Download Context Rationale Objectives Approach Project management How

Adaptive significance of
Non Genetic Inheritance
(ANGI)
Dr. Benoit PUJOL
Host institution:
Contents:
Context
Rationale
Objectives
Approach
Project management
EDB Lab - Toulouse, France
How selection shapes diversity?
Functional
Ecology
Evolutionary
biology
Quantitative
genetics
The ability of natural
populations to adapt
environmental constraints
1 Context & rationale – Objectives & Approach – Project management PUJOL – ANGI project
Implications of living on earth
EARTH
© Wikimedia Commons / based upon a NASA image
2 Context & rationale – Objectives & Approach – Project management PUJOL – ANGI project
It is changing right now
© NASA
3 Context & rationale – Objectives & Approach – Project management PUJOL – ANGI project
Sea level rises
10-20 cm over 100y
Annual rise:
3.3 mm.y-1
btw 1993 – 2009
Likely doubled since 2014
33 to 120cm in 2100
You live in Camargue:
Learn free diving!
4 Context & rationale – Objectives & Approach – Project management PUJOL – ANGI project
What solutions?
Imagine you are adapted to
live in the arctic circle
Good fitness
= reproduction*survival
= species maintenance
© Wikimedia commons
6 Context & rationale – Objectives & Approach – Project management PUJOL – ANGI project
Solution 1: do nothing about it
do like humans.. Not much.. Maybe Bruce willis will save the world again
© Africa geographic, Michael C. Scholl
and Thomas P. Peschak
© photo by Gage Skidmore
7 Context & rationale – Objectives & Approach – Project management PUJOL – ANGI project
Solution 2: Migrate
better catch the last icebreaker going up north!
© Wikimedia commons
8 Context & rationale – Objectives & Approach – Project management PUJOL – ANGI project
Run you fools…
On average, species
distribution go up 11m
per decade
© Wikimedia commons / Oregon’s Mt. Hood territory
Metanalysis by Chen et al. 2011
They also go 16.9km
north per decade
© Wikimedia commons / Pearson Scott Foresman
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Solution 3: change, adapt, evolve
© Wikimedia
commons
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How do you adapt?
Survival of the fittest
Natural selection
Charles Darwin
Alfred Wallace
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Genetic variation = response to selection
Breeder’s equation
R=h²S
Assumptions = infinitesimal model,
linear additive covariance relation
(h²=VA/VP)
The example of human height (h²=0.83) …
12 Context & rationale – Objectives & Approach – Project managementPUJOL – ANGI project
Itininéraire d’un enfant gaté
Pas à pas, les atouts biologie intégrative et
expérimentation végétale sortent de la manche …
ANR JCJC CAPA Adaptation aux
changements environnementaux
Projet « new frontiers »
Plasticité phénotypique
IDEX CAPS Migration en populations naturelles
Our ability to predict adaptive
evolution is limited
Selective breeding
Triticum sp.
Zea mays
Natural selection
Adaptation to environmental change
Evidence for genetic response
Drosophila Brassica
rapa
Bos taurus
Gallus
gallus
Highly predictable response
when environmental
variation is excluded
Fagus
sylvatica
Wyeomyia
smithii
In natural populations, the
predicted genetic response to
selection is often missing
13 Context & rationale – Objectives & Approach – Project managementPUJOL – ANGI project
In the wild: adaptive plasticity
Parus
major
Perisoreus
infaustus
Arabidopsis
Beta
vulgaris
Tamiasciurus
hudsonicus
Chroicocephalus
scopulinus
environmentally induced phenotypic response
that allow species to acclimatise
When adaptive phenotypic
changes are observed:
4
1/3 only was caused
by
genetic change
Gienapp et al 2007 (Mol Ecol)
Raises questions about the
mechanisms shaping observed
patterns of phenotypic plasticity
Ficedula
albicollis
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That’s where our project kicks in..
Adaptive significance of
Non Genetic Inheritance
Laboratoire
Toulouse, France
This project has received funding from the European Research
Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and innovation programme (grant agreement No
[681484] ANGI)
L’hérédité génétique qu’est ce que c’est?
Pesticides, polluants
environnementaux,
perturbateurs endocriniens
Atteint directement
la lignée germinale
de l’embryon
(méthylation de l’ADN)
Chute de la fertilité mâle
(moins de spermatocytes)
Sur au moins 4 générations
sans amélioration…
Tant que ça reste une histoire de souris …
Implication possible pour la santé ...
Dommageable pour les protéines qui
lient l’ADN et l’empêche de se casser
Cas particulier, on ne connait pas l’impact sur les populations?
Concept à implications sociétales
L’hérédité, qu’est ce que c’est?
La réponse d’« expert » :
« J’inclinerais, pour ma part, à penser qu’on
naît pédophile, et c’est d’ailleurs un problème
que nous ne sachions soigner cette pathologie. Il
y a mille deux cents ou mille trois cents
jeunes qui se suicident en France chaque
année, ce n’est pas parce que leurs parents s’en
sont mal occupés ! Mais parce que,
génétiquement, ils avaient une fragilité, une
douleur préalable. »
L’importance de sortir du dogme du tout génétique
se passe de commentaires..
Ecological significance
Transmission of the environmentally induced phenotypic response
NGI influences ecological dynamics
(Nat Rev Genet 2011)
Example: ecological niche transmission
Castor sp.
Lodge
(pond and protection)
Odling-Smee et al. 2003
(Book)
Campanulastrum
americanum Galloway et al.
2007
(science)
shade effects on
the phenotype
Concern:
studies
confounded by
genetic [DNA]
heterogeneity
(temporal and
geographic level)
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Methodological challenge
Double pedigree method:
Separate genetic and non genetic
covariance with phenotypic
resemblance
(2013 PLoS ONE)
Phenotypic variation
Inherited variation
Genetic variation (VG)
Non-transmitted variation
Non genetically transmitted variation (VNG)
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Evolutionary implications of NGI
Quantitative genetics
Classical theory
NGI
Current view
NGI trait
variation
Genetic trait
variation
Selection
pressure
Proportional
response
to selection
Similar
Selection
pressure
Proportional
response
to selection
Otto et al. 1995 (Stanford working paper series)
Day and Bonduriansky 2011 (Am Nat)
Townley and Ezard 2013 (J evolution Biol)
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Evolutionary implications of NGI
Gap in the theory
Absence of empirical
validation
(NGI-Fitness relationship)
Adaptive significance
is still debated
Current view
NGI trait
variation
Fitness
link
Selection
pressure
Proportional
response
to selection
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Evolutionary implications of NGI
Critical assumptions
must be included
Modification of
predictive models
Feed back
concept model validation
Current view
NGI trait
variation
Non mendelian
Non vertical
Fitness
link
Selection
pressure
Proportional
response
to selection
Only partly
conserved
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Aim of ANGI project: assess the role of
NGI in adaptive evolution
Three objectives:
1. Empirical test in the
wild expectation: non
genetically inherited
variation in fitness WP1
WP2
(adaptive evolution) WP3
2. Experimental selection:
Generate epigenetic trait
variation and test for its
response to selection
(and stability)
WP4
3. Revisit current theory
Contribute to develop an explicit quantitative
non-genetic theory of natural selection WP5
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The model system
Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon)
Model species
(abandoned salt marsh – Nature Park)
Fragmented populations (n=6)
(7y, n~7000, location, environment, phenotype)
Multiple traits with
ecological relevance
(morphology, reproduction, predation)
Data for a large number of
replicated microhabitat patches
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stem elongation in response to shade
School book example
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Project management
Building on
Previous work
Funding
Juliette,
Sara,
Aurore
Beyond classical quantitative genetics
Mathieu
Isabel,
Caroline,
Mathilde,
Thank you for your attention
27 Context & rationale – Objectives & Approach – Project managementPUJOL – ANGI project