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Marine Resources
The ocean’s resources are useful and convenient. Proper management is
required so resources are not depleted.
© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Classes of Marine Resources
• Classification
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Physical resources
Marine energy resources
Biological resources
Nonextractive resources
• These resources can be further classified as
renewable or nonrenewable.
© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
How Much Do We Need?
Physical Resources
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Petroleum & Natural Gas
Methane Hydrate
Sand & Gravel
Magnesium & Magnesium compounds
Salts
Fresh Water
Physical Resources
• Petroleum and Natural
Gas
– Oil and gas are often
found together beneath
impermeable caprock.
– Drilling for oil offshore
requires specialized
equipment and is more
costly than drilling on
land.
Physical Resources
• Petroleum and Natural Gas
– Hydrocarbon Seeps
Physical Resources
• Methane Hydrate
– Largest known reservoir of hydrocarbons
– Forms thin layers 200-500 m below the sea
floor
• Looks like green Play-Doh
– Stable when buried
– Methane released when brought to the surface
– May have been responsible for past global
warmings
Where Is Methane Hydrate Found?
Physical Resources
• Sand & Gravel
Physical Resources
• Salts and Minerals
– Magnesium
© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Physical Resources
• Salts and Minerals
– Magnesium
– Sodium chloride (halite)
Saltworks in San Francisco Bay
Physical Resources
• Salts and Minerals
– Magnesium
– Sodium chloride (halite)
– Manganese nodules
Physical Resources
• Salts and Minerals
– Magnesium
– Sodium chloride
(halite)
– Manganese nodules
– Phosphorite
Source: http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/
Physical Resources
• Salts and Minerals
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Magnesium
Sodium chloride (halite)
Manganese nodules
Phosphorite
Metallic sulfides and muds
Sulfide
Deposits
•As seawater infiltrates the hot
basaltic crust, it leaches sulfur,
iron, copper, and other metals.
•Sulfides precipitate to form
massive deposits.
Physical Resources
• Fresh Water
– Fresh water is a valuable resource.
– Desalination of seawater can provide a source
of fresh water.
Marine Energy Resources
• Methods
– Energy generated by waves and currents
– Ocean thermal energy conversion
© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Marine Energy Resources
• Sources
– Wind
– Waves and Currents
– Thermal Gradient
Biological Resources
• Fish, Crustaceans, And Mollusks
– the most valuable living marine resources.
• Fishery Management
– Fishing employs fifteen million people
worldwide.
© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Biological Resources
Some of the major types of commercially harvested fish, mollusks and
crustaceans.
© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Biological Resources
• Fishery Mismanagement
– Maximum sustainable yield - the maximum
amount of any species that can be harvested
without affecting future yields
– Overfished - a status assigned to fish stocks
that have been harvested so there is not enough
breeding stock left for replenishment
© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Biological Resources
• Fishery Mismanagement
– Commercial extinction - the depletion of a
species to the point where it is no longer
profitable to harvest
– Bykill - animals unintentionally killed when
other species are being harvested
© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Biological Resources
• Whaling
– The whaling industry
has pushed most of the
dozen species of great
whales to the brink of
extinction.
Biological Resources
• Fur-Bearing Mammals
Sea Otter
Harbor Seals
Sea Lion
Biological Resources
• Botanical Resources
– Algae, Brown
• Bladder wrack
– Algae, Red
• Irish Moss
• Nori
– Algae, Blue
• Spirulina
– Sea Fennel
Biological Resources
• Aquaculture and Mariculture
– Aquaculture is the growing or farming of
plants or animals in a water environment under
controlled condition.
– Mariculture applies specifically to marine
environments.
© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Biological Resources
• Drugs
– Researchers estimate that 10% of marine
species may contain useful medical compounds.
– Acyclovir, the first antiviral compound
approved for humans, is derived from a
Caribbean Sea sponge.
– Pseudopterosins, a class of anti-inflammatory
drugs, is derived from marine species.
Nonextractive Resources
• Includes
– transportation
– recreation
© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
The Law of the Sea
• The Law of the Sea is an international
agreement that governs the use of the world
ocean.
• The United States Exclusive Economic
Zone is a 10.3 million square kilometer
region of ocean on the coastal margin that
the United States unilaterally claims
sovereign rights to and jurisdiction of.
© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
The United States Exclusive
Economic Zone
The United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is shown in red.
Other EEZs are in blue.
Ocean-Dependant Industries
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Commercial Fishing
Mariculture
Kelp Harvesting
Offshore Oil and Gas
Coastal Mineral Production
Port Activity: Water Transportation,
Ship/Boat Building and Repair
• Coastal Tourism and Recreation
Source: California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995)
Effects on California Economy
• Market Value of Industries $17.3 Billion,
Supporting 370,000 Jobs (1992 data)
– Tourism and Recreation
• $9.9 billion to coastal recreation (hotels and
restaurants)
• $7.4 billion to commercial fishing, oil and gas
production, port activities, etc.
Source: California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995)
Effects on California Economy
• Market Value of Industries $17.3 Billion,
Supporting 370,000 Jobs (1992 data)
– Seaports and Ship Building ($6.0 billion)
• $3.4 billion from water transportation of freight and
passengers
• $2.6 billion from ship and boat building and related
activities
• 179,000 jobs
Source: California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995)
Effects on California Economy
• Market Value of Industries $17.3 Billion,
Supporting 370,000 Jobs (1992 data)
– Offshore Oil, Gas and Mineral Production
Contribute Over $860 Million
• The offshore oil and gas industry
– employed 25,600 people
– contributed $852 million to the State economy
• Mineral production, chiefly sand and salt
– $10 million to the economy
Source: California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995)
Effects on California Economy
• Market Value of Industries $17.3 Billion,
Supporting 370,000 Jobs (1992 data)
– Commercial Fishing, Mariculture and Kelp
Harvesting
• Includes tuna, sea urchin, rockfish, crab, and salmon
• $554 million to the state's economy
• 17,000 jobs
Source: California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995)
Effects on California Economy
• These findings are testimony to the concept
that ongoing efforts to manage California's
ocean resources in a sustainable manner
will provide long-term economic, as well as
environmental, benefits to the State.
Source: California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995)
Summary
• Marine resources may be categorized as physical,
biological, and nonextractive.
• Pollution can be a side effect of resource
extraction and use.
• Offshore oil and natural gas provide a substantial
amount of the world’s requirements.
• Biological resources are often taken without
regard for replenishment time.
• World economics depend on marine transport.
Laws of the Sea govern resource allocation and
trade.
© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
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