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Section 2. Forest carbon stocks
and change
2.1. Overview of forest carbon pools (stocks)
USAID LEAF
Regional Climate Change Curriculum Development
Module 4: Carbon Measurement and Monitoring (CMM)
Name
Affiliation
Name
Affiliation
Deborah Lawrence, Co-lead
University of Virginia
Megan McGroddy, Co-lead
University of Virginia
Bui The Doi, Co-lead
Vietnam Forestry University
Ahmad Ainuddin Nuruddin
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Prasit Wang, Co-lead
Chiang Mai University,
Thailand
Mohd Nizam Said
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Sapit Diloksumpun
Kasetsart University, Thailand
Pimonrat Tiansawat
Chiang Mai University, Thailand
Pasuta Sunthornhao
Kasetsart University, Thailand
Panitnard Tunjai
Chiang Mai University, Thailand
Wathinee Suanpaga
Kasetsart University, Thailand
Lawong Balun
University of Papua New Guinea
Jessada Phattralerphong
Kasetsart University, Thailand
Mex Memisang Peki
PNG University of Technology
Pham Minh Toai
Vietnam Forestry University
Kim Soben
Royal University of Agriculture, Cambodia
Nguyen The Dzung
Vietnam Forestry University
Pheng Sokline
Royal University of Phnom Penh,
Cambodia
Nguyen Hai Hoa
Vietnam Forestry University
Seak Sophat
Royal University of Phnom Penh,
Cambodia
Le Xuan Truong
Vietnam Forestry University
Choeun Kimseng
Royal University of Phnom Penh,
Cambodia
Phan Thi Quynh Nga
Vinh University, Vietnam
Rajendra Shrestha
Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Erin Swails
Winrock International
Ismail Parlan
FRIM Malaysia
Sarah Walker
Winrock International
Nur Hajar Zamah Shari
FRIM Malaysia
Sandra Brown
Winrock International
Samsudin Musa
FRIM Malaysia
Karen Vandecar
US Forest Service
Ly Thi Minh Hai
USAID LEAF Vietnam
Geoffrey Blate
US Forest Service
David Ganz
USAID LEAF Bangkok
Chi Pham
USAID LEAF Bangkok
I
II
III
OVERVIEW: CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOREST CARBON
1.1
Overview: Tropical Forests and Climate Change
1.2
Tropical forests, the global carbon cycle and climate change
1.3
Role of forest carbon and forests in global climate negotiations
1.4
Theoretical and practical challenges for forest-based climate mitigation
FOREST CARBON STOCKS AND CHANGE
2.1
Overview of forest carbon pools (stocks)
2.2
Land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) and CO2 emissions and sequestration
2.3
Overview of Forest Carbon Measurement and Monitoring
2.4
IPCC approach for carbon measurement and monitoring
2.5
Reference levels – Monitoring against a baseline (forest area, forest emissions)
2.6
Establishing Lam Dong’s Reference Level for Provincial REDD+ Action Plan : A Case Study
CARBON MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING DESIGN
3.1
IV
V
Considerations in developing a monitoring system
CARBON STOCK MEASUREMENT METHODS
4.1
Forest Carbon Measurement and Monitoring
4.2
Design of field sampling framework for carbon stock inventory
4.3
Plot Design for Carbon Stock Inventory
4.4
Forest Carbon Field Measurement Methods
4.5
Carbon Stock Calculations and Available Tools
4.6
Creating Activity Data and Emission Factors
4.7
Carbon Emission from Selective Logging
4.8
Monitoring non-CO2 GHGs
NATIONAL SCALE MONITORING SYSTEMS
2.1 Overview of forest carbon pools


Lecture (40 minutes)
1.
Forest carbon pools: living biomass above and belowground, dead
biomass, soil
2.
Variation of forest carbon stocks depending on environmental factors
(effects of precipitation, temperature and soil nutrients at landscape
scale)
3.
Variation of forest carbon stocks across space at different levels (biome
and landscape levels)
Three in-class exercises:


20 minutes, 15 minutes and 15 minutes
References and resources

Website, reports
At the end of this session, learners will be able to:

Define the major forest carbon pools

Analyze drivers of variation in forest carbon stocks
Where is carbon found in forests?
Forest carbon is stored in five pools within
and around vegetation
1.
Above-ground biomass:
stems, bark, leaves, etc.
2.
Below-ground biomass:
roots of all sizes
3.
Dead wood or dead
organic matter in dead wood
4.
Litter or dead organic matter in
litter
5.
Soil organic carbon (SOC)
Atmospheric
Carbon (CO2)
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Mortality
Decomposition
Exudation
Wet tropical forest
Dry tropical forest
Organic
soil
Ultic
soil
Boreal forest
Biomes on earth

Forests are found
from the tropics to
sub-polar regions

Where water is
limiting forests cede
to grasslands and
deserts
At smaller spatial scales,
climate factors
(microclimate) and
variation in soil factors
result in different forest
types distributed across
the landscape

Visit the GRID-Arendal website to explore information
on variations in carbon stocks of different biomes (or
information in hard copy is provided and answer the
following questions)

What are the top two biomes that store the greatest
amount of carbon?

Where majority of their carbon is stored and why?
Source: www.grida.no
Source: Trumper et al. (2009)

Consider the Table Carbon stock in forest by region and subregion in 2010 and answer the following questions

Which region has the highest total carbon stock? Why?

What percent of the global carbon stock does it account
for ?

Please also look at the data of total Carbon stock in Asia.
What can you say about this?
Source: FAO (2010)
Carbon stock
3%
15%
29%
17%
11%
25%
Africa
Asia
Europe
N & C America
S America
Oceania
Source: Data from FAO (2010)

Consider the Table Trends in carbon stocks in forest biomass
by region and sub-region, 1990–2010 and answer the
following questions

Which region has the lowest carbon stock in forest
biomass per unit land area during 1990-2010 ? Why?

Which region has the lowest carbon stocks in forest
biomass in 2010 ? Why?
Source: FAO (2010)
Carbon stock
4%
19%
35%
12%
14%
16%
Africa
Asia
Europe
N & C America
S America
Oceania
Source: Data from FAO (2010)

All forests have 5 major pools where carbon is stored
with aboveground biomass and soil that are the most
important pools

The distribution of forest biomes is largely driven by
precipitation and temperature

The absolute and proportional amounts of carbon in soil
and aboveground biomass are controlled by precipitation
and temperature, and at local scales by soil nutrients as
well.

FAO. 2010. Forest Genetic Resources Assessment 2010: Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of
The United Nations, Rome.

FAO. 2012. Community Guidelines for Accessing Forestry Voluntary Carbon Markets. RAP Publication
2012/16. Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, Rome.

Trumper, K., Bertzky, M., Dickson, B., van der Heijden, G.,Jenkins, M., Manning, P. June 2009. The Natural
Fix? The Role of Ecosystems in Climate Mitigation. A UNEP Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations
Environment Programme, UNEPWCMC, Cambridge.

Le Quéré, C., R. Andres, T. Boden, T. Conway, R. Houghton, J. House, G. Marland, G. Peters, G. van der Werf,
A. Ahlström, R. Andrew, L. Bopp, J. Canadell, P. Ciais, S. Doney, C. Enright, P. Friedlingstein, C. Huntingford,
A. Jain, C. Jourdain, E. Kato, R. Keeling, K. Klein Goldewijk, S. Levis, P. Levy, M. Lomas, B. Poulter, M.
Raupach, J. Schwinger, S. Sitch, B. Stocker, N. Viovy, S. Zaehle and N. Zeng (2012), “The Global Carbon
Budget 1959–2011”, Earth System Science Data, http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/6/235/2014/essd-6235-2014.html, DOI:10.5194/essdd-5-1107-2012

Global Carbon Budget. 2012. Carbon Budget 2012: An Annual Updates of Global Carbon Budget and
Trends. Available Source: http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/index.htm.

Kissinger, G., M. Herold, V. De Sy. 2012. Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation: A Synthesis
Report for REDD+ Policymakers. Lexeme Consulting, Vancouver.

GRID-Arendal website: http://www.grida.no/publications/rr/natural-fix/page/3724.aspx

Earthlabs website: http://www.grida.no/publications/rr/natural-fix/page/3724.aspx