Download Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis – Familial and Genetic

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis –
Familial and Genetic Correlates
Cordelie Witt
7/17/14
Cases
• 4 week old male monozygotic twins born
at 35-4/7 weeks via planned C-section
• Both twins simultaneously evaluated at
OSH; workup diagnosed hypertrophic
pyloric stenosis
• Transferred to Seattle Children’s Hospital
for management
Cases
• Twin A: 2.87 kg. 2 days nonbloody,
nonbilious projectile emesis with every feed
– No other medical problems, good weight gain
since birth. No known family history of pyloric
stenosis
– Bottle fed; using soy-based formula
– Palpable epigastric mass
– Na 143, K 4.6, Cl 104, CO2 26, glucose 63
– US: 3.77 mm wall thickness, channel length 15
mm
Cases
• Twin B: 2.51 kg. 4 days nonbloody,
nonbilious projectile emesis with almost all
feeds
– h/o periodic desaturations and apnea in the first
2 weeks of life, poor weight gain since birth
– Na 143, K 3.9, Cl 102, CO2 28, glucose 41
(corrected to 96 preop)
– Palpable epigastric mass
– US: 4.51 mm wall thickness, channel length 14.9
mm
Cases
• Twins were taken to the operating room
sequentially; each underwent:
– Suctioning
– Rapid sequence intubation
– Ramstedt pyloromyotomy
• Twin A: 23 mm pyloromyotomy
• Twin B: 21 mm pyloromyotomy
• Both did well postoperatively and were
discharged home on POD1
Risk factors for pyloric stenosis
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Male > female; 4-5x
Caucasian
Family history of pyloric stenosis
Multiples
First-born child
Younger maternal age
Genetic syndromes
Bottle feeding
Macrolide antibiotic exposure (erythromycin)
?Prostaglandin exposure
?Acid exposure
Risk factors for pyloric stenosis
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Male > female; 4-5x
Caucasian
Family history of pyloric stenosis
Multiples
First-born child
Younger maternal age
Genetic syndromes
Bottle feeding
Macrolide antibiotic exposure (erythromycin)
?Prostaglandin exposure
?Acid exposure
Familial pyloric stenosis
• Familial aggregation described since 1934 (Cockayne)
• Multitude of case studies of both monozygotic and
dizygotic twins with pyloric stenosis
– Gezer et al (Clinical Genetics 2014) – monozygotic male
twins , presented at age 4.5 and 5 weeks
– Kundal et al (BMJ 2013) – dizygotic male twins, presented
at day of life 45
– Yang et al (Pediatric Child Health 2008) – 3 sets of
dizygotic twins, one set of monozygotic twins. Monozygotic
twins were female; one dizygotic twin was female.
Presented between 3.5 and 8 weeks of life
– Sheldon (1938) – 23 pairs of twins amongst 1000 cases of
pyloric stenosis
– Many more!
Familial Aggregation and
Heritability of Pyloric Stenosis
Krough et al, JAMA 2010
• Cohort study of all children born in Denmark
between 1977 and 2008
– Civil Registration System, Danish Family Relations
Database, and Danish National Patient Registry (all
hospital discharge diagnoses and operations)
– Followed for first year of life
– Cohort size: 1,999,738 (1,948,616 person-years)
– 3362 children had surgery for pyloric stenosis
• Overall rate 1.7 /thousand person-years
• Rate in singletons: 1.8 /thousand person-years
• Rate in twins: 3.1 /thousand person-years
– 81.5% of patients with pyloric stenosis were male
Familial Aggregation and
Heritability of Pyloric Stenosis
• Rate ratios
Krough et al, JAMA 2010
– Monozygotic twins: 182
• 46% of children with an affected monozygotic twin
developed pyloric stenosis!
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Dizygotic twins: 29.4
Siblings: 18.5
Half-siblings: 4.99
Cousins: 3.06
Half-cousins: 1.60
• Rate ratios were NOT affected by sex
• Heritability: 87%
PS - heritability theories
• Carter ( 1961 and
1969) and Falconer
(1965): polygenic
inheritance with a
threshold effect
– Sex-modified risk
PS - heritability theories
• Single Major Locus model – Kidd and
Spence, 1976
– Single heritable gene, modified by
environmental factors
Identifying genetic loci
• Common Variants near MBNL1 and NKX2-5 are Associated
with Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (Feenstra et al,
Nature Genetics, June 2013)
– Genome-Wide Association Study
– 1001 surgery-confirmed cases, 2401 controls from Denmark
• All cases were surgery-confirmed, singletons, and without major
congenital malformations
– Identified 3 SNPs that reached significance
• rs11712066, near MBNL1 (chromosome 2)
• rs573872, near MBNL1
• rs29784, near NKX2-5 (chromosome 5)
– The 3 SNPs showed no heterogeneity of effects between sexes
• Study findings supported by replication analysis on an
additional 796 cases and 876 controls by Everett and Chung
Genetic loci
• MBNL1: encodes “musclebind” proteins; these proteins
regulate alternative splicing in early postnatal period;
involved in muscle tissue remodeling
• NKX2-5: encodes homeobox transcription factor involved in
cardiac formation and development and embryonic gut
development including pyloric sphincter muscle tissue
– Chicken and mice: Nkx2-5 expression occurs in a ring of
mesenchyme at the foregut-midgut junction during development
– Suppression of Nkx2-5 activity in pyloric sphincter results in loss
of the sphincter endodermal phenotype
– Ectopic expression of Nkx2-5  pyloric sphincter-like structure
in chicken gizzard
More genetic loci
• Genome-wide linkage analysis in families
with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
indicates novel susceptibility loci
(Svenningsson et al, Journal of Human
Genetics, December 2011)
– Genome-wide linkage analysis in 37 Swedish
families with 2-5 affected individuals each; total
94 affected and 184 total
• Added 31 British families where linkage favored
– Genotyping and linkage analysis
• 2q24, 7p22 were significant; 6p21 and 12q24 were
suggestive
Candidate genes identified
• GLP-2 (2q24) – GI hormone, stimulates
epithelial cell proliferation, inhibits
apoptosis, regulates motility
• NPY (7p22) – inhibitory effect on smooth
muscle cells
• NOS1 (12q24) – smooth muscle relaxation
• MLN (12q24) – encodes motilin, which
induces GI contraction. (*erythromycin is
a motilin agonist)
Nitric Oxide
• Chung et al (American Journal of Human
Genetics, Feb 1996) studied 27 families (21 had at
least 3 affected individuals). There were 229
individuals total; 87 had pyloric stenosis.
– Analyzed 2 NOS1 polymorphisms; found significant
transmission disequilibrium between one allele
(NOS1a) and PS
• Serra et al (Journal of Pediatric Surgery, May
2011) investigated NOS1 sequence variations in a
case control study of 43 patients and 47 controls;
19 polymorphisms were found but none were
significantly associated
Nitric oxide
• NOS1 gene (12q24) encodes neuronal
nitric oxide synthase; NO contributes to
smooth muscle relaxation
– NOS1 gene expression reduced in pyloric
stenosis muscle tissue
– NOS1 knockout mouse model: pyloric
stenosis-like phenotype with distended
stomach, thickened pylorus
Other identified sites
• Other studies have identified additional
candidate sites, including: 16p12-p13,
11q14-q22, Xq23, 16q24…
• There are also a multitude of studies
investigating environmental factors
associated with hypertrophic pyloric
stenosis
Conclusions
• Pyloric stenosis is highly, but not
completely, heritable
• A multitude of studies suggests a strong
genetic basis for hypertrophic pyloric
stenosis; however, inheritance appears
polygenic and may be heterogeneous
across different populations. It also
appears to be influenced or triggered by
multiple environmental factors
References
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Gezer HO, Oguzkurt P, Temiz A, Hicsonmez A. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in twins; genetic or environmental factors. Clin
Genet. 2014 Apr 12. doi: 10.1111/cge.12399. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24724922.
Kundal VK, Gajdhar M, Shukla AK, Kundal R. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in twins. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Apr
9;2013. pii: bcr2013008779. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-008779. PubMed PMID: 23576655.
Yang G, Brisseau G, Yanchar NL. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: An association in twins? Paediatr Child Health.
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Krogh C, Fischer TK, Skotte L, Biggar RJ, Øyen N, Skytthe A, Goertz S, Christensen K, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Familial
aggregation and heritability of pyloric stenosis. JAMA. 2010 Jun 16;303(23):2393-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.784. PubMed
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Carter CO, Evans KA. Inheritance of congenital pyloric stenosis. J Med Genet. 1969 Sep;6(3):233-54. PubMed PMID:
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Falconer DS. The inheritance of liability to certain diseases, estimated from the incidence among relatives. Ann Hum Genet.
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Kidd KK, Spence MA. Genetic analyses of pyloric stenosis suggesting a specific maternal effect. J Med Genet. 1976
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Feenstra B, Geller F, Krogh C, Hollegaard MV, Gørtz S, Boyd HA, Murray JC, Hougaard DM, Melbye M. Common variants
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Everett KV, Chung EM. Confirmation of two novel loci for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis on chromosomes 3 and 5. J
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Svenningsson A, Söderhäll C, Persson S, Lundberg F, Luthman H, Chung E, Gardiner M, Kockum I, Nordenskjöld A.
Genome-wide linkage analysis in families with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis indicates novel susceptibility loci. J
Hum Genet. 2012 Feb;57(2):115-21. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2011.137. Epub 2011 Dec 8. PubMed PMID: 22158425.
Chung E, Curtis D, Chen G, Marsden PA, Twells R, Xu W, Gardiner M. Genetic evidence for the neuronal nitric oxide
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Serra A, Schuchardt K, Genuneit J, Leriche C, Fitze G. Genomic variants in the coding region of neuronal nitric oxide
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Thank you!