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Glycerolipid metabolism Glycerol Glycerone 2.7.1.30 3.1.3.1 CDP-ethanolamine Glycerol-3P Glycerone-P Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine 1.1.1.8 2.3.1.21 2.3.1.- 3.1.1.4 2.7.7.14 Lysophosphatidyl-ethanolamine 1,2-Diacyl-glycerol Monoacylglycerol Ethanolamine Triacylglycerol 3.1.1.3 3.1.1.3 Fatty acid Fatty acid metabolism Lsp-1 1.3.3.6 1.3.99.7 1.3.99.3 6.2.1.3 2.3.1.16 Fatp 1.1.1.21 1 Supplementary Figure 1 – Glycerolipid metabolism pathway showing differentially up- (red) and down- (blue) regulated genes (p ≤ 10-5). The expression of those genes leads to degradation of triglycerides and subsequent fatty acid catabolism, where all 7 genes being differentially expressed are up-regulated. OAT Urea cycle (detoxification) Supplementary Figure 2 – Role of Ornithine Amino Transferase (OAT) enzyme as a switchpoint between synthesis of the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, and stimulation of detoxification through the urea cycle. GABA biosynthesis feeds back to downregulate OAT activity. Supplementary Table 1 - Differentially expressed genes for combined analysis of NC and CA populations (amplified RNA) (p < 0.0001) Up-regulated genes CG# GenBank# fold change p-value Gene ID Process involved CG1583 AI514673 -1.337 3.92E-49 phospholipase A2 (EC:3.1.1.4) (glycero and phospho)lipid metabolism, prostaglandin and leukotriene metabolism CG5966 AI546197 -1.571 8.74E-43 triacylglycerol lipase (EC:3.1.1.3) glycerolipid metabolism CG10960 AA567332 -0.564 3.23E-27 glucose transporter carbohydrate metabolism and transport CG9127 AA694881 -0.561 6.36E-21 adenosine 2 (ade2) phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase (EC:6.3.5.3), purine metabolism CG3036 AI064426 -0.604 1.60E-20 sodium:phosphate symporter phosphate transport CG5295 AI455211 -0.499 1.74E-19 - PLP-dependent transferases domain CG18466 AI513084 -0.728 2.67E-19 NAD-dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (Nmdmc) carbohydrate, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism CG8286 AA941438 -0.283 4.57E-15 protein kinase inhibitor cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway, defense response CG8965 AI513118 -0.346 2.05E-14 - RA domain, signal transduction CG9707 AI532190 -0.409 2.52E-14 acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase at 57D proximal (Acox57D-p) palmitoyl-CoA oxidase (EC:1.3.3.-), fatty acid beta-oxidation CG9126 AI513593 -0.311 3.69E-14 cell adhesion CG11089 AA438421 -0.604 7.89E-14 Stromal interaction molecule (Stim) phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (EC:2.1.2.3) CG9547 AI517955 -0.449 1.15E-13 glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC:1.3.99.7) Tryptophan, fatty acid and acyl-CoA metabolism, hydroxylysine and lysine catabolism CG10733 AA978511 -0.282 1.88E-13 logjam (loj) intracellular protein transport, oviposition CG3590 AI109500 -0.342 3.00E-13 adenylosuccinate lyase (EC:4.3.2.2) purine base metabolism, alanine and aspartate metabolism CG4288 AI404321 -0.417 4.26E-13 high affinity inorganic phosphate:sodium symporter carbohydrate and phosphate transport CG2848 AI455163 -0.274 6.14E-13 Transportin-Serine/Arginine rich (Trn-SR) protein binding, nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome CG4472 AI387590 -0.427 6.46E-13 Imaginal disc growth factor 1 (Idgf1) cell-cell signaling, imaginal disc development, signal transduction - AA802181 -0.421 6.70E-13 - - - AA698028 -0.291 7.01E-13 - - CG3775 AI402041 -0.465 9.18E-13 metalloendopeptidase (EC:3.4.24.-), neprilysin proteolysis and peptidolysis CG15101 AI106969 -0.625 1.14E-12 Juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase 1 (Jheh1), (EC:3.3.2.-) defense response, juvenile hormone catabolism, response to toxin CG4164 AA950501 -0.245 2.48E-12 heat shock protein defense response CG7642 AI109609 -0.271 6.93E-12 rosy (ry), xanthine dehydrogenase (EC:1.1.1.204) defense response, purine metabolism CG10849 AI542826 -0.289 1.02E-11 Sc2 Ubiquitin-like domain CG8258 AI455490 -0.252 1.59E-11 ATPase chaperone complex CG30122 AA820756 -0.285 1.68E-11 - RNA binding CG4533 AI513212 -0.348 2.36E-11 lethal (2) essential for life (l(2)efl), heat shock protein defense response CG10383 AI403848 -0.289 3.00E-11 - ARM repeat domain CG3705 AI455353 -0.396 3.46E-11 astray (aay), phosphoserine phosphatase (EC:3.1.3.3) CG2194 AI062444 -0.280 3.80E-11 Rhythmically expressed gene 3 (Reg-3) L-serine biosynthesis, axon guidance, peripheral nervous system development dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (EC:1.3.1.2), pyrimidine and beta-alanine metabolism CG8345 AI237973 -0.630 3.96E-11 Cyp6w1 xenobiotic response purine base metabolism, one carbon pool by folate Supplementary Table 1 (continued) Up-regulated genes CG# GenBank# fold change p-value Gene ID Process involved CG1244 AA817226 -0.376 3.98E-11 - - CG7332 AI455485 -0.328 4.35E-11 - calcium-binding domain (EF-hand) CG5809 AA949224 -0.260 4.59E-11 CaBP1, protein disulfide isomerase (EC:5.3.4.1) protein modification CG16807 AA392849 -0.243 5.37E-11 - zinc-finger domain CG7400 AI533408 -0.314 5.39E-11 Fatty acid (long chain) transport protein (Fatp) fatty acid metabolism CG4916 AI455115 -0.361 5.60E-11 maternal expression at 31B (me31B), ATP-dependent RNA helicase nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism CG32350 AA540569 -0.180 9.58E-11 - protein transport CG10550 AI386741 -0.353 1.83E-10 - - CG6863 AI258193 -0.245 2.06E-10 tolkin (tok), procollagen C-endopeptidase (EC:3.4.24.19) dorsal/ventral axis specification, proteolysis and peptidolysis CG11992 AI513128 -0.249 4.03E-10 Relish (Rel) transcription factor, defense response CG8411 AI455354 -0.173 4.72E-10 germ cell-less (gcl) negative regulation of transcription from Pol III promoter CG12428 AI543215 -0.241 4.88E-10 carnitine O-octanoyltransferase (EC:2.3.1.137) CG12262 AA817371 -0.366 4.96E-10 acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC:1.3.99.3) amino acid and glycerolipid metabolism, lysine degradation fatty acid beta-oxidation, amino acid degradation, beta-alanine and propanoate metabolism CG5140 AI063644 -0.548 5.76E-10 - defense response, signal transduction CG18239 AA990733 -0.675 7.13E-10 Cyp12d1-d xenobiotic response CG17566 AA951884 -0.222 7.42E-10 gammaTub37C structural constituent of cytoskeleton, tubulin binding CG10901 AI455566 -0.350 8.15E-10 oskar (osk) long-term memory CG14207 AI456979 -0.245 1.17E-09 - HSP20-like chaperone domain CG12034 AI455549 -0.247 1.33E-09 sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (EC:3.1.4.12) CG9096 AI455310 -0.173 1.69E-09 Cyclin D (CycD), cyclin-dependent protein kinase regulator (EC:2.7.1.-) sphingophospholipid biosynthesis, intracellular signaling cascade JAK-STAT cascade, cell growth and/or maintenance, cell proliferation, regulation of cell cycle CG4680 AI402134 -0.292 1.93E-09 - - CG6385 AI388355 -0.488 2.08E-09 sarcosine dehydrogenase (EC:1.5.99.1) urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups; glycine, serine and threonine metabolism CG7001 AI455224 -0.200 2.39E-09 Protein kinase-like 17E (Pk17E) protein serine/threonine kinase, protein amino acid phosphorylation CG3821 AI519001 -0.243 2.53E-09 Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (Aats-asp), (EC:6.1.1.12) aspartyl-tRNA aminoacylation, alanine and aspartate metabolism CG5899 AI513103 -0.215 2.76E-09 ATP-dependent DNA helicase DNA metabolism CG4193 AI455413 -0.762 3.13E-09 deadhead (dhd), thiol-disulfide exchange intermediate electron transport, female meiosis, protein folding, sulfur metabolism CG8772 AI403407 -0.198 3.72E-09 no extended memory (nemy), glutaminase (EC:3.5.1.2) glutamine, glutamate and nitrogen metabolism, locomotory behavior, memory CG9986 AA948889 -0.266 3.77E-09 - - CG10859 AI238624 -0.304 4.02E-09 - motor activity, microtubule-based movement CG7197 AA950998 -0.178 4.40E-09 GTPase surface receptor linked signal transduction, intracellular protein transport CG12750 AI533057 -0.210 4.45E-09 - Middle domain of eIF4G, ARM repeat domains CG8553 AI514756 -0.213 5.12E-09 selenide,water dikinase (SelD) cell proliferation, imaginal disc development, selenocysteine biosynthesis Supplementary Table 1 (continued) Up-regulated genes CG# GenBank# fold change p-value Gene ID Process involved CG10248 AI107730 -0.796 5.49E-09 Cyp6a8 steroid metabolism, defense response CG3570 AI109974 -0.304 1.03E-08 - S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases domain CG12013 AI544386 -0.257 1.11E-08 PHGPx, glutathione peroxidase (EC:1.11.1.9) response to lipid hydroperoxide, glutathione metabolism CG4466 AA803624 -0.532 1.35E-08 defense response, protein refolding CG2674 AI520331 -0.260 1.82E-08 Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) Minute (2) 21AB (M(2)21AB), methionine adenosyltransferase (EC:2.5.1.6) CG7840 AI061954 -0.172 1.90E-08 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (EC:1.3.99.5) bile acid biosynthesis, androgen and estrogen metabolism CG11654 AA695242 -0.281 2.21E-08 Adenosylhomocysteinase at 13 (Ahcy13) (EC:3.3.1.1) purine base metabolism, methionine and selenoamino acid metabolism CG11284 AI456523 -0.411 2.63E-08 carbonate dehydratase (EC:4.2.1.1) nitrogen metabolism CG7530 AI512735 -0.283 3.18E-08 - - CG5002 AI519138 -0.220 3.45E-08 high affinity sulfate permease anion transport, sulfur metabolism CG33133 AI401966 -0.177 3.47E-08 grauzone (grau) specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor CG18769 AA942285 -0.210 3.50E-08 - - CG7623 AI532992 -0.151 3.57E-08 slalom (sll), UDP-galactose transporter 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transport CG8216 AI133872 -0.183 4.05E-08 - - CG18445 AI534495 -0.163 4.86E-08 - - CG3151 AI406214 -0.178 4.99E-08 Rbp9, RNA binding regulation of transcription CG4535 AI515631 -0.191 5.14E-08 FK506-binding protein FKBP59 (FKBP59) FK506 binding, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, protein folding CG13397 AI256884 -0.167 5.20E-08 alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC:3.2.1.50) protein amino acid glycosylation, glycosaminoglycan degradation CG3973 AI543495 -0.175 9.00E-08 - Growth-Arrest-Specific Protein 2 Domain CG8389 AI532628 -0.226 9.17E-08 monocarboxylate porter - CG11842 AI387911 -0.290 9.32E-08 serine-type endopeptidase (EC:3.4.21.-) proteolysis and peptidolysis CG5315 AI455386 -0.280 1.10E-07 hormone binding hormone-mediated signaling, fatty acid oxidation CG4500 AA949294 -0.530 1.12E-07 long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EC:6.2.1.3) fatty acid metabolism CG31231 AI109351 -0.460 1.12E-07 - - CG15893 AA978768 -0.180 1.17E-07 - - CG3057 AI513226 -0.295 1.17E-07 congested-like trachea (colt), carnitine:acyl carnitine carrier acyl carnitine transport CG9670 AA941739 -0.130 1.17E-07 falten (fal), GTPase gastrulation CG2991 AA264940 -0.193 1.38E-07 - EGF/Laminin domain CG3829 AI388223 -0.216 1.42E-07 scavenger receptor apoptosis, defense response CG8979 AI513094 -0.149 1.44E-07 proteasome inhibitor proteolysis CG8913 AI402263 -0.230 1.63E-07 peroxidase (EC:1.11.1.7) defense response, phenylalanine and methane metabolism CG3962 AI109419 -0.191 2.05E-07 Keap1, actin binding - one-carbon compound metabolism, methionine and selenoamino acid metabolism Supplementary Table 1 (continued) Up-regulated genes CG# GenBank# fold change p-value Gene ID Process involved CG7668 AA696534 -0.249 2.39E-07 receptor binding defense response CG15009 AI534445 -0.307 2.82E-07 Ecdysone-inducible gene L2 (ImpL2) cell adhesion CG8552 AA541202 -0.191 2.88E-07 phospholipase A1 (EC:3.1.1.32) intracellular protein transport, glycerolipid metabolism, phospholipid degradation CG4180 AA951718 -0.224 3.04E-07 lethal (2) 35Bg (l(2)35Bg) - CG5547 AI542374 -0.241 3.19E-07 Phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (Pect) (EC:2.7.7.14) Ethanolamine, aminophosphonate and glycerolipid metabolism CG5174 AI512743 -0.188 3.49E-07 - - CG30059 AI532050 -0.283 3.52E-07 N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase (EC:3.1.6.14) N-acetylglucosamine, carbohydrate, polysaccharide and sulfur metabolism CG5853 AI533990 -0.247 4.37E-07 ABC transporter anion and lipid transport CG8194 AI402129 -0.195 5.58E-07 RNA catabolism CG4581 AI135472 -0.236 5.73E-07 Ribonuclease X25 (RNaseX25), endoribonuclease Thiolase, long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC:1.1.1.211) CG8128 AI063449 -0.210 5.94E-07 CG4600 AA736169 -0.334 6.23E-07 nucleotide phosphatase yippee interacting protein 2 (yip2), acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (EC:2.3.1.16) cell proliferation fatty acid beta-oxidation and biosynthesis, bile acid biosynthesis, amino acid degradation CG2155 AI238143 -0.318 6.81E-07 vermilion (v), tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (EC:1.13.11.11) eye pigmentation, ommochrome biosynthesis, tryptophan catabolism CG3510 AI455345 -0.308 6.89E-07 Cyclin B (CycB), cyclin-dependent protein kinase regulator (EC:2.7.1.-) mitotic anaphase B CG13849 AI518994 -0.175 7.12E-07 Nop56, RNA binding rRNA metabolism CG8798 AA978416 -0.143 7.47E-07 endopeptidase La (EC:3.4.21.53) proteolysis and peptidolysis CG10364 AA951525 -0.239 7.66E-07 msb1l - CG8314 AI135792 -0.163 8.00E-07 - - CG15825 AA567329 -0.265 8.04E-07 - - CG30078 AI403379 -0.197 8.17E-07 protein kinase (EC:2.7.1.37) signal transduction CG4107 AI134208 -0.282 8.23E-07 Pcaf, histone acetyltransferase (EC:2.3.1.48) regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter CG10537 AI110140 -0.157 8.61E-07 Resistant to dieldrin (Rdl), GABA-A receptor (GABAr) response to cyclodiene, nerve-nerve synaptic transmission CG10555 AA539812 -0.180 8.64E-07 - - CG10978 AI518543 -0.154 9.12E-07 jagunal (jagn) microtubule-based movement - AI387085 -0.192 1.07E-06 - - CG32158 AI543777 -0.174 1.20E-06 adenylate cyclase (EC:4.6.1.1) G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway, purine metabolism CG2277 AI455551 -0.156 1.28E-06 nucleotide phosphatase nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism CG4797 AI543335 -0.241 1.29E-06 glucose transporter carbohydrate metabolism and transport CG7269 AA820170 -0.167 1.35E-06 Helicase at 25E (Hel25E), pre-mRNA splicing factor nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome CG2050 AI455242 -0.212 1.37E-06 modulo (mod), DNA binding cell proliferation CG1381 AI515304 -0.144 1.37E-06 nucleic acid binding protein biosynthesis and metabolism CG10895 AA949096 -0.238 1.39E-06 loki (lok), protein serine/threonine kinase cell cycle checkpoint fatty acid beta-oxidation Supplementary Table 1 (continued) Up-regulated genes CG# GenBank# fold change p-value Gene ID Process involved CG7845 AI515638 -0.141 1.55E-06 - Trp-Asp repeat (WD-repeat) domain CG7364 AI063249 -0.162 1.75E-06 transporter intracellular protein transport CG8129 AI295161 -0.201 1.94E-06 threonine ammonia-lyase (EC:4.3.1.19) amino acid metabolism CG2121 AI402180 -0.240 2.50E-06 - muscle contraction CG10206 AA978785 -0.202 2.51E-06 nop5, RNA binding rRNA processing CG7777 AA941952 -0.194 2.58E-06 water transporter cell homeostasis CG10934 AI405906 -0.307 3.05E-06 - - CG9649 AI388374 -0.214 3.10E-06 enteropeptidase (EC:3.4.21.9) defense response, proteolysis and peptidolysis CG10565 AA820316 -0.171 3.18E-06 chaperone, unfolded protein binding protein folding CG4454 AI456241 -0.187 3.18E-06 - - CG1441 AI135852 -0.174 3.52E-06 oxidoreductase (EC:1.-.-.-) - CG7935 AI513110 -0.177 3.76E-06 moleskin (msk), protein carrier epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway CG10419 AI515592 -0.132 3.93E-06 - - CG17383 AA979067 -0.140 4.11E-06 - - CG5363 AI519205 -0.358 4.14E-06 cdc2, protein binding G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle CG12241 AA951586 -0.127 4.39E-06 GTPase activator regulation of cell cycle CG5848 AA391494 -0.178 4.67E-06 cactus (cact), transcription factor binding defense response CG2060 AA940642 -0.342 5.03E-06 Cyp4e2 xenobiotic and steroid metabolism CG10480 AI455275 -0.158 5.42E-06 Bj1 protein (Bj1), Ran guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor regulation of neurogenesis CG3009 AI108530 -0.129 5.56E-06 phospholipase A2 (EC:3.1.1.4) (glycero and phospho)lipid metabolism, prostaglandin and leukotriene metabolism CG11642 AA948952 -0.164 6.31E-06 - SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting CG8975 AI515893 -0.280 6.38E-06 Ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase small subunit (RnrS) (EC:1.17.4.1), DNA replication, purine and pyrimidine metabolism CG3835 AI387484 -0.269 6.44E-06 oxidoreductase (EC:1.-.-.-) carbohydrate metabolism CG2264 AA950777 -0.142 7.24E-06 cysteine protease inhibitor proteolysis CG5605 AI455318 -0.205 7.46E-06 eukaryotic release factor 1 (eRF1), translation release factor autophagic cell death, translational termination CG2107 AI531007 -0.155 7.49E-06 carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (EC:2.3.1.21) amino acid, fatty acid and glycerolipid metabolism CG10060 AI455240 -0.136 7.82E-06 G protein alphai subunit 65A (G-ialpha65A), protein binding G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway CG5955 AI387868 -0.282 8.03E-06 UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (EC:5.1.3.2) galactose and nucleotide sugars metabolism CG3402 AA263203 -0.182 8.15E-06 - PDZ domain CG11719 AI109850 -0.141 8.76E-06 Male-specific RNA 98Ca (Mst98Ca) - CG4561 AI455095 -0.162 8.90E-06 Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (Aats-tyr) (EC:6.1.1.1) tyrosyl-tRNA aminoacylation CG31643 AA951625 -0.155 9.28E-06 - - Supplementary Table 1 (continued) Up-regulated genes CG# GenBank# fold change p-value Gene ID Process involved CG10267 AA941165 -0.136 9.57E-06 transcription regulator nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism CG14882 AI544416 -0.154 1.02E-05 [methionine synthase] reductase (EC:1.16.1.8) methionine metabolism CG9193 AI513872 -0.280 1.19E-05 mutagen-sensitive 209 (mus209) repair of DNA double-strand breaks CG8782 AI513214 -0.230 1.20E-05 Ornithine aminotransferase precursor (Oat) ornithine metabolism CG3423 AA979561 -0.117 1.29E-05 Stromalin (SA), chromatin binding ectoderm development and neurogenesis CG9099 AI389634 -0.152 1.34E-05 - Translation initiation factor SUI1 domain CG1489 AA941800 -0.165 1.35E-05 Pros45, endopeptidase proteolysis and peptidolysis CG2679 AI389732 -0.217 1.41E-05 goliath (gol), transcription regulator regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent CG3331 AI404341 -0.137 1.44E-05 ebony (e), beta-alanyl-dopamine synthase cuticle pigmentation, defense response, dopamine metabolism CG10444 AI546427 -0.149 1.45E-05 sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter cation transport, coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolism CG6695 AI534150 -0.134 1.53E-05 RNA binding - CG10578 AI542453 -0.148 1.68E-05 DnaJ-like-1 (DnaJ-1), chaperone defense response CG7154 AA817385 -0.202 1.73E-05 - DNA binding CG3074 AA802878 -0.174 1.85E-05 cathepsin B (EC:3.4.22.1) protein metabolism CG10152 AI134729 -0.130 1.86E-05 beat-IV IgSF protein related to the Beat axon guidance molecule CG6680 AI514148 -0.122 1.88E-05 serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor, serpin apoptosis, proteolysis and peptidolysis CG10016 AA942527 -0.140 1.97E-05 drumstick (drm) hindgut morphogenesis CG9258 AA202260 -0.153 2.01E-05 nervana 1 (nrv1), sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase (EC:3.6.3.9) sodium ion transport CG4875 AI512953 -0.115 2.02E-05 G-protein coupled receptor signal transduction CG6523 AI520162 -0.140 2.03E-05 thiol-disulfide exchange intermediate sulfur metabolism CG4143 AA694681 -0.171 2.15E-05 multiprotein bridging factor 1 (mbf1), transcription coactivator central nervous system development CG10576 AA950591 -0.173 2.21E-05 methionyl aminopeptidase (EC:3.4.11.18) protein biosynthesis, proteolysis and peptidolysis CG5938 AI520117 -0.165 2.25E-05 - - CG4590 AI455282 -0.146 2.26E-05 inx2, innexin channel foregut morphogenesis, gap junction CG4407 AA942491 -0.128 2.28E-05 FMN adenylyltransferase (EC:2.7.7.2) riboflavin metabolism CG4287 AI402156 -0.170 2.41E-05 - - CG7185 AA941220 -0.179 2.63E-05 RNA binding mRNA cleavage CG8449 AA390390 -0.149 2.69E-05 - Ypt/Rab-GAP domain of gyp1p CG5595 AI455406 -0.167 2.91E-05 Sex combs extra (Sce), (Ring), protein binding sex comb development CG11266 AI455971 -0.126 2.94E-05 pre-mRNA splicing factor RNA splicing CG8732 AI294048 -0.239 3.03E-05 l(2)44DEa, acetate-CoA ligase (EC:6.2.1.1) glycolysis_gluconeogenesis, pyruvate, propanoate and fatty acid metabolism CG18543 AI546359 -0.203 3.06E-05 matrimony (mtrm) cell cycle arrest, female meiosis chromosome segregation Supplementary Table 1 (continued) Up-regulated genes CG# GenBank# fold change p-value Gene ID Process involved CG31935 AA941928 -0.177 3.12E-05 - - CG2865 AI517147 -0.174 3.24E-05 - - CG9022 AA816989 -0.123 3.44E-05 Oligosaccharyltransferase 48kD subunit (Ost48) (EC:2.4.1.119) N-linked glycosylation CG7574 AA803601 -0.194 3.59E-05 bip1 - CG8507 AA952222 -0.148 3.65E-05 - alpha-2-Macroglobulin receptor associated protein (RAP) domain 1 CG7156 AI455497 -0.188 3.71E-05 protein kinase (EC:2.7.1.37) signal transduction CG11589 AA735493 -0.212 3.85E-05 VhaM9.7-1, hydrogen-exporting ATPase (EC:3.6.3.6) cation transport CG3385 AA539398 -0.179 3.90E-05 nervy (nvy), transcription factor regulation of transcription, axon guidance, proto-oncogene CG8821 AI534944 -0.154 3.96E-05 vismay (vis), transcription factor regulation of transcription CG5885 AA246490 -0.210 4.09E-05 - intracellular protein transport CG1136 AI517121 -0.115 4.53E-05 - - CG11982 AI515261 -0.133 4.60E-05 - RING finger domain, C3HC4 CG8229 AA948957 -0.099 4.70E-05 - - CG11417 AA817592 -0.122 4.74E-05 - - CG10009 AI456959 -0.182 4.86E-05 Noa36 nucleolus CG7556 AI402078 -0.114 4.86E-05 - Myb DNA binding domain CG12006 AI546267 -0.131 5.07E-05 transferase (EC:2.-.-.-) lipid metabolism CG11115 AI402137 -0.139 5.11E-05 Ssl1, general RNA polymerase II transcription factor transcription initiation from Pol II promoter CG7538 AI515560 -0.190 5.13E-05 Minichromosome maintenance 2 (Mcm2), chromatin binding pre-replicative complex formation and maintenance CG8785 AI064223 -0.138 5.56E-05 amino acid-polyamine transporter amino acid transport CG1064 AI402144 -0.113 5.61E-05 Snf5-related 1 (Snr1), transcription coactivator positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent CG11403 AA941042 -0.098 6.06E-05 ATP-dependent DNA helicase nucleotide-excision repair CG5352 AA439468 -0.152 6.16E-05 Small ribonucleoprotein particle protein B (SmB) nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome CG8451 AI388919 -0.152 6.32E-05 sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter cation transport CG7660 AI511691 -0.198 6.42E-05 pxt, peroxidase (EC:1.11.1.7) defense response, phenylalanine and methane metabolism CG5590 AI513117 -0.266 6.72E-05 oxidoreductase, acting on the CH-OH group of donors (EC:1.1.1.-) - CG4451 AI519539 -0.192 6.85E-05 Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (Hs6st) (EC:2.8.2.-) heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis CG10512 AI106900 -0.159 7.00E-05 oxidoreductase (EC:1.-.-.-) carbohydrate metabolism CG4475 AI134980 -0.202 7.21E-05 Imaginal disc growth factor 2 (Idgf2) imaginal disc development CG10667 AA391691 -0.182 7.28E-05 Origin recognition complex subunit 1 (Orc1), DNA binding DNA replication initiation CG1416 AI512102 -0.161 7.41E-05 - - CG15093 AI402055 -0.264 7.73E-05 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (EC:1.1.1.31) amino acid metabolism, pentose-phosphate shunt, valine metabolism Supplementary Table 1 (continued) Up-regulated genes CG# GenBank# fold change p-value Gene ID Process involved CG8266 AI388236 -0.080 7.77E-05 sec31 exocytosis CG8882 AA820418 -0.165 7.88E-05 Trip1, translation initiation factor protein biosynthesis CG6415 AI064147 -0.251 8.03E-05 aminomethyltransferase (EC:2.1.2.10) glycine catabolism CG16721 AI455390 -0.148 8.08E-05 receptor development CG5326 AI259766 -0.142 8.54E-05 acyltransferase (EC:2.3.1.-) fatty acid metabolism CG8728 AI402168 -0.156 8.58E-05 mitochondrial processing peptidase (EC:3.4.24.64) proteolysis and peptidolysis CG32920 AI513138 -0.135 8.61E-05 gene cassette - CG5170 AA950043 -0.126 8.70E-05 Dodeca-satellite-binding protein 1 (Dp1) single-stranded DNA binding CG12165 AI533169 -0.210 9.14E-05 Inner centromere protein (Incenp) - CG9128 AI109221 -0.091 9.91E-05 Sac1, polyphosphoinositide phosphatase dorsal closure, amnioserosa morphology change CG1656 AI402619 -0.157 9.93E-05 lectin-46Ca galactose binding Down-regulated genes CG# GenBank# fold change p-value Gene ID Process involved CG8147 AI518552 1.441 2.82E-37 alkaline phosphatase (EC:3.1.3.1) glycerolipid metabolism and folate biosynthesis, defense response CG12298 AI455612 0.642 9.80E-25 subito (sub), Dub, mei-1794 motor activity, meiotic spindle assembly CG8745 AA264907 0.568 2.53E-24 ornithine-oxo-acid transaminase (EC:2.6.1.13) urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups, arginine and proline CG9485 AI455746 0.363 3.94E-19 amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase (EC:3.2.1.33) glycogen metabolism CG7018 AI109004 0.190 7.80E-16 Ets at 65A (Ets65A), transcription factor regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent CG18330 AI405736 0.385 3.04E-15 CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase 2 (Cct2) (EC:2.7.7.15) aminophosphonate and phospholipid metabolism, determination of adult life span CG6126 AI109859 0.338 4.90E-15 organic cation transporter carbohydrate metabolism, carbohydrate and cation transport CG4491 AA949254 0.203 2.91E-12 no ocelli (noc), RNA polymerase II transcription factor regulation of trancription CG14021 AI238760 0.344 2.96E-12 - - CG8888 AI405864 0.253 3.57E-12 oxidoreductase, acting on CH-OH group of donors (EC:1.1.-.-) visual perception CG17762 AI292558 0.193 7.25E-12 tomosyn, syntaxin-1 binding synaptic vesicle priming, neurotransmitter secretion CG3971 AA391207 0.223 8.77E-12 Baldspot ISP domain CG9663 AI404538 0.157 1.36E-09 ABC transporter lipid metabolism and transport CG6933 AI259543 0.249 1.72E-09 structural constituent of peritrophic membrane - CG1275 AI456634 0.156 2.51E-09 electron transporter electron transport CG32464 AI134267 0.187 2.89E-09 l(3)82Fd LysM domain CG6218 AI402088 0.274 3.17E-09 carbohydrate kinase carbohydrate metabolism CG6447 AI516072 0.333 3.40E-09 - - Supplementary Table 1 (continued) Down-regulated genes CG# GenBank# fold change p-value CG11715 AI293200 0.190 6.17E-09 Gene ID Process involved xenobiotic metabolism and steroid biosynthesis 8.39E-09 Cyp4g15 Na + -driven anion exchanger 1 (Ndae1), sodium:bicarbonate symporter CG4675 AA567741 0.198 CG8509 AI405916 0.260 1.35E-08 protein tyrosine phosphatase activator CG5992 AI455786 signal transduction 0.163 1.75E-08 Adenosine deaminase-related growth factor A (Adgf-A) CG15771 - AI402122 0.199 3.20E-08 - Haloacid dehalogenase/epoxide hydrolase family domain CG10530 AI258529 0.400 6.11E-08 Lcp65Ag1 structural constituent of larval cuticle CG7018 AI387796 0.158 1.24E-07 Ets at 65A (Ets65A), transcription factor regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent CG3663 AI387408 0.193 1.44E-07 - Isochorismatase hydrolase family domain CG6575 AI135453 0.165 2.67E-07 gliolectin (glec), carbohydrate binding neurogenesis CG13252 AA696671 0.122 3.25E-07 - - CG7387 AI261116 0.129 3.63E-07 - defense response CG5275 AI062152 0.152 4.35E-07 Diphthamide methyltransferase (Dph5) (EC:2.1.1.98) peptidyl-diphthamide biosynthesis from peptidyl-histidine CG10214 AA539060 0.285 5.02E-07 oligonucleotidase (EC:3.1.13.3) RNA catabolism CG3006 AI404525 0.248 5.29E-07 Fmo-1, dimethylaniline monooxygenase (N-oxide-forming) (EC:1.14.13.8), amino acid metabolism - AA979171 0.170 6.51E-07 - - CG7533 AI113466 0.177 8.31E-07 charybde (chrb) negative regulator of growth CG6291 AA541101 0.130 9.80E-07 Aminopeptidase P (ApepP), X-Pro aminopeptidase (EC:3.4.11.9) proteolysis and peptidolysis CG31140 AI135060 0.142 1.28E-06 diacylglycerol binding intracellular signaling cascade, lipid metabolism, phosphorylation CG9083 AI516432 0.207 1.31E-06 - CG12529 AI531932 0.174 1.51E-06 Zwischenferment (Zw), glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (EC:1.1.1.49) CG3971 AI134173 0.204 1.60E-06 Baldspot ISP domain CG1615 AI405401 0.187 1.77E-06 Open rectifier K + channel 1 (Ork1) potassium ion transport, transmission of nerve impulse CG1915 AA696212 0.168 1.97E-06 sallimus (sls), myosin-light-chain kinase (EC:2.7.1.117) mitotic chromosome condensation CG9218 AI114156 0.205 2.23E-06 smooth (sm), RNA binding mRNA processing CG10366 AI401958 0.223 2.77E-06 transcription regulator cell proliferation CG2961 AI518507 0.130 3.18E-06 - - CG7995 AI387960 0.186 3.43E-06 glycerol kinase (EC:2.7.1.30) glycerolipid metabolism CG1827 AI405596 0.155 4.00E-06 N4-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase (EC:3.5.1.26) amino acid catabolism, glycoprotein degradation CG13316 AI517751 0.134 4.21E-06 Mnt, transcription factor regulation of transcription CG32509 AI403916 0.154 4.63E-06 - - CG10132 AI260505 0.145 4.64E-06 - WD-40 repeat domain CG4291 AI386952 0.195 4.73E-06 FH1 domain binding nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome ion transport pentose-phosphate cycle and glutathione metabolism Supplementary Table 1 (continued) Down-regulated genes CG# GenBank# fold change p-value Gene ID Process involved CG31795 AI513369 0.254 5.77E-06 ia2, transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase protein amino acid dephosphorylation CG9659 AI062041 0.178 7.23E-06 egghead (egh), beta-1,4-mannosyltransferase (EC:2.4.1.-) sugar metabolism CG5150 AI064308 0.189 7.26E-06 alkaline phosphatase (EC:3.1.3.1) glycerolipid metabolism and folate biosynthesis CG31052 AI108479 0.178 7.56E-06 solute:hydrogen antiporter regulation of pH CG31918 AA951389 0.148 7.69E-06 - - - AI107428 0.130 8.66E-06 - - CG17052 AI512047 0.150 8.72E-06 structural constituent of peritrophic membrane chitin metabolism CG16783 AI388181 0.146 1.07E-05 fizzy-related 2 (fzr2) cell cycle, protein metabolism, proteolysis and peptidolysis CG10069 AI542868 0.131 1.22E-05 glycerol-3-phosphate transporter carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and transport CG6133 AI513471 0.134 1.32E-05 DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase (EC:2.1.1.37) rRNA and methionine metabolism CG17759 AA694764 0.144 1.33E-05 G protein alpha49B (Galpha49B), GTPase phospholipase C activation CG4462 AI114056 0.195 1.36E-05 organic cation porter cation transport CG17843 AI403451 0.168 1.39E-05 flavin-linked sulfhydryl oxidase electron transport CG11081 AA696184 0.170 1.51E-05 plexin A (plexA), semaphorin receptor motor axon guidance CG30246 AA951219 0.098 1.55E-05 - - CG13326 AI134452 0.188 1.59E-05 - - CG32345 AI532183 0.114 1.61E-05 - - CG17838 AI517404 0.155 1.64E-05 RNA binding - CG5461 AI135873 0.225 1.78E-05 bunched (bun), RNA polymerase II transcription factor autophagic cell death, cell fate determination, peripheral nervous system development - AI062384 0.194 1.87E-05 - - CG11348 AI402216 0.270 1.87E-05 nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor beta 64B (nAcRß-64B) cation transport, nerve-nerve synaptic transmission CG5411 AI389964 0.110 1.93E-05 Phosphodiesterase 8 (Pde8) (EC:3.1.4.-) cyclic nucleotide metabolism, mesoderm development, signal transduction CG1078 AI519148 0.113 1.96E-05 - - CG30079 AI064501 0.163 1.98E-05 - - CG1049 AI544037 0.172 2.13E-05 CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase 1 (Cct1) (EC:2.7.7.15) aminophosphonate and phospholipid metabolism, determination of adult life span CG3727 AI516652 0.138 2.33E-05 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway, axon guidance CG18492 AI516414 0.109 2.38E-05 dreadlocks (dock), SH3/SH2 adaptor protein TGF-ß activated kinase 1 (Tak1), MAP kinase kinase kinase (EC:2.7.1.-) CG32445 AI402194 0.153 2.40E-05 aldose 1-epimerase (EC:5.1.3.3) monosaccharide metabolism CG15208 AI388683 0.128 2.48E-05 - - CG1915 AA802415 0.157 2.52E-05 sallimus (sls), myosin-light-chain kinase (EC:2.7.1.117) mitotic chromosome condensation CG10137 AI404679 0.115 2.70E-05 glutamate, glycine and thienylcyclohexylpiperidine binding glutamate metabolism CG9902 AA803845 0.147 2.70E-05 - - apoptosis, defense response Supplementary Table 1 (continued) Down-regulated genes CG# GenBank# fold change p-value Gene ID Process involved CG31546 AI106756 0.214 2.72E-05 oxidoreductase (EC:1.-.-.-) metabolism CG10479 AI294326 0.127 2.75E-05 - - CG1059 AI533392 0.179 2.82E-05 Karyopherin ß 3 (Karyß3), protein carrier protein-nucleus import CG1108 AI389293 0.111 2.93E-05 alpha-Esterase-6 (alpha-Est6), carboxylesterase (EC:3.1.1.1) response to toxin CG2010 AI406006 0.143 3.11E-05 - - CG18480 AI295324 0.191 3.15E-05 - - CG32555 AI387396 0.147 3.24E-05 RhoGAPp190, Rho GTPase activator intracellular signaling cascade, transmission of nerve impulse CG14791 AA736062 0.190 3.38E-05 Rab27, GTPase endocytosis CG8403 AI134772 0.308 3.55E-05 SP2353, receptor cell adhesion CG3691 AI295871 0.093 3.58E-05 Painting of fourth (Pof), RNA binding protein biosynthesis CG5589 AI520511 0.146 3.74E-05 RNA binding nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism CG3270 AI064647 0.250 3.74E-05 oxidoreductase (EC:1.-.-.-) metabolism and electron transport CG11325 AI389920 0.218 3.81E-05 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GRHR), peptide receptor G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway, transmission of nerve impulse CG5467 AI108226 0.150 3.89E-05 - - CG6332 AI108666 0.156 3.94E-05 - - CG17610 AA951623 0.125 4.09E-05 gurken (grk), epidermal growth factor receptor binding signal transduction CG30090 AI402445 0.188 4.26E-05 peptidase (EC:3.4.-.-) amino acid biosynthesis CG8793 AI519287 0.104 4.28E-05 - - CG9109 AI514189 0.143 4.28E-05 - - CG8604 AA540348 0.156 4.34E-05 Amphiphysin (Amph), protein binding neurotransmitter secretion, receptor mediated endocytosis CG6091 AA697008 0.126 4.51E-05 - - CG32223 AI533109 0.126 4.53E-05 - - CG4630 AI517260 0.144 4.76E-05 carnitine transporter anion and carbohydrate transport CG16820 AI292895 0.148 5.59E-05 - - CG18011 AI519515 0.117 5.74E-05 electron transporter electron transport CG10263 AI518418 0.115 5.91E-05 - - CG8708 AI387726 0.156 5.95E-05 transferase (EC:2.-.-.-) protein amino acid glycosylation CG30412 AI063680 0.132 6.06E-05 - - CG32613 AA801823 0.107 6.21E-05 - - CG32833 AI404053 0.314 6.48E-05 trypsin (EC:3.4.21.4) proteolysis and peptidolysis CG32331 AI514369 0.107 6.59E-05 - - CG10390 AA941062 0.156 6.69E-05 TBP-associated factor 6-like (Taf6L) transcription initiation from Pol II promoter Supplementary Table 1 (continued) Down-regulated genes CG# GenBank# fold change p-value Gene ID Process involved CG32633 AI515642 0.154 6.83E-05 - - CG1774 AI108790 0.167 7.27E-05 hydrolase (EC:3.-.-.-) CG6936 AI533834 0.145 7.30E-05 methuselah (mth), G-protein coupled receptor CG8327 AI109254 0.212 7.35E-05 Spermidine Synthase (SpdS) (EC:2.5.1.16) lipid metabolism determination of adult life span, response to stress and starvation, synaptic vesicle exocytosis spermidine biosynthesis, urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups, amino acid metabolism CG12063 AA951887 0.136 7.47E-05 - Endoglin/CD105 antigen domain CG11490 AA941889 0.119 7.51E-05 GTPase activator intracellular protein transport CG5522 AI455519 0.307 7.56E-05 guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway CG7110 AI533592 0.123 8.05E-05 - - CG30190 AI405937 0.120 8.08E-05 - - CG2198 AI520006 0.160 8.83E-05 Amalgam (Ama), antigen binding CG4919 AI401896 0.141 9.41E-05 Glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (Gclm) cell adhesion glutamate-cysteine ligase (EC:6.3.2.2), glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate metabolism CG33006 AA391057 0.132 9.44E-05 - gene cassete CG10374 AI114088 0.293 9.83E-05 Lipid storage droplet-1 (Lsd-1) lipid storage CG3502 AA990723 0.122 9.84E-05 membrane alanyl aminopeptidase (EC:3.4.11.2) proteolysis and peptidolysis CG5405 AA695570 0.149 9.95E-05 Krueppel target at 95D (KrT95D) protein-Golgi targeting Supplementary Table 2 - Genes whose expression in nicotine food are significantly (p-value ≤ 0.001) correlated to survival time in NC population (amplified RNA) CG# GenBank # p-value Gene ID Process involved CG5295 AA735687 7.59676E-05 - PLP-dependent transferase domain CG11089 AA438421 9.24571E-05 phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (EC:2.1.2.3) purine base metabolism, one carbon pool by folate CG8169 AI541940 0.000171127 Pms2 nucleic acid binding, mismatch repair CG4472 AI387590 0.000234539 Imaginal disc growth factor 1 (Idgf1) cell-cell signaling, imaginal disc development, signal transduction CG4233 AI389216 0.000321264 Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 2 (Got2) aspartate transaminase (EC:2.6.1.1), neurotransmitter receptor metabolism CG1583 AI514673 0.000339984 phospholipase A2 (EC:3.1.1.4) lipid metabolism - AA802181 0.000484229 - - CG8293 AA990849 0.000524444 Inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (Iap2), ubiquitin-protein ligase (EC:6.3.2.19) anti-apoptosis CG2493 AI238263 0.000566118 lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase (EC:3.4.16.2) proteolysis and peptidolysis CG11371 AI109558 0.000677996 debra (dbr) ubiquitination CG8474 AA246733 0.000710152 Meics, transcription factor - CG8774 AI388707 0.000785354 glutamyl aminopeptidase (EC:3.4.11.7) proteolysis and peptidolysis CG5955 AI387868 0.000817323 UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (EC:5.1.3.2) galactose and nucleotide sugars metabolism CG5753 AA438844 0.000927755 staufen (stau) long-term memory, RNA binding CG10245 AI532649 0.000989192 Cyp6a20 xenobiotic and steroid metabolism Supplentary Table 2 - Genes whose expression in nicotine food are significantly (p ≤ 0.001) correlated to survival time in CA population (amplified RNA) CG# GenBank # Gene ID Process involved CG32302 AI296934 0.000455973 p-value chitin binding chitin metabolism CG17278 AI532483 0.000556929 - proteinase inhibitor domain CG7966 AI238295 0.000608736 selenium binding defense response - AI292597 0.000631814 - - CG2955 AI238195 0.000676134 structural constituent of cytoskeleton - CG4370 AI134100 0.000698108 Inwardly rectifying potassium channel 2 (Irk2) cation transport CG14521 AI108872 0.000764676 - cell adhesion CG1609 AI455306 0.000795142 Gcn2, protein kinase (EC:2.7.1.37) protein amino acid phosphorylation CG6170 AI511948 0.000856462 HDAC6, histone deacetylase (EC:3.5.1.-) regulation of cell cycle CG31546 AI106756 0.000869719 oxidoreductase (EC:1.-.-.-) metabolism CG4916 AI455115 0.000952181 maternal expression at 31B (me31B), ATP-dependent RNA helicase nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism Supplentary Table 3 - Genes whose expression in control food are significantly (p ≤ 0.0001) correlated to ornithine levels in NC population spot DN1285 DN4509 DN1709 DN3364 DN3767 DN0046 DN1288 DN0493 DN1419 DN3278 DN3367 DN0467 DN3000 Pr > F 3.25E-06 7.87E-06 9.85E-06 2.75E-05 4.4E-05 4.61E-05 5.32E-05 6.39E-05 7.82E-05 8.07E-05 8.13E-05 8.75E-05 8.76E-05 nlp 5.487574 5.104269 5.006659 4.560772 4.356621 4.336767 4.274248 4.194782 4.106935 4.093343 4.09013 4.057954 4.057672 CG# CG10631 CG11961 CG6611 CG11063 CG8564 CG10908 CG10152 CG12123 CG16728 CG2994 CG6700 CG12112 CG7682 GenBank# AI134421 AA202283 AI295651 AA951285 AI296209 AI109557 AI134729 AI063192 AA950502 AI388933 AI455698 AA803541 AI404773 Gene ID ect (ectodermal) beat-IV - Gene Onthology nucleic acid binding actin binding; thyroid hormone receptor binding; transcription regulator activity metallocarboxypeptidase activity; proteolysis peptidase activity; misfolded or incompletely synthesized protein catabolism extracellular region ARF GTPase activator activity; regulation of GTPase activity oxidoreductase activity; metabolism cyclin-dependent protein kinase regulator activity Supplentary Table 3 - Genes whose expression in nicotine food are significantly (p ≤ 0.0001) correlated to ornithine levels in NC population spot DN0250 DN2687 DN0196 DN0751 DN0129 Pr > F 5.75E-06 6.99E-05 7.91E-05 7.94E-05 9.71E-05 nlp 5.240344 4.15528 4.102038 4.100374 4.012674 CG# CG5915 CG6028 CG4338 CG7578 CG4229 GenBank# AI063720 AI403860 AI515115 AA952110 AI512337 Gene ID Rab7 (Rab-protein 7) - Gene Onthology GTP binding; GTPase activity; intracellular protein transport; receptor mediated endocytosis isomerase and lyase activity; amino acid catabolism ARF guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity; exocytosis; intracellular protein transport -