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WILDLIFE DISEASES: What you don’t know COULD kill you! Andy Radomski, Ph.D. University of Minnesota-Crookston Natural Resources - Wildlife My Neat Experiences: • • • • • • • Undergraduate Graduate Wisconsin DNR – Lake Michigan Lyme Disease USFWS National Wildlife Health Lab Graduate Postdoctorate My Neat Experiences: • • • • • • • Undergraduate Graduate Wisconsin DNR – Lake Michigan Lyme Disease USFWS National Wildlife Health Lab Graduate Postdoctorate My Neat Experiences: • • • • • • • Undergraduate Graduate Wisconsin DNR – Lake Michigan Lyme Disease USFWS National Wildlife Health Lab Graduate Postdoctorate My Neat Experiences: • • • • • • • Undergraduate Graduate Wisconsin DNR – Lake Michigan Lyme Disease USFWS National Wildlife Health Lab Graduate Postdoctorate My Neat Experiences: • • • • • • • Undergraduate Graduate Wisconsin DNR – Lake Michigan Lyme Disease USFWS National Wildlife Health Lab Graduate Postdoctorate My Neat Experiences: • • • • • • • Undergraduate Graduate Wisconsin DNR – Lake Michigan Lyme Disease USFWS National Wildlife Health Lab Graduate Postdoctorate STRESSORS OF TEXAS BOBWHITES: ARE THEY TO BLAME FOR THEIR DECLINE? Rio Grande Plains r=-0.142 P=0.561 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Bobwhite Scaled 19 78 19 80 19 82 19 84 19 86 19 88 19 90 19 92 19 94 19 96 Mean Number Per Route TPWD Quail Survey Year BOOM-BUST HYPOTHESES El Nino / Habitat Degradation Parasitic Infection / R.E.V. Fire Ants Nutritional Deficiencies Endocrine Disruptors Corticosterone Radio-Immuno Assay (RIA) My Neat Experiences: • • • • • • Undergraduate Wisconsin DNR – Lake Michigan Lyme Disease USFWS National Wildlife Health Lab Graduate Postdoctorate Environment Human Disease ZOONOTIC DISEASES: • Wildlife diseases transmissible to humans: RABIES PLAQUE LYME DISEASE HISTOPLASMOSIS GIARDIASIS RMSP TULAREMIA HANTAVIRUS RACCOON RNDWORM SARCOCYSTIC • • • • • • • • RABIES “Hydrophobia” or “Rage” Virus (F. Rhabdoviridae) Only warm-blooded animals Symptoms in 10 days to several months Normally from bite or saliva Can be aerosal - bat caves in TX May be abnormal in appearance or behavior Prophylaxis (pre-exposure vaccines and Control (killed vaccines) GIARDIASIS • • • • Giardiasis, “Beaver Fever” Protozoan (Giardia lamblia) Intestinal disorder Ingest cyst in water, feces or contact with an infected animal (beaver and muskrat) • Chronic diarrhea, weight loss and malaise • Effective medications; preventative – avoid drinking untreated water PLAGUE • • • • • “Black Death”, “Pest” Bacterium (Yersinia pestis); Fleas transmit Isolated cases in West and Texas Wild rodent, rabbits, carnivores Fever, swollen lymph nodes, progressing to high fever, confusion and fatique • Untreated – high fatality rate • Treatment – tetracycline or other drugs •Loss 1/3 world population (1800s) ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER • Bacterium (Rickettsia rickettsii) • Ticks transmit (several spp.) Bite or crushed ticks or tick feces • Flu-like symptoms; fever, chills, aches • Rubber gloves, wash hands, remove ticks • Usually 4 hours for tick transmittal LYME DISEASE • • • • Bacterium (Borrelia burgdorferi) Ticks and fleas Old Lyme, Connecticut 3 stages: (1) Flu-like, (2) Small red lesion around bite, (3) Recurrent arthritis • Treatment: Antibiotics TULAREMIA • “Rabbit fever or disease”, “Francis’ disease” • Bacterium (Francisella tularensis) • Many hosts; humans usually infected by rabbits during skinning process, ingestion, or from tick/flea/deerfly bites • Symptoms: fever, infected sores, “flu-like” • Rabbits with white spots on liver/spleen • Rarely fatal; treatable HISTOPLASMOSIS • Fungus (Histoplasma capsulatum) • Respiratory ailment – inhale spores • Blackbird and pigeon roosts, bat caves, and chicken houses • Symptoms highly variable; severe cases resemble tuberculosis Abscessed mesenteric lymph node Focal necrosis in liver HANTAVIRUS • Group of viruses • Infected rodents; urine, feces, and/or saliva – aerosal and direct • Kidney, blood, respiratory ailments • Can be fatal RACCOON ROUNDWORM: • Intestinal roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis • Infectious: cottontail rabbits, mammals, birds • Signs: neurological disease; circling, abnormal posture, blindness • Lesions: CNS, larvae as white nodules in abdominal or thoracic viscera SARCOCYSTOSIS • “Rice breast”, “Long grain rice disease” • Protozoan (Sarcocystis spp.) • Most vertebrates; intermediate host CUTANEOUS WARBLES • • • • • • Larval flies (Cuterebra spp.) Signs: increased scratching/grooming Lesions: localized swellings (0.5-1”) Squirrels and rodents; common in SE Occasionally debilitating Restricted to skin DISEASE DIAGNOSIS • Hunters typically report abnormalities • Some gross lesions are specific and indicative of a specific disease • USFWS Wildlife Health Lab • State Agency • University – Medical, Veterinary Avian Pox 2 Good Field Books • Field Guide to Wildlife Diseases, General Field Procedures and Diseases of Migratory Birds (USDI – Madison, WI) • Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases in the Southeastern United States (Davidson, W.R. and V.F. Nettles – SCWDS)
