Download Human Physiology I. Exam Questions

Human Physiology I. Exam Questions
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Diffusion through membranes. Mediated-transport systems.
The resting membrane potential.
Local changes of membrane potential (electrotonic or graded potential).
Characterisation of ionic channels.
Ionic basis of action potential. Refractive periods.
Propagation of action potential. Threshold, strength-duration curve.
Excitation-contraction coupling in the skeletal muscle.
Molecular mechanisms of muscle contractions
Smooth muscle contraction and its control
Mechanisms by which chemical messengers control cell functions. Receptors, messengers.
Signal transduction pathways.
Significance of the intracellular Ca2+ in signal transduction.
Fluid compartments of the human body. The homeostasis.
Functional properties and significance of the red blood cells.
Jaundice. Characterisation of the various types of jaundice.
The human blood types.
The haemostasis.
Characterisation of different types of anaemia.
Overall design of cardiovascular system. Pressure, flow, resistance.
The cardiac action potential.
The calcium homeostasis of cardiac cells. Electromechanic coupling (CICR) in ventricular cell.
Electrocardiography, possible recording techniques and interpretation of the ECG curves.
Pacemaker mechanism and propagation of activation in the heart, electric cycle.
Mechanical events of cardiac cycle.
The Frank-Starling law.
The homeometric regulation of cardiac function: effect of the autonomic nervous system.
Effect of heart rate on cardiac cycle. Definition and significance of preload and afterload.
The Hagen-Poiseuille law. Laminar and turbulent flow.
Characteristics of the arterial circulation. Central and peripheral pulse waves.
Characteristics of capillary circulation. Possible reasons of oedema formation.
Characteristics of venous circulation. Factors influencing the venous circulation.
Basal tone of vessels, Bayliss effect.
Neurogenic tone of vessels.
Humoral vasoconstrictor and vasodilator mechanisms.
Cardiovascular shock.
Catecholamine-induced cardiovascular reactions.
Cardiovascular reflexes.
Neuronal control of the cardiovascular system.
Specific features of the pulmonary circulation.
Specific features of the coronary circulation.
Specific features of the cerebral circulation.
Specific features of the gastrointestinal and renal circulations.
Specific features of the circulation of the skeletal muscle and skin.
Mechanics of respiration, pressure changes accompanying the breathing.
The significance of surfactant. Lung volumes.
Pulmonary compliance and respiratory work.
Transport of O2 in the blood.
Transport of CO2 in the blood.
Chemical control of breathing.
Neuronal control of breathing. Function of the respiratory centres. The Hering-Breuer reflex.
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