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Download chapter 15 * foot, ankle and lower leg
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CHAPTER 15 – FOOT, ANKLE AND LOWER LEG FOOT ANATOMY FOOT ANATOMY It is complex! 26 bones 33 joints Over 100 muscles, tendons and ligaments ANATOMY - BONES PHALANGES (Toes) – 14 Big toe has two phalanges, the rest of the toes have three Proximal, middle, and distal FOOT ANATOMY - BONES METATARSALS – 5 1ST one is medial and 5th one is lateral FOOT ANATOMY – 26 BONES TARSAL BONES – 7 Calcaneus – heel bone Talus – forms the ankle Navicular – medial in respect to the talus Cuboid - lateral Cuneiforms (3) FOOT ANATOMY PLANTAR FASCIA Broad, flat tendonous structure that runs on the undersurface of the foot Starts on the calcaneus and inserts onto the heads of the metatarsals Supports the arch of the foot FOOT ANATOMY - ARCHES Support body weight and absorb shock There are four arches: MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH LATERAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH METATARSAL ARCH TRANSVERSE ARCH FOOT - MOTIONS Toes Flexion and Extension Foot Pronation – like fallen arch Supination – high arch ANKLE ANATOMY - BONES BONES Two bones in the lower leg Tibia – medial, larger, weight bearing Medial Malleolus Fibula Lateral Malleolus Two tarsal bone Talus Calcaneus ANKLE ANATOMY - JOINTS TRUE ANKLE JOINT Tibia, fibula and talus Mortise Definition: where the talus fits into the tibia and the fibula ANKLE ANATOMY - JOINTS Subtalar joint Between the Talus and the Calcaneus ANKLE ANATOMY - LIGAMENTS LATERAL – 3 ligaments named for bones Anterior talofibular (ATF) Calcaneofibular (CF) Posterior talofibular (PTF) ANKLE ANATOMY - LIGAMENTS MEDIAL Deltoid Strong ligament 4 parts that form one ligament ANKLE ANATOMY - LIGAMENTS TIBIOFIBULAR LIGAMENTS – holds tibia and fibula together Anterior tibiofibular Posterior tibiofibular ANKLE MOTIONS Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Inversion Eversion LOWER LEG ANATOMY Bones Tibia Fibula LOWER LEG MUSCLES The muscles are in four compartments with 2-4 muscles in each compartment Compartments are held together by fascia LOWER LEG MUSCLE COMPARTMENTS 1. LATERAL – everts the ankle 2. ANTERIOR – dorsiflexes the ankle 3. DEEP POSTERIOR – plantarflexes the ankle (the calf muscle) 4. POSTERIOR MEDIAL – inverts and plantarflexes the ankle LOWER LEG - Major Muscles and Actions Anterior Tibialis - dorsiflexor Peroneals - evertors Gastrocnemius – plantarflexor Soleus – plantarflexor Posterior Tibialis – invertor
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