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Shea, Green, and Smith
Living Democracy, Second Edition
Chapter 18:
Foreign and National Security Policy
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
September 11, 2001
American foreign policy drifted through the
1990s, after the end of the Cold War
Clarity and focus returned suddenly after
September 11, as the war against terrorism
overrode other foreign policy concerns.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Competing Guiding Principles
for American Foreign Policy:
Contemporary Voices
Neoconservatives
Neoliberals
People who believe that
the United States has a
special role to play in
world politics; they
advocate the unilateral
use of force and the
pursuit of a value-based
foreign policy.
Strongly support
international law and
organizations and are
skeptical about the use of
military force because
they attribute many of the
world’s problems to
economic, political, and
social conditions.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Competing Guiding Principles
for American Foreign Policy:
Contemporary Voices
Conservatives
Isolationists
Diplomacy and
economic aid are no
substitutes for
military power;
American national
interest takes
priority.
Major threats
to U.S. security
come from an
overactive
foreign policy.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Conflicting Evaluations
of the Iraq War
How would each of the approaches
evaluate the Iraq War?
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Pathways Past and Present:
The United States and Latin America
Monroe Doctrine
A policy statement of President James Monroe
that warned European powers to stay out of the
Western Hemisphere because it was a special
area of interest to the United States. In return,
the U.S. would stay out of European affairs.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Competing Guiding Principles for American
Foreign Policy: Echoes from the Past
Four schools of thought about the proper ways to
interact with the rest of the world
Wilsonians
Hamiltonians
Jacksonians
Jeffersonians
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Ideas Linking Foreign and
Domestic Policy
Three guiding principles lie at
the heart of the U.S. human
rights policy
1. Emphasis on individual
legal rights and civil liberties
2. Hostile governments are a
primary threat to human rights
3. Rejection of violence as a means
for promoting human rights
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
International Influence on
U.S. Political Activity
In 1990, Nelson Mandela
traveled to Washington, in
part to lobby Congress to
keep economic sanctions in
place against South Africa.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
International and Domestic Gains
and Losses
As the cost of foreign policy
increases, requiring that
domestic programs be
cancelled, support for
foreign policy decreases.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Pathways of Change From Around the World:
The Australian Youth Climate Coalition
Founded in 2006 from dozens of
environmental groups
Drafted the “Australian Youth
Declarations on Climate”
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Making Foreign Policy: The Domestic Context
Public Opinion
Elections
Research shows
that at least 50
percent of the
American public
must be in agreement
on a foreign policy
issue before their
opinion has any
influence.
The evidence that elections
affect foreign policy decisions
is mixed at best.
Political Protest
Globalization has increased
the prominence of protest as a
factor in setting agendas.
Interest Groups
Among the most influential interest groups on
U.S. foreign policy are ethnic groups.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Pathways of Action:
Randall Robinson and TransAfrica
Randall Robinson is
the executive director
of TransAfrica, a
lobbying organization
that focuses on foreign
policy issues of interest
to African Americans.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter Eighteen: Foreign and National Security Policy
Political Institutions and
Foreign Policy
The Presidency
Chief of Staff
The Vice
Presidency
National Security
Council
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Pathways Profile:
Madeleine Albright
In 1996, selected by
Clinton to be the first
female Secretary of
State
Strong advocate of
American
internationalism
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Department of Defense
Pre-1947
– War Department and Department
of the Navy
National Security Act of 1947
– Established the offices of the
Secretary of Defense and
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff and created a National
Military Establishment
(Department of Defense)
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Department of Defense
Under what conditions should American military
forces be sent into combat?
Powell Doctrine
Calls for the decisive use
of the American military
only when there is
clear public support
for the use of force
and an exit strategy
in place.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
McNamara Doctrine
Limited and graduated
use of military force is
permissible when there
is a recognized problem
demanding a response,
with or without
public support.
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Central Intelligence Agency
Ideally, intelligence
should provide
policymakers with
enough warning and
insight to allow them
to act in the face of a
challenge to American
security interests.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Department of
Homeland Security
Created in November 2002
Biggest bureaucratic
transformation in
American history
– Affected 170,000
employees
– Combined 22 agencies
from 8 departments
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Congress
Presidential-congressional relations in
foreign policy depend on:
1. Level of congressional activity
2. Level of congressional assertiveness
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
The Supreme Court
Rulings regarding foreign policy
1.
2.
3.
Treaties take precedence over state
laws
Consistently supported the president in
conflicts with Congress
Reluctance to grant government broad
powers to restrict civil liberties
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Military Security Issues
Instead of being highly
centralized and directed
by a single leader, such as
Osama bin Laden,
terrorist groups
increasingly operate
as independent
“jihadist” agents.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Economic and
Foreign Trade Issues
As it grows
economically and
militarily, the political
influence of China in
Asia and around the
world will increase.
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Human Welfare Issues
Key human welfare issues
Genocide
Land Mines
Human Trafficking
Child Labor
Status of Women
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman
Chapter 18: Foreign and National Security Policy
Student Profile:
Jonathan Greenacre
Visited Cambodia, witnessed the
devastation caused by land mines
Founded Network of Youth
against Land Mines
Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition
Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman