Download 30.2 Totalitarianism

Totalitarianism
Chapter 30, Section 1 and 2
Bell Work





After reading the introduction to Animal
Farm,
What type of story is this?
What encouraged Orwell to write it?
What was he against?
Why was the release of Orwell’s book after
WWII pushed back? Why was there some
backlash against it?

You have rebelled against my authority in the
classroom





develop a motto or rallying song
come up with a new name for the class
write commandments (at least four) for this new
classroom
create a plan to maintain the purpose of this group
as that of a history class
Begin functioning as one.
Think about…




1. Imagine you must design a society where everyone is equal. This may
mean equal in wealth, equal in education, equal in opportunity, but it is up
to you to decide what “equal” means.
A. List five rules or laws that you would need to make so that everyone is
equal. (For example, everyone must wear green pants and white shirts.)
B. Can you predict any problems that might result from these rules and
laws? (For example, some people don’t like the color green.)
Get out your outline
Animal Farm Discussion Questions




Who would you say are the heroes of the
battle?
Who do Snowball’s plans benefit?
Do you believe the windmill will succeed?
What do you think happened to Snowball?
Background to Revolution



Russia was not ready for the Total War of
World War 1
Incompetent military leaders, inadequate
Russian industry and lack of training
By 1917 the will of the people to fight was
gone
Revolution





Growth of industry brought bad working conditions
Revolutionary movements began to grow-Marxism
ideas took root
Split into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks (led by Lenin)
January, 1905-200,000 workers protested at czar’s
winter palace, soldiers fired into crowd, “Bloody
Sunday”
Provoked strikes Nicholas approved creation of
Duma
The March Revolution






In March 1917a series of
strikes broke out in the
capital
Czar Nicholas II sent troops
to break up these crowds but
many of the troops joined in
the protests
Nicholas stepped down
Provisional government led
by Alexander Kerensky
continue with the War
Local councils, Soviets, held
power and influence
The Rise of Lenin



The Bolsheviks under the
direction of Vladimir Lenin
called for violent revolution
The Bolsheviks promoted the
end of the war, redistribution
of land to peasants and the
transfer of factories to workers
Peace, Land, Bread. Worker
Control of Production.
The Bolsheviks Seize Power





Bolshevik forces seized the Winter Palace
renamed themselves the Communists
Russia signed the Treaty of Brestlitovsk
gave up western areas of Russia to Germany
Opposition-White party-were defeated by Leon Trotsky’s Bolshevik Red
army
Triumph of the Communists
Lenin used New Economy Policy (NEP) to
create peace and prosperity
Governing republics under central government
(USSR)
Lenin suffered a stroke in 1922 by 1928 Stalin
was in total control of Communist Party
A Government of Total Control
Total, Centralized State Control


Totalitarianism—government that dominates
every aspect of life
Totalitarian leader is often dynamic* and
persuasive
*pertaining to or characterized by energy or effective action;
vigorously active or forceful; energetic: the dynamic president of
the firm.
Police Terror

Government uses police to spy on and
intimidate people

“Normally, the police are expected to respond to
criminal activity and protect the citizens. In a
totalitarian state, the police serve enforce the
central government’s policies.” (p. 874)
Indoctrination

Government shapes people’s minds through
slanted education

“Control of education is absolutely essential to
glorify the leader and his policies and to convince
all citizens that their unconditional loyalty and
support are required.” (p. 874, 876)
Propaganda and Censorship


Totalitarian states
spread *propaganda.
Government controls
all mass media, and
**crushes opposing
views.
**censorship
*biased or incomplete information used
to sway people
Religious or Ethnic Persecution

Leaders brand religious, ethnic minorities
“enemies of the state.”
State Control
of Individuals
• demands loyalty
• denies basic liberties
• expects personal
sacrifice for the
good of the state
Ideology
• sets goals of
the state
• glorified aims of
the state
• glorified govern
Dynamic Leader
• unites people
• symbolizes
government
• encourages popular
support through
force of will
Methods of
Enforcement:
• police terror
• indoctrination
• censorship
• persecution
TOTALITARIANISM
Dictatorship &
One-Party Rule
State Control
of Society
• exercises absolute
authority
• dominates the
government
• business
• labor
• housing
• education
Modern Technology
• mass communication
to spread propaganda
• advance military
weapons
Totalitarian leaders in the 20th century

Adolf Hitler (Germany) 1933-1945

Benito Mussolini (Italy) 1925-1943

Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) 1929-1953

Kim Il Sung (North Korea) 1948-1994

Saddam Hussein (Iraq) 1979-2003
Case Study: Stalinist Russia
Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State

Stalin aims to create Communist state in
Russia.

He began by destroying his enemies—real and
imagined.
Police State

Stalin’s police attack opponents with public force and secret actions


“They monitored telephone lines, read mail, and planted informers
everywhere. Even children told authorities about disloyal remarks they heard
at home.”
The Great Purge (sometimes called the “Great Terror”)—terror
campaign against Stalin’s perceived enemies.

The purge involved




The “old Bolsheviks” who helped in the 1917 Revolution.
The Red Army leadership
Repression of the “Kulaks” or better off, independent landowning peasants
By the end of 1938 Stalin is in complete control; 8-13 million people are
dead as a result.
Russian Propaganda and Censorship



Government controls
newspapers, radio, and
movies.
Stalin developed a “cult of
personality” often
glorifying himself in
official propaganda posters
(see right).
Artists are censored,
controlled; their work is
harnessed to glorify the
Party
More Propaganda

A poster from the
German Democratic
Republic (East
Germany) celebrating
Stalin’s 70th birthday.
The text translates:
“The leader and teacher
of humanity in the fight
for peace, democracy
and socialism.”
Education and Indoctrination



Government controls all education, from early
grades to college.
Children learn the virtues of the Communist
Party.
Teachers and students who challenge the
Party are punished.
Religious Persecution



Government attacks the Russian Orthodox
Church.
Magnificent churches and synagogues are
destroyed. Religious leaders are killed.
People lose all personal rights and freedoms.
Stalin Seizes Control of the Economy
New Economic System

Command economy—the government makes
all the economic decisions.
An Industrial Revolution


Five-Year Plans—Stalin’s plans for
developing the economy
Result: large growth in industrial power, but a
shortage in consumer goods
An Agricultural Revolution


In 1928, government creates collective farms—
large, state-owned farms.
Peasants resist this change, and 5-10 million
peasants die in the crackdown.




Resistance was especially strong among kulaks, a class
of wealthy peasants.
Peasants actively fought govt.
Many killed livestock and destroyed crops
Soviet secret police herded peasants onto collective farms
at the point of a bayonet
Daily Life Under Stalin
Gains at Great Cost


People better educated, gain new skills.
Limited personal freedoms; very few
consumer goods.
Woman Gain Rights




Communists say women are equal to men.
Women forced to join labor force; state
provides child care
Many women receive advanced educations
and become professionals.
Women suffer from the demands of work and
family.
Total Control Achieved
Powerful Ruler

By mid-1930s, Stalin has transformed Soviet
Union


Totalitarian regime; industrial, political power
Stalin controls all aspects of Soviet life:



Unopposed as dictator, Communist Party leader
Rules by terror instead of constitutional
government
Demands conformity and obedience.
Post War Germany



Weimer Republic-Germany’s new
government
Dealt with war payments and reparations by
printing money-caused inflation
By 1924, Dawes plan helped Germany
recover
31.3




Fascism-new political movement that
emphasized authoritarian leader and
nationalism
Benito Mussolina promised to revive Italy’s
economy and rebuild armed forces
“black shirts” marched on Rome and King
Victor Emmanuel II gave Mussolini power
Il Duce




Hitler rose to power with the National
Socialist German Workers’ Pary (NAZI)
Attempt to take over German govt. failed
Served jail time, he wrote Mein Kampf
Declared beliefs and