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物种多样性
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动物学总结资料
1. Biodiversity introduction
a) The diversity of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants
belonging to the same species through arrays of species to arrays of genera, families,
and still higher taxonomic levels. —— E. O. Wilson
b) the total types of species in the world is estimated as 15 million. But only nearly
3million of them are described.(Described species: Named with a formal description
in recognised scientific journal. Undescribed species: Informally recognised, no
official scientific recognition.)
c) Most recorded species have been found since 1960.
d) Insects and Plants have most types of species all over the world
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2. Germ layers and symmetry
a) Symmetry: No symmetry (eg. sponge),Bilateral symmetry(双侧对称性 eg. 龙虾，螃
蟹，人) and Radial symmetry（径向对称性 eg. 海星). [Cephalisation is a distinct
advantage
for
an
animal
that
moves
a
lot
in
any
one
particular
direchttp://doc.guandang.net/bffeb132032212857900b819d.htmltion. 螃蟹]
b）The formation of the 【blastula(囊胚）Blastopore (原口) Archenteron(原肠腔)】 via
radial cleavage（分裂)
Endoderm → gut, liver, lungs
Ectoderm → skin
Mesoderm → muscles and other organs
c)Phylum Porifera - The Sponges(simplest multicellular animals9000 spp)
2 phyla: Calcarea and Silicea(>5500 species)
No organs or true tissues(no nervous system)
Sessile(无柄的固着生长，不能移动) and all aquatic
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Body with pores(毛孔，气孔)
Asexual or Sexual reproduction
Sponge structure
Osculum( 排 水 孔 ), Choanocyte( 环 细 胞 ), Procytes( 体 孔 ), Mesohyl( 中 间 组 织 ),
Spicules(骨针), Amoebocyte(阿米巴样细胞,变形细胞) and spongeocoel(体腔)
d)Phylum Cnidaria(腔肠动物) - The Cnidarians(about 10000 species nearly all marine)
Evolution of cell layers-Diploblastic(no mesoderm, but only mesoglea)
Radial symmetry
Gastrovascular(
消
化
循
环
的
)
http://doc.guandang.net/bffeb132032212857900b819d.htmlwith one opening
Most have two forms -polyp (息肉)and medusa(水母体)
Carnivores(肉食动物)
3. Worms and Cavities
a)Phylum Platyhelminthes- the flatworms(about 20000 species):
cavity
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Triploblastic(Acoelomate: without a hollow)
Bilateral symmetry(moderat cephalisation 两侧对称以及头部集中一种神经形式)
Organ- system level of organisation
Body flattened dorsoventrally
Gastrovascular cavity- one opening
Threee major flatworm classes:
Free-living flatworms(Turbellaria)
Tapeworms -all parasitic(Cestoda)
Flukes - most parasitic (Trematoda)
b) Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms(>25000 species): large distribution and very abundant,
parasitise every type of animal and plant. Longest is 9m
Triploblastic(fluid filled hollow[coelom], not completely lined by mesoderm,
tube
within
a
tube
body
plan.
One
way
gut
openingshttp://doc.guandang.net/bffeb132032212857900b819d.html), bilateral
Complet digestive tract
two
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Pseudocoeolom fluid serves as a blood vascular system
Longitudinal muscles ongly
Tough transparent non-living cuticle
Sexual reproduction (unique amoeboid sperm)
c) Coelom: the cavity within the body of some animals formed by the splitting of the
embryonic mesoderm ito two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and
pericardial cavities.【The advent of coelom was a major step in the evolution of larger
and more complex forms.】
d) Protostomes(Determinate cleavage 不均等分裂) and Deuterostomes(Indeterminate
cleavage 均等分裂)
Including Phylum Mollusca, Annelida and Arthropoda.
Ceolom formation are different in the two. Protostomes' mesoderm splits to form
coelom( 倒 “ 凹 ” 字 形 在 内 部 凸 起 周 围 由 mesoderm 形 成 的 中 空 圆 环 . 感 觉 像 套 圈 )
Deuterostomes' mesoderm joins with endoderm, like a pocket which the hole is downside.
Mesoderm is the tophttp://doc.guandang.net/bffeb132032212857900b819d.html of the
pocket.
The fate of the blastopore
Protostomes = mouth first
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Deuterostomes = mouth second and anus first.
e) Phylum Mullusca (soft-body. Eg. Snails, slugs, squid etc.):
Foot and visceral mass covered with mantle.
Ciliated gill in mantle cavity (内部体腔有纤毛).
Radula in mouth (口腔内有齿舌，被认为是未进化完全的牙齿)
Nerve ring around oesophagus(食道).
f) Phylum Annelida 环节动物 (about 16500 spp. Polycheate?):
Metamersim (segmentation)
Chitinous setae(except leeches)
Coelom well developed
Closed circulatory system
Complete digestive and nervous systems.
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g) Phylum arthropods( About 1 billion spp. Eg. Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimps ect.
Almost anything with a jointed limb. Maybe all with exoskelenton?):
Segmentation (体内分区，就好像人的体腔中分有胸腔和腹腔，中间有隔膜，互不影响)
Jointed limbs
Hhttp://doc.guandang.net/bffeb132032212857900b819d.htmlard exoskelenton
Open circulatory system(The open Circular system is a systme in which fluidcalled
【hemolymph】in a cavity called 【hemocoel】bathes the organs derectly with oxygen
and nutrients and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid.
Muscular movements by the animal during locomotion can facilitate hemolymph movement,
but diverting flow from one area to another is limited. When the heart relaxes, blood
is draw back toward the heart through open-ended pores.) 注：开放循环系统主要就是
血液循环过程中直接接触氧气和营养物质。封闭式循环系统则不同，人类本身是封闭式血液
循环系统，血液在血管里流入肺部吸收氧气，流入消化系统汲取养料，但都是在血管中，不
是直接接触这些，而是间接。封闭式循环就好像是液体在首尾相接的管子里循环流动的，而
开放式则好比是从池塘里抽水通过水管从新排放回池塘。
4. The Deuterostomes (Including Phylum Echinodermata and Chordata)
a) Phylum Echinodermata 棘皮动物门(about 7000 spp. All marine, slow moving, radial
symmetry as adults.):
Endoskeleton(内生骨骼)
Extensive coelom forming.
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Water vascular syshttp://doc.guandang.net/bffeb132032212857900b819d.htmltem and
Tube feet
There are 3 important classes:
Asteroidea(sea star) 海星纲 ：Multiple arms, radiating from central disc, tube feet.
Eat bivalves 双壳类 by everting stomach, ventral mouth.
Echinoidea(sea urchins 海胆)：no arms, five rows of tube feet, can use spines for
locomotion.
Holothuroidea(sea cucumbers 海参) no spine, reduced endoskeleton, five rows of tube
feet.
b) Phylum chordata(about 52000 spp. Including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and
mammals):
Presence of notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve chord 背部脊柱神经系统中空
Pharyngeal slits 咽部有缝隙 (腮裂)
Muscular, post-anal tail 肌肉和尾巴
1) Subphylum Vertebrata 脊椎动物亚门
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Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes 软骨鱼(eg. Sharks, skates, rays, dogfish)
Cartilaginous skelenton
软骨
5 to 7 gill slits 腮裂
No swim bladder 无鳔
Class
Actinopterygii
eg.
fhttp://doc.guandang.net/bffeb132032212857900b819d.htmlishes 鳍鱼
Single gill slit on each side covered by an operculum
Ossified skeleton 僵化的骨架
Swim bladder 鳔
Class amphibia 两栖类 eg. Salamanders 蝾螈, frogs, and ceacilians
Ectothermic tetrapods 变温四足动物
Moist skin with mucous glands 皮肤湿润有粘膜腺
Development trough larval stage 形态在变态期前后改变
No scales 无鳞
Class reptilia eg. Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, tuatara
Ray-finned
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Amniote 脊椎动物
Ectothermic tetrapods 变温四足动物
Shelled eggs 有壳蛋
Skin dry with scales 皮肤干燥且有鳞
No larval stage 没有幼阶段
Lungs
Class ave eg. Birds
Amniote 脊椎动物
Endotermic tetrapods 体内产热四足动物
Front limbs modified for flight
Body covered with feathers
Scales on feet
Class mammalia ( 3 major lineages: Monotremes 卵生哺乳动物, Marsupials 有袋类 and
Eutherians 胎生) eg. Mammals
Amniote
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Endotermic tetrapods
://doc.guandang.net/bffeb132032212857900b819d.htmlarMammary glands 乳腺
Body covered with hair
Well developed cerebrum 发达的大脑
5. The biodiversity crisis (species become extinct before they are even discovered
by humankind , just like unread books in a burning library.)
a) the common factor of the number of animals or species declines is the arrival of
humans.
b) Situations that all over the world.
Today, a third of the current amphibian species are threatened with becoming extinct.
(6189 currently)
12% of birds and 23% of mammal species are threatened as well.
c) Factors that cause mortality or sublethal effects:
Embryos exposed to high UV-B radiation are more susceptible to fungal infection.
e) biodiversity matter because:
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Moral an ethical obligations.
Organisms bring pleasure.
Species
can
be
useful
(eg.
Make
medicine
or
scientific
research
needehttp://doc.guandang.net/bffeb132032212857900b819d.htmld. Bio-technology?)
Ecosystem services.
Measure of using the planet sustainably.
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