Download File - Dr. Jerry Cronin

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by
Janice Meeking,
Mount Royal College
CHAPTER
7
The Skeleton:
Part C
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendicular Skeleton
• Bones of the limbs and their girdles
• Pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs to the
body trunk
• Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs
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Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)
• Clavicles and the scapulae
• Attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
• Provide attachment sites for muscles that
move the upper limbs
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Bones of the pectoral girdle
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Acromioclavicular
joint
Clavicle
Scapula
(a) Articulated pectoral girdle
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.24a
Clavicles (Collarbones)
• Flattened acromial (lateral) end articulates
with the scapula
• Cone-shaped sternal (medial) end articulates
with the sternum
• Act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms
out laterally
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Sternal (medial)
end
Posterior
Anterior
Acromial (lateral)
end
(b) Right clavicle, superior view
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Figure 7.24b
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
• Situated on the dorsal surface of rib cage,
between ribs 2 and 7
• Flat and triangular, with three borders and
three angles
• Seven large fossae, named according to
location
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Acromion
Suprascapular notch
Superior border
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Lateral border
Superior
angle
Subscapular
fossa
Medial border
(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect
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Inferior angle
Figure 7.25a
Suprascapular notch
Coracoid process
Superior
angle
Supraspinous
fossa
Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Acromion
Glenoid
cavity
at lateral
angle
Medial border
Lateral border
(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.25b
Acromion
Supraspinous fossa
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Coracoid
process
Supraspinous
fossa
Infraspinous
fossa
Posterior
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
Infraspinous
fossa
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Subscapular
fossa
Anterior
(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect
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Subscapular
fossa
Inferior angle
Figure 7.25c
The Upper Limb
• 30 bones form the skeletal framework of each upper
limb
• Arm
• Humerus
• Forearm
• Radius and ulna
• Hand
• 8 carpal bones in the wrist
• 5 metacarpal bones in the palm
• 14 phalanges in the fingers
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Humerus
• Largest, longest bone of upper limb
• Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of
scapula
• Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna
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Greater
tubercle
Lesser
tubercle
Intertubercular
sulcus
Head of
humerus
Anatomical
neck
Deltoid
tuberosity
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Radial
fossa
Capitulum
(a) Anterior view
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Coronoid
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
Figure 7.26a
Bones of the Forearm
• Ulna
• Medial bone in forearm
• Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the
humerus
• Radius
• Lateral bone in forearm
• Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and with
radial notch of ulna
• Interosseous membrane connects the radius and ulna
along their entire length
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Radial
notch of
the ulna
Head
Neck
Radial
tuberosity
Olecranon
process
Trochlear
notch
Coronoid
process
Proximal
radioulnar
joint
Interosseous
membrane
Ulna
Head of
radius
Neck of
radius
Radius
Ulnar notch
Radius
of the radius
Head of ulna
Styloid
Styloid
process of ulna
process
Distal radioulnar
Styloid process
of radius
joint
of radius
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.27a-b
Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
View
Coronoid process
Radial notch
(c) Proximal portion of ulna,
lateral view
Ulnar notch of radius
Articulation
for lunate
Articulation
for scaphoid
Styloid
process
View
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Styloid
Head
of ulna process
(d) Distal ends of the radius and
ulna at the wrist
Figure 7.27c-d
Humerus
Capitulum
Coronoid
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
Coronoid
process of
ulna
Radial notch
Ulna
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
Head of
radius
Radial
tuberosity
Radius
Humerus
Olecranon
process
Olecranon
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Head
Ulna
Neck
Radius
(d) Posterior view of extended elbow
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.26c-d
Hand: Carpus
• Eight bones in two rows
• Proximal row
• Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform
proximally
• Distal row
• Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
distally
• Only scaphoid and lunate articulate with
radius to form wrist joint
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hand: Metacarpus and Phalanges
• Metacarpus
• Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5) form the
palm
• Phalanges
• Each finger (digit), except the thumb, has three
phalanges—distal, middle, and proximal
• Fingers are numbered 1–5, beginning with the
thumb (pollex)
• Thumb has no middle phalanx
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Phalanges
• Distal
• Middle
• Proximal
Sesamoid
bones
Carpals
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Scaphoid
Radius
(a) Anterior view of left hand
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Metacarpals
• Head
• Shaft
• Base
Carpals
• Hamate
• Capitate
• Pisiform
• Triquetrum
• Lunate
Ulna
Carpals
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Scaphoid
Radius
(b) Posterior view of left hand
Figure 7.28a-b
Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
• Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or os
coxae)
• Attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong
ligaments
• Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs
• Support pelvic organs
• Each hip bone consists of three fused bones: ilium,
ischium, and pubis
• Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these
bones form the bony pelvis
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Base of sacrum
Iliac fossa
Coxal
bone
llium
(os coxae
or hip
Pubic
bone)
bone
Iliac crest
Sacroiliac
joint
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Sacral
promontory
Sacrum
Coccyx
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Pelvic brim
Acetabulum
Pubic tubercle
Pubic crest
Pubic symphysis
Ischium
Pubic arch
PLAY
Animation: Rotatable pelvis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.29
Hip Bone
•
Three regions
1. Ilium
•
Superior region of the coxal bone
•
Auricular surface articulates with the sacrum
(sacroiliac joint)
2. Ischium
•
Posteroinferior part of hip bone
3. Pubis
•
Anterior portion of hip bone
•
Midline pubic symphysis joint
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior gluteal
Ilium
line
Ala
Posterior
Iliac crest
gluteal line
Posterior
Anterior
superior
superior
iIiac spine
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
Inferior
iliac spine
gluteal line
Greater sciatic
Anterior inferior
notch
iliac spine
Ischial body
Acetabulum
Ischial spine
Pubic body
Lesser sciatic
notch
Pubis
Ischium
Inferior ramus
Ischial
of pubis
tuberosity
Obturator foramen
Ischial ramus
(a) Lateral view, right hip bone
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.30a
Ilium
Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Auricular
surface
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Obturator
foramen
Ischium
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Anterior inferior
Body of
iliac spine
the ilium
Arcuate line
Superior ramus
of pubis
Pubic tubercle
Articular surface
of pubis (at pubic
symphysis)
Ischial ramus
Inferior ramus
of pubis
(b) Medial view, right hip bone
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.30b
Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
• Female pelvis
• Adapted for childbearing
• True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth
canal
• Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and
has greater capacity
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
• Male pelvis
• Tilted less forward
• Adapted for support of male’s heavier build
and stronger muscles
• Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep
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