soleus
Extensor digitorum
longus
Superior extensor retinaculum
Lateral malleolus of fibula
Inferior extensor retinaculum
Medial malleolus of tibia
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Four Groups of Axial Muscles
• The axial muscles can be placed into four
groups based on location or function
•
•
•
•
Muscles of the head and neck
Muscles of the vertebral column
Oblique and rectus muscles
Muscles of the pelvic floor
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.2 Superficial Skeletal Muscles, Posterior View (1 of 2)
Axial Muscles
MUSCLES OF THE
HEAD AND NECK
Appendicular Muscles
Epicranial
aponeurosis
Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
OBLIQUE AND
RECTUS MUSCLES
External oblique
Rhomboid major
Triceps brachii
(long head)
Triceps brachii
(lateral head)
Latissimus dorsi
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis
longus
Anconeus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.2 Superficial Skeletal Muscles, Posterior View (2 of 2)
Appendicular Muscles
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae
Gluteus maximus
Adductor magnus
Semitendinosus
Iliotibial tract
Semimembranosus
Gracilis
Biceps femoris
Sartorius
Plantaris
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Calcaneal tendon
Calcaneus
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• The groups of muscles of the head and neck are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Muscles of facial expression
Extra-ocular muscles
Muscles of mastication
Muscles of the tongue
Muscles of the pharynx
Anterior muscles of the neck
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of Facial Expression (Mouth)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Buccinator
Depressor labii inferioris
Levator labii superioris
Orbicularis oris
Levator anguli oris
Depressor anguli oris
Zygomaticus major and minor
Risorius
Mentalis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.3a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part I
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Epicranial
aponeurosis
Corrugator
supercilii
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Temporalis
(temporoparietalis
removed)
Temporalis
Orbicularis oculi
Procerus
Nasalis
Zygomaticus
minor
Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
major
Masseter
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Risorius
Depressor anguli oris
Platysma
Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis (cut)
Sternal head of
sternocleidomastoid
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx
Clavicular head of
sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Clavicle
Platysma
(cut and reflected)
a Anterior view
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Figure 10.3b Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part I
Origin
Insertion
Corrugator
supercilii
Orbicularis
oculi
Temporalis
Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
minor
Nasalis
Zygomaticus
major
Sternocleidomastoid
Buccinator
Temporalis
Mentalis
Masseter
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor
labii inferioris
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Platysma
b Origins and insertions
of selected muscles
Figure 10.4a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part II
Epicranial
aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Procerus
Temporalis
Orbicularis
oculi
Nasalis
Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis
Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
minor
Masseter
Levator anguli
oris
Buccinator
Zygomaticus
major
Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis oris
Mentalis (cut)
Depressor
labii inferioris
Depressor
anguli oris
Omohyoid
Platysma (cut
and reflected)
a
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A diagrammatic lateral view.
A&P Flix: Buccinator
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of Facial Expression (Eye)
• Corrugator supercilii
• Levator palpebrae superioris
• Orbicularis oculi
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Figure 10.3a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part I
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Epicranial
aponeurosis
Corrugator
supercilii
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Temporalis
(temporoparietalis
removed)
Temporalis
Orbicularis oculi
Procerus
Nasalis
Zygomaticus
minor
Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
major
Masseter
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Risorius
Depressor anguli oris
Platysma
Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis (cut)
Sternal head of
sternocleidomastoid
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx
Clavicular head of
sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Clavicle
Platysma
(cut and reflected)
a Anterior view
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of Facial Expression (Nose)
• Procerus
• Nasalis
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Figure 10.3a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part I
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Epicranial
aponeurosis
Corrugator
supercilii
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Temporalis
(temporoparietalis
removed)
Temporalis
Orbicularis oculi
Procerus
Nasalis
Zygomaticus
minor
Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
major
Masseter
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Risorius
Depressor anguli oris
Platysma
Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis (cut)
Sternal head of
sternocleidomastoid
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx
Clavicular head of
sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Clavicle
Platysma
(cut and reflected)
a Anterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 10.1 Muscles of Facial Expression (3 of 5)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of Facial Expression (Scalp)
• Occipitofrontalis
• Frontal belly (frontalis)
• Occipital belly (occipitalis)
• Temporoparietalis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.4a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part II
Epicranial
aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Procerus
Temporalis
Orbicularis
oculi
Nasalis
Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis
Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
minor
Masseter
Levator anguli
oris
Buccinator
Zygomaticus
major
Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis oris
Mentalis (cut)
Depressor
labii inferioris
Depressor
anguli oris
Omohyoid
Platysma (cut
and reflected)
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A diagrammatic lateral view.
Table 10.1 Muscles of Facial Expression (4 of 5)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of Facial Expression (Neck)
• Platysma
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.3a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part I
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Epicranial
aponeurosis
Corrugator
supercilii
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Temporalis
(temporoparietalis
removed)
Temporalis
Orbicularis oculi
Procerus
Nasalis
Zygomaticus
minor
Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
major
Masseter
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Risorius
Depressor anguli oris
Platysma
Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis (cut)
Sternal head of
sternocleidomastoid
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx
Clavicular head of
sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Clavicle
Platysma
(cut and reflected)
a Anterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.4a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part II
Epicranial
aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Procerus
Temporalis
Orbicularis
oculi
Nasalis
Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis
Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
minor
Masseter
Levator anguli
oris
Buccinator
Zygomaticus
major
Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis oris
Mentalis (cut)
Depressor
labii inferioris
Depressor
anguli oris
Omohyoid
Platysma (cut
and reflected)
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A diagrammatic lateral view.
Table 10.1 Muscles of Facial Expression (5 of 5)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Extra-ocular Muscles
• Extrinsic eye muscles (muscles that control eye
movement)
• Medial and lateral rectus muscles
• Superior and inferior rectus muscles
• Superior and inferior oblique muscles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.5a Extra-ocular Muscles
Frontal
bone
Levator
palpebrae
superioris
Trochlea
(ligamentous
sling)
Extra-ocular
Muscles
Optic
nerve
Superior oblique
Superior rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior oblique
Inferior rectus
Maxilla
a Muscles on the lateral surface of the right eye.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.5b Extra-ocular Muscles
Trochlea
Extra-ocular
Muscles
Superior oblique
Levator palpebrae
superioris
Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior rectus
Optic nerve
b Muscles on the medial surface of the right eye.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Extra-ocular Muscles
• Eye movements
•
•
•
•
•
Lateral rectus: rotates the eye laterally
Medial rectus: rotates the eye medially
Superior rectus: rotates the eye upward
Inferior rectus: rotates the eye downward
Superior oblique: rotates the eye downward and
laterally
• Inferior oblique: rotates the eye upward and
laterally
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Figure 10.5c Extra-ocular Muscles
Superior
rectus
Lateral
rectus
Trochlea
Superior
oblique
Medial
rectus
Inferior
oblique
Inferior
rectus
c Anterior view of the right eye showing the orientation of the
extra-ocular muscles and the directions of eye movement
produced by contractions of the individual muscles.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 10.2 Extra-ocular Muscles
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of Mastication
• Masseter
• Temporalis
• Pterygoids
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A&P Flix: Masseter
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A&P Flix: Temporalis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.6a Muscles of Mastication
Superior
temporal
line
Muscles of Mastication
Temporalis
Masseter
Capsule of
temporomandibular
joint
a The temporalis and masseter are prominent
muscles on the lateral surface of the skull.
The temporalis passes medial to the zygomatic
arch to insert on the coronoid process of the
mandible. The masseter inserts on the angle
and lateral surface of the mandible.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.6b Muscles of Mastication
Muscles of Mastication
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Mandible
b The location and orientation of the
pterygoid muscles can be seen after
removing the overlying muscles, along
with a portion of the mandible.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 10.3 Muscles of Mastication
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of the Tongue
•
•
•
•
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
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Figure 10.7 Muscles of the Tongue
Styloid process
Muscles of the Tongue
Palatoglossus (cut)
Styloglossus
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Hyoid bone
Mandible
(cut)
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Table 10.4 Muscles of the Tongue
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of the Pharynx
• Pharyngeal constrictors
• Superior constrictor
• Middle constrictor
• Inferior constrictor
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Figure 10.8a Muscles of the Pharynx
Palatal Muscles
Tensor veli
palatini
Levator veli
palatini
Laryngeal Elevators
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Pharyngeal Constrictors
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Esophagus
a Lateral view
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of the Pharynx (continued)
• Laryngeal elevators
• Palatopharyngeus
• Salpingopharyngeus
• Stylopharyngeus
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Figure 10.8a Muscles of the Pharynx
Palatal Muscles
Tensor veli
palatini
Levator veli
palatini
Laryngeal Elevators
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Pharyngeal Constrictors
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Esophagus
a Lateral view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of the Pharynx (continued)
• Palatal muscles
• Levator veli palatini
• Tensor veli palatini
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Figure 10.8a Muscles of the Pharynx
Palatal Muscles
Tensor veli
palatini
Levator veli
palatini
Laryngeal Elevators
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Pharyngeal Constrictors
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Esophagus
a Lateral view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 10.5 Muscles of the Pharynx
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Anterior Muscles of the Neck
• Digastric
• Anterior belly
• Posterior belly
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Figure 10.9a Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Mandible
Mylohyoid
(cut and reflected)
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Anterior
belly
Stylohyoid
Hyoid bone
Posterior
belly
Thyrohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid
(cut)
Thyroid cartilage
of larynx
Cricothyroid
Superior
belly
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Inferior
belly
Sternohyoid
Clavicle
Cut heads of
sternocleidomastoid
Clavicular
head
Sternum
a Anterior view of neck muscles.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sternal head
Sternocleidomastoid
Table 10.6 Anterior Muscles of the Neck
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Anterior Muscles of the Neck (continued)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mylohyoid (deep to the digastric)
Geniohyoid (deep to the mylohyoid)
Stylohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid (deep to the omohyoid)
Sternothyroid (deep to the sternohyoid)
Thyrohyoid (attached to the sternothyroid and
hyoid bone)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.9a Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Mandible
Mylohyoid
(cut and reflected)
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Anterior
belly
Stylohyoid
Hyoid bone
Posterior
belly
Thyrohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid
(cut)
Thyroid cartilage
of larynx
Cricothyroid
Superior
belly
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Inferior
belly
Sternohyoid
Clavicle
Cut heads of
sternocleidomastoid
Clavicular
head
Sternum
a Anterior view of neck muscles.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sternal head
Sternocleidomastoid
Table 10.6 Anterior Muscles of the Neck
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Anterior Muscles of the Neck (continued)
• Sternocleidomastoid
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Figure 10.4a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part II
Epicranial
aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Procerus
Temporalis
Orbicularis
oculi
Nasalis
Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis
Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
minor
Masseter
Levator anguli
oris
Buccinator
Zygomaticus
major
Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis oris
Mentalis (cut)
Depressor
labii inferioris
Depressor
anguli oris
Omohyoid
Platysma (cut
and reflected)
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A diagrammatic lateral view.
Figure 10.9a Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Mandible
Mylohyoid
(cut and reflected)
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Anterior
belly
Stylohyoid
Hyoid bone
Posterior
belly
Thyrohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid
(cut)
Thyroid cartilage
of larynx
Cricothyroid
Superior
belly
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Inferior
belly
Sternohyoid
Clavicle
Cut heads of
sternocleidomastoid
Clavicular
head
Sternum
a Anterior view of neck muscles.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sternal head
Sternocleidomastoid
Table 10.6 Anterior Muscles of the Neck
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column
• The muscles of the back form three distinct layers
• Superficial layer (extrinsic back muscles): move
the neck
• Intermediate layer (extrinsic back muscles):
move the vertebral column
• Deep layer (intrinsic back muscles): interconnect
the vertebrae
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column
• Examples of the superficial extrinsic back
muscles
•
•
•
•
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid muscle
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Figure 11.3 Superficial and Deep Muscles of the Neck, Shoulder, and Back
Superficial Dissection
Deep Dissection
Axial Muscles
Axial Muscles
Semispinalis capitis
Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
Appendicular Muscles
Scapular
spine
Appendicular Muscles
Levator scapulae
Trapezius
Supraspinatus
Deltoid
Rhomboid minor
(cut and reflected)
Infraspinatus
Serratus posterior (superior)
Teres minor
Rhomboid major
(cut and reflected)
Teres major
Serratus anterior
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
(cut and reflected)
Axial Muscles
Erector spinae
muscle group
Latissimus dorsi
(right side cut
and reflected)
Serratus posterior (inferior)
Thoracolumbar
fascia
External oblique
Iliac crest
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Internal oblique
Muscles of the Vertebral Column
• Example of the intermediate extrinsic back
muscles
• Serratus posterior
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Figure 11.3 Superficial and Deep Muscles of the Neck, Shoulder, and Back
Superficial Dissection
Deep Dissection
Axial Muscles
Axial Muscles
Semispinalis capitis
Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
Appendicular Muscles
Scapular
spine
Appendicular Muscles
Levator scapulae
Trapezius
Supraspinatus
Deltoid
Rhomboid minor
(cut and reflected)
Infraspinatus
Serratus posterior (superior)
Teres minor
Rhomboid major
(cut and reflected)
Teres major
Serratus anterior
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
(cut and reflected)
Axial Muscles
Erector spinae
muscle group
Latissimus dorsi
(right side cut
and reflected)
Serratus posterior (inferior)
Thoracolumbar
fascia
External oblique
Iliac crest
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Internal oblique
Muscles of the Vertebral Column
• The Deep Layer (or Intrinsic Back Muscles)
• Can be further subdivided into:
• Superficial intrinsic
• Intermediate intrinsic
• Deep intrinsic
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column
• Example of Superficial Intrinsic Back Muscles
• Splenius muscles
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A&P Flix: Splenius capitis
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Figure 10.10a Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Superficial Layer
Deep Layer
Splenius capitis
Semispinalis Group
Intermediate Layer
Semispinalis capitis
Semispinalis cervicis
Longissimus capitis
Semispinalis thoracis
Spinalis cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Iliocostalis cervicis
Iliocostalis thoracis
Multifidus
Longissimus thoracis
Spinalis thoracis
Iliocostalis lumborum
Intervertebral Muscles,
Posterior View
Spinous process
of vertebra
Spinal Flexors
Rotarores
Quadratus lumborum
Intertransversarii
Interspinales
Transverse process
of vertebra
Thoracodorsal
fascia
a Posterior view of superficial (right) and deeper
(left) muscles of the vertebral column
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column
• Examples of Intermediate Intrinsic Back Muscles
• Erector spinae (group of three muscles)
• Spinalis thoracis (most medial of the three)
• Longissimus thoracis
• Iliocostalis lumborum (most lateral of the three)
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A&P Flix: Spinalis
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A&P Flix: Longissimus
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A&P Flix: Iliocostalis
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Figure 10.10a Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Superficial Layer
Deep Layer
Splenius capitis
Semispinalis Group
Intermediate Layer
Semispinalis capitis
Semispinalis cervicis
Longissimus capitis
Semispinalis thoracis
Spinalis cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Iliocostalis cervicis
Iliocostalis thoracis
Multifidus
Longissimus thoracis
Spinalis thoracis
Iliocostalis lumborum
Intervertebral Muscles,
Posterior View
Spinous process
of vertebra
Spinal Flexors
Rotarores
Quadratus lumborum
Intertransversarii
Interspinales
Transverse process
of vertebra
Thoracodorsal
fascia
a Posterior view of superficial (right) and deeper
(left) muscles of the vertebral column
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles of the Vertebral Column
• Examples of Deep Intrinsic Back Muscles
•
•
•
•
•
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
Interspinales
Intertransversarii
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A&P Flix: Semispinalis capitis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.10a Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Superficial Layer
Deep Layer
Splenius capitis
Semispinalis Group
Intermediate Layer
Semispinalis capitis
Semispinalis cervicis
Longissimus capitis
Semispinalis thoracis
Spinalis cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Iliocostalis cervicis
Iliocostalis thoracis
Multifidus
Longissimus thoracis
Spinalis thoracis
Iliocostalis lumborum
Intervertebral Muscles,
Posterior View
Spinous process
of vertebra
Spinal Flexors
Rotarores
Quadratus lumborum
Intertransversarii
Interspinales
Transverse process
of vertebra
Thoracodorsal
fascia
a Posterior view of superficial (right) and deeper
(left) muscles of the vertebral column
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column
• Spinal Flexors
• Longus capitis
• Longus colli
• The above two muscles rotate or flex the neck
• Quadratus lumborum
• Flexes the vertebral column laterally
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Figure 10.10a Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Superficial Layer
Deep Layer
Splenius capitis
Semispinalis Group
Intermediate Layer
Semispinalis capitis
Semispinalis cervicis
Longissimus capitis
Semispinalis thoracis
Spinalis cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Iliocostalis cervicis
Iliocostalis thoracis
Multifidus
Longissimus thoracis
Spinalis thoracis
Iliocostalis lumborum
Intervertebral Muscles,
Posterior View
Spinous process
of vertebra
Spinal Flexors
Rotarores
Quadratus lumborum
Intertransversarii
Interspinales
Transverse process
of vertebra
Thoracodorsal
fascia
a Posterior view of superficial (right) and deeper
(left) muscles of the vertebral column
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Figure 10.10c Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Spinal Flexors
Flexors of the
Cervical and
Thoracic Spine
Longus capitis
Longus colli
C1
C2
C3
Slips of
anterior
scalene
C4
C5
Anterior
scalene
C6
C7
Middle
scalene
T1
T2
Rib 1
T3
Rib 2
c Muscles on the anterior surfaces of the
cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae
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Posterior
scalene
Oblique and Rectus Muscles
• These muscles can be grouped in this manner:
• Cervical muscles
• Thoracic muscles
• Abdominal muscles
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Oblique and Rectus Muscles
• Oblique Muscles (Cervical Region)
• Scalene muscles
• Anterior, middle, and posterior scalenes
• Elevate the ribs and also flex the neck
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.10c Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Spinal Flexors
Flexors of the
Cervical and
Thoracic Spine
Longus capitis
Longus colli
C1
C2
C3
Slips of
anterior
scalene
C4
C5
Anterior
scalene
C6
C7
Middle
scalene
T1
T2
Rib 1
T3
Rib 2
c Muscles on the anterior surfaces of the
cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae
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Posterior
scalene
Oblique and Rectus Muscles
• Oblique Muscles (Thoracic Region)
• External intercostals
• Elevate the ribs
• Internal intercostals
• Depress the ribs
• Transversus thoracis
• Depress the ribs
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Figure 11.6 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part II (1 of 2)
Pectoralis
major (cut
and reflected)
Muscles That
Position the
Pectoral Girdle
Levator scapulae
Trapezius
Subclavius
Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis minor (cut)
Serratus anterior
Coracobrachialis
Serratus anterior
Short head
Internal
intercostals
External
intercostals
Long head
T12
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Biceps
brachii
A&P Flix: External intercostals
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A&P Flix: Internal intercostals
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Oblique and Rectus Muscles
• Oblique Muscles (Thoracic Region)
• Serratus posterior
• Superior serratus posterior
• Elevates ribs and enlarges thoracic cavity
• Inferior serratus posterior
• Depresses ribs and opposes diaphragm contraction
thus decreasing thoracic size
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Figure 11.3 Superficial and Deep Muscles of the Neck, Shoulder, and Back
Superficial Dissection
Deep Dissection
Axial Muscles
Axial Muscles
Semispinalis capitis
Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
Appendicular Muscles
Scapular
spine
Appendicular Muscles
Levator scapulae
Trapezius
Supraspinatus
Deltoid
Rhomboid minor
(cut and reflected)
Infraspinatus
Serratus posterior (superior)
Teres minor
Rhomboid major
(cut and reflected)
Teres major
Serratus anterior
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
(cut and reflected)
Axial Muscles
Erector spinae
muscle group
Latissimus dorsi
(right side cut
and reflected)
Serratus posterior (inferior)
Thoracolumbar
fascia
External oblique
Iliac crest
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Internal oblique
Oblique and Rectus Muscles
• Oblique Muscles (Abdominal Region)
• External oblique
• Flexes or rotates the vertebral column
• Internal oblique
• Rotates the vertebral column
• Transversus abdominis
• Compresses the abdomen
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A&P Flix: External Obliques
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A&P Flix: Internal Obliques
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A&P Flix: Transversus abdominis
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Figure 11.4 Superficial and Deep Muscles of the Trunk and Proximal Limb
Superficial Dissection
Axial Muscles
Deep Dissection
Axial Muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Platysma
Appendicular Muscles
Appendicular Muscles
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Trapezius
Subclavius
Deltoid (cut
and reflected)
Pectoralis minor
Subscapularis
Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major
(cut and reflected)
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Teres major
Serratus anterior
Serratus anterior
Axial Muscles
Axial Muscles
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
External oblique
Rectus sheath
Internal oblique (cut)
External oblique
(cut and reflected)
Rectus abdominis
Transversus abdominis
Superficial inguinal ring
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Figure 10.11c The Oblique and Rectus Muscles
Rectus sheath
Linea alba
Oblique and
Rectus Muscles
Transversus abdominis
L3
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Psoas
major
Erector spinae
muscles
Quadratus
lumborum
Internal oblique
Latissimus
dorsi
c Diagrammatic horizontal section
through the abdominal region.
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Oblique and Rectus Muscles
• Rectus Muscles (Cervical Region)
•
•
•
•
Geniohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
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Figure 10.9a Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Mandible
Mylohyoid
(cut and reflected)
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Anterior
belly
Stylohyoid
Hyoid bone
Posterior
belly
Thyrohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid
(cut)
Thyroid cartilage
of larynx
Cricothyroid
Superior
belly
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Inferior
belly
Sternohyoid
Clavicle
Cut heads of
sternocleidomastoid
Clavicular
head
Sternum
a Anterior view of neck muscles.
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Sternal head
Sternocleidomastoid
Oblique and Rectus Muscles
• Rectus Muscles (Thoracic Region)
• Diaphragm muscle
• Expands the thoracic cavity for inhalation
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Figure 10.12a The Diaphragm
Sternum
Xiphoid process
Central tendon
of diaphragm
Costal
cartilages
Inferior vena cava
in caval opening
Esophagus in
esophageal hiatus
Impression
for liver
Impression
for stomach
Medial arcuate
ligament
Median arcuate
ligament
crossing aorta
Lateral arcuate
ligament
12th rib
L2
L3
L4
Right crus
Quadratus
lumborum (cut)
Psoas major
(cut)
a Diagrammatic inferior view
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Left crus
Oblique and Rectus Muscles
• Rectus Muscles (Abdominal Region)
• Rectus abdominis
• Flexes the vertebral column
• Divided longitudinally by the linea alba
• Divided transversely by the tendinous
inscriptions
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A&P Flix: Rectus abdominis
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Figure 10.11a The Oblique and Rectus Muscles
Xiphoid
process
Serratus
anterior
Rectus
abdominis
Tendinous inscriptions
Umbilicus
External oblique
Iliac crest
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Inguinal
ligament
a Surface anatomy of the abdominal wall, anterior
view. The serratus anterior muscle, seen in
parts (a), (b), and (d), is an appendicular
muscle detailed in Chapter 11.
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Figure 10.11b The Oblique and Rectus Muscles
Oblique and
Rectus Muscles
Scalenes
Anterior
Serratus
anterior
Middle
Posterior
Internal
intercostals
External
intercostals
Linea alba
Tendinous inscriptions
External oblique
External oblique
(cut edge on left)
Internal oblique
Rectus
abdominis
Cut edge of
rectus sheath
b
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Anterior view of the trunk showing superficial and
deep members of the oblique and rectus groups,
and the sectional plane shown in part (c).
Figure 10.11c The Oblique and Rectus Muscles
Rectus sheath
Linea alba
Oblique and
Rectus Muscles
Transversus abdominis
L3
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Psoas
major
Erector spinae
muscles
Quadratus
lumborum
Internal oblique
Latissimus
dorsi
c Diagrammatic horizontal section
through the abdominal region.
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Muscles of the Perineum and the Pelvic
Diaphragm
• Muscles of the Perineum and Pelvic Diaphragm
• Main functions
• Support the organs of the pelvic cavity
• Flex the joints of the sacrum and coccyx
• Control the movement of material through the
urethra and anus
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Muscles of the Perineum and the Pelvic
Diaphragm
• The Perineum (Pelvic Floor)
• Divided into two triangles
• Urogenital triangle
• Anal triangle
• The two triangles are separated by:
• Superficial transverse perineal muscle
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Figure 10.13a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Deep Dissections
Superficial Dissections
Vagina
Urethra
UROGENITAL TRIANGLE
OF PERINEUM
Urogenital Diaphragm
External urethral sphincter
Urogenital Triangle
Deep transverse perineal
Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongiosus
Central tendon of perineum
Superficial
transverse perineal
Pelvic Diaphragm
Levator ani
Pubococcygeus
Anus
Iliococcygeus
External anal sphincter
Gluteus maximus
Coccygeus
Sacrotuberous ligament
ANAL TRIANGLE
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior view, female.
Figure 10.13b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Testis
Urethra (connecting
segment removed)
UROGENITAL TRIANGLE
OF PERINEUM
Urogenital Triangle
Urogenital Diaphragm
External urethral sphincter
Ischiocavernosus
Deep transverse perineal
Bulbospongiosus
Central tendon of perineum
Superficial
transverse perineal
Pelvic Diaphragm
Anus
Levator ani
Pubococcygeus
Gluteus maximus
Iliococcygeus
External anal sphincter
Coccygeus
ANAL TRIANGLE
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior view, male.
Sacrotuberous ligament
Muscles of the Perineum and the Pelvic
Diaphragm
• Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
• Superficial urogenital triangle muscles
• Superficial transverse perineal
• Ischiocavernosus
• Bulbospongiosus
• Deep urogenital triangle muscles
• Deep transverse perineal
• External urethral sphincter
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.13a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Deep Dissections
Superficial Dissections
Vagina
Urethra
UROGENITAL TRIANGLE
OF PERINEUM
Urogenital Diaphragm
External urethral sphincter
Urogenital Triangle
Deep transverse perineal
Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongiosus
Central tendon of perineum
Superficial
transverse perineal
Pelvic Diaphragm
Levator ani
Pubococcygeus
Anus
Iliococcygeus
External anal sphincter
Gluteus maximus
Coccygeus
Sacrotuberous ligament
ANAL TRIANGLE
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior view, female.
Figure 10.13b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Testis
Urethra (connecting
segment removed)
UROGENITAL TRIANGLE
OF PERINEUM
Urogenital Triangle
Urogenital Diaphragm
External urethral sphincter
Ischiocavernosus
Deep transverse perineal
Bulbospongiosus
Central tendon of perineum
Superficial
transverse perineal
Pelvic Diaphragm
Anus
Levator ani
Pubococcygeus
Gluteus maximus
Iliococcygeus
External anal sphincter
Coccygeus
ANAL TRIANGLE
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior view, male.
Sacrotuberous ligament
Muscles of the Perineum and the Pelvic
Diaphragm
• Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (continued)
• Anal triangle muscles
• Coccygeus
• Levator ani
• Iliococcygeus
• Pubococcygeus
• External anal sphincter
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.13a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Deep Dissections
Superficial Dissections
Vagina
Urethra
UROGENITAL TRIANGLE
OF PERINEUM
Urogenital Diaphragm
External urethral sphincter
Urogenital Triangle
Deep transverse perineal
Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongiosus
Central tendon of perineum
Superficial
transverse perineal
Pelvic Diaphragm
Levator ani
Pubococcygeus
Anus
Iliococcygeus
External anal sphincter
Gluteus maximus
Coccygeus
Sacrotuberous ligament
ANAL TRIANGLE
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior view, female.
Figure 10.13b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Testis
Urethra (connecting
segment removed)
UROGENITAL TRIANGLE
OF PERINEUM
Urogenital Triangle
Urogenital Diaphragm
External urethral sphincter
Ischiocavernosus
Deep transverse perineal
Bulbospongiosus
Central tendon of perineum
Superficial
transverse perineal
Pelvic Diaphragm
Anus
Levator ani
Pubococcygeus
Gluteus maximus
Iliococcygeus
External anal sphincter
Coccygeus
ANAL TRIANGLE
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior view, male.
Sacrotuberous ligament