Download 1. Physiological Factors

Factors of Influencing Drug Effect
General View
 Pharmaceutical
factors:

Physical and chemical
property of drug

Drug preparation

Methods of drug
administration

Drug interaction
 Biological factors:

Physiological factors

Psychological factors

Genetic factors

Pathological factors

Body response changes
induced by long-term
medication

Biorhythm

living habit and
environment
Chapter 4
Section 1
Pharmaceutical Factors
1. Physical and Chemical Property of Drug
Penicillin
Nitroprusside
Vitamin C
Light-avoiding infusion aparatus
2. Drug Preparation
 Oral administration: tablet, capsule, oral liquor
 Injection: aqua, oils, emulsion
 New preparation:
– Controlled release formulation (CLF)
3. Drug Interaction
 Pharmacokinetics:
– absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
 Pharmacodynamics:
Synergism(协同作用): ＞1+1
addition(相加作用): =1+1
Antagonism(拮抗作用): 1+1<1
 Incompatibility(配伍禁忌): β lactam + aminoglycoside
Chapter 4
Section 2
Biological Factors
1. Physiological Factors
 Age:
– Children:
– The aged:
 Gender:
 Body weight (BW):
2. Genetic Factors
 Genetic polymorphism
-Drug metabolism genotype
- Drug transporter genotype
- Drug receptor genotype
 Racial differences in drug response
 Idiocyncrasy
3. Pathological Factors
 Liver disease
 Kidney disease
 Dystrophia（营养不良）
 Acid-base disturbance
 ……
4. Body Response Changes Induced by
Long-term Medication
1. Tolerance: body → drug,
pharmacodynamic tolerance and metabolic
tolerance
– Acute tolerance (tachyphylaxis)
– Brady-phylaxis
– Cross tolerance
2. Drug resistance: pathogen, tumor cells → drug
3. Dependence:
– Physiological dependence (physical dependence)
– Psychological dependence
4. Withdrawal symptoms (withdrawal syndrome)
– Rebound phenomenon
5. Living Habit and Environment
 Smoking: hepatic drug enzyme activity↑
 Drinking wine or liquor: Alcohol enhances
hepatic drug enzyme activity; when acute and
large amount administration, it makes the
hepatic drug enzyme saturation.
 Drinking tea: Tannic acid(鞣酸) influences
drug absorption. Theophylline (茶碱) excites
the central nervous system and heart, promotes
diuresis.
 Diet/food: component, quantity, time;
The end