Download Development Practice Multiple Choice Exam

AP Human Geography
Chapter 9: Development (Practice MC Exam)
1. Development refers to
a. value of the output of goods and services.
b. division of jobs into different sectors.
c. changes in political institutions.
d. the process of improving material conditions through
the diffusion of knowledge and technology.
e. value of a product compared to the needed labor.
2. Barriers to development include all of the following
EXCEPT
a. social conditions.
b. biologic diversity.
c. foreign debt.
d. disease.
e. political corruption.
3. Since 1960, the difference between per capita Gross
National Products of the world's wealthiest countries and
the world's poorest countries has
a. remained about the same.
b. decreased somewhat.
c. decreased dramatically.
d. increased dramatically.
e. increased slightly.
4. All of the following statements are correct EXCEPT
a. Workers in MDCs are more productive than those in
LDCs.
b. The primary sector accounts for a larger share of GDP
for LDCs than MDCs.
c. The HDI is a function of economics, social, and
demographic indicators.
d. The higher the GDP of a country, the more equal its
income distribution.
5. The value of a product minus the costs of raw materials
and energy is
a. market value.
b. gross domestic product.
c. tertiary sector analysis.
d. value added.
e. productivity.
6. People are more productive in more developed countries
because they
a. understand their jobs better than workers in less
developed countries.
b. have access to more technology.
c. are better educated.
d. have a higher value added per person.
e. work harder.
Name: _________________________________________
7. Which of the following jobs would be considered part of
the secondary sector?
a. coal miner
b. bank teller
c. farmer
d. factory worker
8. (AP Exam) As a country’s economy develops, a smaller
percentage of the workforce tends to be employed in
a. agriculture, because industrialization decreases the
value of rural land
b. agriculture, because investment in technology
increases yields and decreases labor demand
c. industry, because the profit from extracting natural
resources increases
d. industry, because productivity increases as labor costs
rise
e. services, because technology increases efficiency in
the provision of services
9. Compared to relatively developed countries, developing
countries have a higher percentage of workers in which
sector of the economy?
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
e. all of the above
10. Economic activities that involve the extraction of natural
resources, such as lumbering, fishing, mining, and
agriculture, are called
a. subsistence activities
b. organic activities
c. secondary economic activities
d. primary economic activities
e. tertiary economic activities
11. In relatively developed countries, employment is
currently increasing in the
a. primary sector
b. secondary sector
c. tertiary sector
d. all three sectors
e. none of the sectors
12. The tertiary sector of the economy includes all but which
of the following?
a. transportation
b. construction
c. banking
d. government
e. providing services
13. Which set of data best describes the overall structure of a
highly developed country’s workforce in 2008 (% of
workforce engaged in each sector)?
a. Primary 75%, secondary 15%, tertiary 10%.
b. Primary 25%, secondary 50%, tertiary 25%.
c. Primary 10%, secondary 30%, tertiary 60%.
d. Primary 50%, secondary 25%, tertiary 25%.
e. Primary 33%, secondary 33%, tertiary 34%.
14. The dark regions on the map above would describe high
rates for all of the following
indicators of development EXCEPT:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
infant mortality rates
growth rates
infectious diseases
literacy rates
total fertility rates
15. The Human Development Index (HDI) includes which
factors of development in order to judge a country's
progress?
a. GDP, literacy rate, total fertility rate, educational level
b. GDP, life expectancy, total fertility rate, literacy rate
c. GDP, life expectancy, literacy rate, educational level
d. GDP, literacy rate, educational level, net emigration
e. GDP, life expectancy, educational level, net
emigration
16. Only a small percentage of the population in LDCs has
access to consumer goods that are widespread in MDCs.
These lucky few are usually
a. government officials
b. urbanites
c. wealthy elites
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
17. Which of the following is NOT a good indicator of a
country’s level of economic development?
a. infant mortality rate
b. crude death rate
c. crude birth rate
d. natural increase rate
e. percent of the workforce in agriculture
18. Per capita GDP is a good indicator of all but which of the
following?
a. the approximate level of material well being in a
country
b. the number of countries below the poverty level
c. the distribution of wealth within a country
d. potential for providing all citizens with a comfortable
life
e. the spatial distribution of global wealth
19. Which of the following accurately lists regions in order of
decreasing levels on the Human Development Index?
a. Anglo-America, western Europe, eastern Europe,
Southeast Asia, Middle East
b. Anglo-America, western Europe, eastern Europe,
Middle East, Southeast Asia
c. Anglo-America, western Europe, Middle East, eastern
Europe, Southeast Asia
d. Western Europe, Anglo-America, eastern Europe,
Southeast Asia, Middle East
e. Western Europe, Anglo-America, eastern Europe,
Middle East, Southeast Asia
20. Compared to less developed countries, more developed
countries have higher rates of all but which of these
educational characteristics?
a. number of teachers per pupil
b. number of years attending school
c. spending per student
d. literacy rate
e. percentage of GDP spent on education
21. A large component of survival in countries with low per
capita GNP is
a. foreign aid.
b. the sale of resources.
c. the informal economy.
d. tourism.
22. What was the name of the report in 1980 that created a
map showing the relative wealth of the countries north of
the line about 30° North latitude compared to the
countries south of the line?
a. United Nations (UN) Report on Human Development.
b. International Law of the Sea and its Effects.
c. Brandt Report.
d. CIA Fact-book Report on Development.
e. Cairo Conference Report on Population Impacts
23. The difference in per capita GDP between the more
developed and less developed regions is
a. widening.
b. decreasing.
c. remaining constant.
d. cycling up and down.
e. zero.
24. Development in Sub-Saharan Africa took a dive in the
1990s primarily due to
a. revolutions and civil wars
b. series of droughts
c. the impact of AIDS
d. depression of world prices
e. flooding and earthquakes
25. Development prospects are limited in Sub-Saharan Africa
because of all but which of the following?
a. overworked agricultural land and declining output
b. lack of monsoon rains
c. colonial legacy
d. poor/corrupt leadership
e. capacity of land to produce food
26. Malaria __________
a. is a vectored disease.
b. kills about 150,000 children each month.
c. is spread by mosquitoes.
d. is being fought with genetically engineered
mosquitoes.
e. All of these.
27. What more developed region is notable for having a core
area with the world's highest level of development, but
also an area that lags in development?
a. North America
b. Europe
c. Russia
d. Japan
28. Which of the following is a list of newly industrialized
countries (NICs)?
a. Brazil, Mexico, India
b. Kenya, Zambia, Tanzania
c. Russia, Ukraine, Poland
d. United States, Great Britain, France
e. Japan, South Korea, Taiwan
29. (AP Exam) The "Four Economic Tigers" of East and
Southeast Asia include
a. China, Indonesia, Japan, and Taiwan
b. Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan
c. Japan, Philippines, South Korea, and Vietnam
d. Hong Kong, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam
e. China, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand
30. (AP Exam) All of the following statements about
worldwide patterns of development are correct EXCEPT:
a. Per capita income in the United States is higher than
in China.
b. The gap in per capita income between rich and poor
countries has increased over time.
c. On average, population growth is higher in peripheral
countries than in core nations.
d. The largest concentration of the least-developed
countries in the world today is in Latin America.
e. Several Asian countries, so-called Asian Tigers, made
enormous strides in per capita income and levels of
development in the past 30 years
31. Which of the following is NOT true of the so-called “Four
Asian Dragons”?
a. they include Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, and
Hong Kong
b. they have limited natural resources bases
c. they initially focused development on a limited
number of industries
d. they have all proved to be successful in terms of
development
e. the only problem they have had has been high labor
costs
32. The more developed regions include all but which of the
following?
a. South Pacific
b. North America
c. Eastern Europe
d. Middle East
e. Western Europe
33. Examining the sub-national variation in development for
many countries, such as Brazil, China, or Mexico, reveals
a. wealth is concentrated in the cooler, mountainous
regions.
b. cities are relatively underdeveloped compared to the
agricultural lands.
c. development can be attributed to outside forces.
d. substantial variations in wealth at the regional scale.
34. How did Japan develop so rapidly after being devastated
from WWII?
a. They took advantage of a large labor force.
b. They flooded the world market with inexpensive
goods.
c. They funneled profits into developing higher value
goods
d. They spent twice as much money on research and
development as the United States.
e. All of the above
35. The major economic asset of the Russian region is
a. oil reserves.
b. diversified industrial manufacturing.
c. development of basic industries.
d. production of consumer goods.
e. agricultural productivity.
36. The GEM
a. is composed of the same measures as the HDI but is
applied only to women instead of the entire
population.
b. compares the levels of indicators for females to those
of males within a country.
c. compares the level of development of women in a
country to the average development level of women
in the world.
d. combines economic and political indicators of
empowerment.
37. Which of the following is NOT considered when
calculating the Gender Empowerment Measure?
a. female literacy rate
b. per capita female income relative to men
c. percentage of members of the national parliament
who are women
d. percentage of professional and technical jobs held by
women
38. The gender empowerment index (GEM) attempts to
measure the influence of women in a society by indexing
woman’s income, participation in labor force,
professional jobs and political influence. Which of the
following regions scored the lowest on the GEM index in
2002?
a. North America.
b. Eastern Europe.
c. Middle East.
d. East Asia.
e. South America.
39. In which of the following regions are literacy rates
approximately equal for men and women?
I. North America
II. Latin America
III. Sub-Saharan Africa
IV. Middle East and North Africa
a. I and II
b. I, II, and III
c. II and III
d. II and IV
e. I, II, and IV
40. In what region of the world do we find the largest
percentage of women in the national legislatures?
a. Southern Europe
b. Northern Europe
c. Countries of the former USSR
d. North America
e. Latin America
41. Which of the following is not a reason that gender
inequality is a challenge to development?
a. it is associated with lower literacy rates and higher
infant mortality rates.
b. it leads to smaller family sizes
c. it excludes women from the formal economy, wasting
a major economic asset.
d. it severely limits the economic and social mobility of
women.
42. The GDI
a. compares the level of development of women in a
country to the average development level of women
in the world.
b. combines economic and political indicators of
empowerment .
c. compares the levels of indicators for females to those
of males within a country.
d. is composed of the same measures as the HDI but is
applied only to women instead of the entire
population.
43. What region of the. world has the lowest Gender
Development Index (GDI)?
a. Latin America
b. Southeast Asia
c. South Asia
d. Sub-Saharan Africa
e. Southwest Asia
44. The continuation of economic dependence even after
political independence is referred to as
a. precondition to takeoff
b. modernization model
c. post-colonialism
d. independence movement
e. neocolonialism
45. According to the "dependency theory" of development
a. highly developed parts of the world got that way, and
stay that way, by exploiting the underdeveloped
parts.
b. a region becomes highly developed when a large
segment of its population is very young or old, and
dependent on other segments.
c. the underdeveloped parts of the world will only
develop if they follow the rules and advice of the
highly developed parts.
d. the periphery is economically dominant over the core.
e. eventually every region of the globe will become
highly developed.
46. The outsourcing or restructuring of labor from more
developed countries to less developed countries to take
advantage of cheaper labor costs is described by what
term?
a. The new international division of labor
b. The core/periphery relationship
c. Economic factors of development
d. Standards of industrial development
e. Inadequate debt financing of employment
47. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a
"periphery country" in the capitalist economic system?
a. narrower range of consumer products than in core
countries
b. exporting of high quality finished goods
c. less advanced technology
d. lower wages than core countries
e. exporting of raw materials to core countries
48. According to Wallerstein's world-systems analysis, the
world's states
a. strengthen when involved in supranational
organization
b. are divided into a Heartland and Rimland
c. compete for Eurasian dominance
d. exist in a mobile structure of economic advancement
e. must be seen in the context of a global capitalist
economy
49. Wallerstein's three-tier regionalization of the world
includes all of the following except
a. core.
b. semi-core.
c. periphery.
d. semi-periphery.
50. Core-periphery models are generally based on the idea
that
a. all world regions are equally developed
b. levels of social and economic development are fairly
uniform between core areas and peripheral areas
c. sharp spatial contrasts in social and economic
development exist between economic heartlands and
outlying subordinate areas
d. the growth and prosperity of core countries has not
been achieved at the expense of peripheral countries
e. the economic and social heart of a territory should be
at its geographical center
51. Which set of countries best match the characteristics of
“semi-peripheral” countries, sharing characteristics of
both MDCs and LDCs?
a. Canada and the United States
b. India and China
c. Vietnam and Laos
d. Australia and New Zealand
e. Ecuador and Columbia
52. This development strategy encourages countries to
spread its investments equally across all sectors of its
economy and regions and encourages high tariffs and
measures to protect new emerging industries. The main
goal is to reduce poverty.
a. Rostow's Modernization Theory.
b. Sustainable Development.
c. Self-Sufficiency.
d. Devolution.
e. Gravity Model.
53. All of the following are drawbacks to the self-sufficiency
model of development EXCEPT
a. it creates a large government bureaucracy.
b. it stifles competition.
c. it protects inefficient industries.
d. it encourages internal innovation.
e. it increases the price of goods for consumers.
54. The development practice of import substitution would
most likely be found in a state which has adopted
a. the Rostow Modernization Model of development
b. a self-sufficiency approach to development
c. the International Trade approach to development
d. no development policies whatsoever
e. a capitalistic approach to development
55. One of the practices often employed by countries which
adopt the self-sufficiency model of development is:
a. requiring import licenses
b. taxing imports
c. establishing import quotas
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
56. The principal benefit of the self-sufficiency approach is to
promote
a. balanced growth of all economic sectors
b. global competitiveness for local industries
c. the maintenance of a large bureaucracy
d. equal distribution of resources
e. faster development
57. The biggest problem in promoting economic
development through the international trade approach is
a. inability of LDCs to supply the increased demand for
many goods in MDCs
b. high price of raw materials
c. lack of regional cooperation among LDCs
d. perpetuation of dependence on MDCs
e. lack of demand for manufactured goods
58. Persian Gulf states have successfully employed the
international trade alternative primarily because of
a. consumer spending
b. petroleum reserves
c. regional cooperation
d. traditional social customs
e. formation of regional trading blocs
59. Which of the following development schools of thought
advocates that countries proceed through progressive
stages of economic structural change? Less developed
countries should follow the path that Western Europe
and North America took during the Industrial Revolution.
a. Core-periphery.
b. Dependency.
c. Modernization.
d. Neoliberal Counterrevolution.
e. Sustainable Development.
60. Which of the following lists Rostow's development model
in order?
a. Traditional society, preconditions for takeoff, drive to
maturity, takeoff, age of mass consumption
b. Traditional society, takeoff, preconditions for takeoff,
age of mass consumption, drive to maturity
c. Preconditions for takeoff, takeoff, traditional society,
drive to maturity, age of mass consumption
d. Drive to maturity, traditional society, takeoff,
preconditions for takeoff, age of mass consumption
e. Traditional society, preconditions for takeoff, takeoff,
drive to maturity, age of mass consumption
61. Rostow’s economic development model indicates that
before high level economic development can occur,
a. countries must have extensive resources and be part
of the world’s free market economy.
b. countries must develop industries that are
sustainable and do not negatively affect the
environment.
c. primary sector employment must decrease and
agricultural output increase.
d. countries must receive foreign aid or investment in
large quantities in order to achieve large-scale
technology transfer.
e. countries must pass through predictable and
sequential stages.
62. Which of the following best describes Rostow’s model of
economic development?
a. A country should invest equally across all sectors of
the economy and protect new industries from
international competition.
b. Governments should purchase and create companies
within their border and slowly build the company.
c. Countries will proceed through a series of stages in
which a country focuses on the development of
industries in which it has a comparative advantage.
d. Focuses on developing economic and social institution
that can be sustained without sacrificing or severely
damaging the environment.
e. Countries should outsource industrial production to
periphery countries in order to lower the cost of
goods in the “Core”.
63. The Acme Tennis Shoe Company makes its shoes with
leather from a company in Argentina, shoelaces and
thread from companies in the United States, and rubber
for the soles from Indonesia. The shoes are assembled in
factories in China and sold in Europe and the United
States. All of the following factors help explain why this
global assembly line process occurs EXCEPT
a. improvements in data communication.
b. relatively low transportation costs due to
containerization.
c. decreasing incomes in the developed regions of the
world
d. relatively low labor costs in different regions of the
world.
e. the durability of the good being processed.
64. To finance development, many countries have
accumulated large foreign debts relative to their gross
domestic product (GDP). As a result, large percentages of
their national budgets must be used to repay loans.
Which of the following regions in 2005 had the highest
debt to GDP ratios?
a. East Asia.
b. Sub-Saharan Africa.
c. South America.
d. Australia.
e. East Europe.
65. Which of the following statements is not an important
element of the debt trap?
a. Periphery countries borrow money from core
countries in order to establish new industries.
b. Many periphery countries want to create a diversified
economy using import substitution concepts.
c. Core countries usually do not benefit from the
products of periphery countries.
d. If the invested money does not yield enough returns
the country borrows more money to pay off the
existing loan.
e. The value of currencies in periphery countries is often
not as valuable as core countries currencies.
66. What do critics charge are some effects of Structural
Adjustment Programs for refinancing loans to LDCs?
a. investment benefiting the poor, not just the elite
b. more efficient civil service
c. diverting investment from the military to health and
education
d. more dissemination of information to the public
e. workers in state enterprises losing their jobs and
support for dependent citizens being cut
67. In order to secure structural adjustment loans countries
often have to
a. implement economic or government reforms.
b. privatize government entities.
c. open up to foreign trade.
d. encourage foreign direct investment.
e. All of these.
68. Partly as a result of the signing of NAFTA (North American
Free Trade Agreement), Mexico has established export
processing zones with special tax, trade, and regulatory
arrangements for foreign firms. These zones are referred
to as
a. maquiladoras
b. haciendas
c. border cities
d. NAFTA zones
e. free trade areas
69. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Fair
Trade movement?
a. Products are made and traded according to standards
intending to protect workers and small businesses in
LDCs.
b. In North America most fair trade products have been
craft products, while Europe has more sales in foods.
c. Protection of workers' rights is a high priority for
multinational corporations.
d. Employers must pay fair wages and comply with
environmental and safety standards.
e. Cooperatives intend to benefit local farmers and
artisans, rather than absentee corporate owners.
70. The Fair Trade movement attempts to reduce the
__________ , which gives the producer a better price for
their product.
a. profit margin
b. commodity chain
c. time of production
d. input costs
e. none of the above
71. One critique of __________ is that they function as a
parallel state, financed by foreigners and accountable to
no one.
a. universities
b. megacity governments
c. nongovernmental organizations
d. United Nations subcommittees
e. private banks.
72. Micro loan programs, ecotourism, small-scale community
based projects, and resource conservation are most
closely associated with which of the following
development theories?
a. Appropriation.
b. Dependency.
c. Modernization.
d. Neoliberal Counterrevolution.
e. Sustainable development.
73. Which of the following is NOT associated with the
concept of microloans?
a. fairly small amounts in $US
b. women
c. LDCs
d. low levels of success
e. weekly repayments
74. Pollution, desertification, and tourism might be
considered
a. beneficial byproducts of development.
b. byproducts of maquiladora development.
c. costs of development.
d. unsustainable development.
e. beneficial to GDP.
75. Which of the following is NOT true regarding peripheral
countries and tourism?
a. "host" countries tend not to own or control the
tourism infrastructure
b. funds for hotel construction are often diverted from
local needs
c. the tourist industry contributes substantially to the
"host" country's development
d. problems associated with traditional tourism has led
to a more environmentally and culturally sensitive
brand of tourism known as ecotourism.
e. tourists consume large quantities of scarce
commodities such as food and water
76. The process where a national economy shifts away from
manufacturing to production dominated by services and
high technology development often leading a large loss of
jobs in factories is known as
a. a newly industrialized economy
b. Fordism
c. the Industrial Revolution
d. deindustrialization
e. market capitalism
77. The idea that resources should be conserved so that
people living today can meet their needs without limiting
the ability of future generations to do the same is called
a. globalization.
b. gross national happiness.
c. sustainable development.
d. environmental conservation.
e. subsistence economics.
78. Key goals of the United Nations Millennium Declaration
include all of the following EXCEPT
a. reduce child mortality.
b. ensure environmental sustainability.
c. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
d. eliminate terrorism.
e. improve maternal health.